A relative clause functions as an adjective. Each relative clause, which has its own subject and verb, is introduced by one of the following words: who, whom, which, that, and whose. I do not know the lady who S lives V next door. He is a man (whom)* I S respect V . That is a fern plant, which S never blooms V . This is the book (that)* I S borrowed V from John. That is the couple whose house S burned down V . An adverb clause functions as an adverb. Each adverb clause has its own subject and verb. The following is a list of commonly used words that introduce adverb clauses: before, after, because, since, while, when, if, and although. Introductory adverb clauses are followed by a comma. Before she S left V , I told her. When it S began V to rain, we left. If I S have V time, I will help you. Although he S tried V hard, he did not win the race. We talked to her after she S had V surgery. He did not go in because he S was V late. I have not seen him since he S arrived V . They met him when they S were V at college. • Be sure that every dependent clause is attached to an independent clause. • Remember that all clauses, independent and dependent, have their own subject and finite verb. • A finite verb is one that can be conjugated and shows tense, that is, ends in -ed,-s, etc. A gerund (V 1 ing) or an infinitive (to 1 V) is not a finite verb. • In this grammar explanation, when any word appears in parenthesis, it is optional in the sentence. • Remember that two independent clauses are joined by coordinate conjunctions (and, but, etc.). They cannot be joined by a comma only. *Note: Whom and that, when used as objects, are optional. 122 PART III: TOEFL Writing Review www.petersons.com Error Examples WRONG: Give my regards to everyone asks about me. RIGHT: Give my regards to everyone who asks about me. WRONG: Thinking for many centuries that the world was flat. RIGHT: It was thought for many centuries that the world was flat. WRONG: President Kennedy committed the U.S. to being first to land men on the moon, he died before he saw his dream realized. RIGHT: President Kennedy committed the U.S. to being first to land men on the moon, but he died before he saw his dream realized. WRONG: To believe that smoking causes some forms of cancer. RIGHT: It is believed that smoking causes some forms of cancer. WRONG: That Mt. Everest is the highest peak in the world. RIGHT: I know that Mt. Everest is the highest peak in the world. OR Mt. Everest is the highest peak in the world. WRONG: Because I did not have enough money to go on vacation this year. RIGHT: Because I did not have enough money to go on vacation this year, I stayed home. OR I did not have enough money to go on vacation this year. WRONG: We were surprised when saw her. RIGHT: We were surprised when we saw her. WRONG: Where they would be staying in Greece. RIGHT: She told me where they would be staying in Greece. Chapter 6: Basic Patterns 123 www.petersons.com Skill Builder 6: Clauses Directions: Write a “C” on the line if the sentence is correct. Write an “X” on the line if there is a clause error. 1. It is hoped that man will someday inhabit other planets. 2. Learning that the university plans to construct a new sports arena next year. 3. Since it was cool and overcast, we canceled the picnic. 4. Why he quit his job with that prestigious company. 5. Some people consider marriage to be the most important thing could happen in life. 6. That Columbus was not the first man to set foot in the New World. 7. He found the book he had been looking for under the sofa. 8. We went to San Diego, we spent many happy hours on the beach. 9. To think that everyone needs some form of physical exercise. 10. The store had a huge end-of-summer sale, and hundreds of people were at the door when it opened. 11. If any questions, please ask me for help. 12. That he survived that terrible accident surprised everyone who heard the news. 13. There is the artist whose painting received an award. 14. She is the only person in this country knows how to operate that new equipment. 15. I noticed that the new couple next door not at home last week. Answers C 1. X 2. (It was learned that). See rule 3 and note b. C 3. X 4. (I cannot understand why he quit his job.). See rule 3, (noun clause). X 5. (thing that could). See rule 3, (relative clause). X 6. (Columbus was not the first man to set foot in the New World OR That Columbus was not the first man to set foot in the New World is not surprising.) See rule 3 (noun clause). C 7. X 8. (Diego, and we spent). See rule 2. X 9. (It is thought that). See rule 3. C 10. X 11. (If you have any). See rule 3, (adverb clause). C 12. C 13. X 14. (country who knows). See rule 3, (relative clause.) X 15. (door was not). See rule 3. 124 PART III: TOEFL Writing Review www.petersons.com EXERCISES: BASIC PATTERNS Error Identification Directions: Each sentence below contains four underlined words or phrases. Select the one word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Circle your answer in the book or mark your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. I did not understand their (A) predicament until (B) John explained me (C) all the details of the mishap (D) . 2. Even though we had been (A) to her house several times before, we did not remember (B) exactly what (C) street was it (D) on. 3. We are never (A) happy with what (B) we have in life; the grass always (C) is greener (D) on the other side of the fence. 4. The opera, even though (A) performed by (B) amateurs, it (C) was (D) excellent. 5. Because of their countries’ (A) great need for expertise in (B) computer programming, the students were sent (C) for studying (D) in the United States. 6. Mr. Shimoto was planning to send (A) to me (B) a package from Japan as soon as (C) he arrived home (D) from his trip to Hawaii. 7. I was surprised to hear (A) that the store charged Dr. Brown (B) an extra amount when it delivered (C) to his office (D) his new sofa. 8. When John asked Tomoko, the Japa- nese student, what she did think (A) of the museum, she quickly (B) replied that it had taught (C) her a great deal about (D) the history of the area. 9. His father mentioned to me (A) that Robert had written (B) to him (C) requesting money for buying (D) a new car. 10. The author of this new book she (A) is plan- ning to write (B) a sequel in order to capitalize (C) on the publicity she (D) has received recently. exercises Chapter 6: Basic Patterns 125 www.petersons.com Sentence Completion Directions: In the sentences below, one or more words are left out of each sentence. Under each sentence, you will see four words or phrases. Select the one word or phrase that completes the sentence correctly, then write it in the space provided in the book or on a separate sheet of paper. 1. ________ is indispensable to the economy of that region. (A) That copper mining (B) It is copper mining (C) Although copper mining (D) Copper mining 2. She read ________. (A) several chapters in the library last night (B) last night several chapters in the library (C) last night in the library several chapters (D) in the library several chapters last night 3. Doris went to the nicest store in the city ________ presents for her children. (A) for to get (B) for getting (C) to get (D) to getting 4. The man on the horse ________ a famous movie star. (A) he is (B) is he (C) who is (D) is 5. Please do not ever mention ________. (A) that subject again to us (B) that subject to us again (C) to us that subject again (D) again to us that subject 6. She cannot remember where ________ her black jacket. (A) did she leave (B) she did leave (C) she left (D) left she 7. The doctor explained ________ that we should have a complete physical examination once a year. (A) us (B) for us (C) to us (D) at us 8. Would you please tell us when ________. (A) the next bus comes (B) comes the next bus (C) does the next bus come (D) the next bus does come 9. That attractive man ________ my cousin who is visiting us from France. (A) who is (B) he is (C) is (D) is he 10. They ________ to our proposal. (A) have not still responded (B) have not responded still (C) have still not responded (D) still have not responded 126 PART III: TOEFL Writing Review www.petersons.com ANSWER KEY AND EXPLANATIONS Error Identification 1. C 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. A 1. The correct answer is (C). See Indirect Objects, page 111. 2. The correct answer is (D). See Embedded Questions, page 116. 3. The correct answer is (C). See Order of Adverbs, page 113. 4. The correct answer is (C). See Double Subjects, page 120. 5. The correct answer is (D). See To For (Purpose), page 118. 6. The correct answer is (B). See Indirect Objects, page 111. 7. The correct answer is (D). See Order of Adverbs, page 113. 8. The correct answer is (A). See Embedded Questions, page 116. 9. The correct answer is (D). See To/For (Purpose), page 118. 10. The correct answer is (A). See Double Subjects, page 120. Sentence Completion 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. D 1. The correct answer is (D). See Clauses, page 121. 2. The correct answer is (A). See Order of Adverbs, page 113. 3. The correct answer is (C). See To/For (Purpose), page 118. 4. The correct answer is (D). See Double Subjects, page 120. 5. The correct answer is (B). See Order of Adverbs, page 113. 6. The correct answer is (C). See Embedded Questions, page 116. 7. The correct answer is (C). See Indirect Objects, page 111. 8. The correct answer is (A). See Embedded Questions, page 116. 9. The correct answer is (C). See Double Subjects, page 120. 10. The correct answer is (D). See Order of Adverbs, page 113. answers exercises Chapter 6: Basic Patterns 127 www.petersons.com SUMMING IT UP • Some verbs may be followed by two objects: an indirect object and a direct object. • In general, place adverbs (or adverbial phrases) after the verb or after the object, if any. • Do not separate the subject from the verb or the verb from its object. • Patterns for expressing purpose are for 1 noun phrase and to 1 simple form of the verb. 128 PART III: TOEFL Writing Review www.petersons.com . be joined by a comma only. *Note: Whom and that, when used as objects, are optional. 122 PART III: TOEFL Writing Review www.petersons.com Error Examples WRONG: Give my regards to everyone asks. (country who knows). See rule 3, (relative clause.) X 15. (door was not). See rule 3. 124 PART III: TOEFL Writing Review www.petersons.com EXERCISES: BASIC PATTERNS Error Identification Directions:. have not responded still (C) have still not responded (D) still have not responded 126 PART III: TOEFL Writing Review www.petersons.com ANSWER KEY AND EXPLANATIONS Error Identification 1.