APPLIED BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Edited by Gaetano D. Gargiulo and Alistair McEwan Applied Biomedical Engineering Edited by Gaetano D. Gargiulo and Alistair McEwan Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romina Krebel Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Leigh Prather, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Applied Biomedical Engineering, Edited by Gaetano D. Gargiulo and Alistair McEwan p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-256-2 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Biomedical Technology 1 Chapter 1 Application of High Brightness LEDs in the Human Tissue and Its Therapeutic Response 3 Mauro C. Moreira, Ricardo Prado and Alexandre Campos Chapter 2 A Feasibility of Low Intensity Ultrasound Stimulation for Treatment or Prevention of Osteoporosis and Its-Related Fracture 21 Dohyung Lim, Chang-Yong Ko, Sung-Jae Lee, Keyoung Jin Chun and Han Sung Kim Chapter 3 Electrical Stimulation in Tissue Regeneration 37 Shiyun Meng, Mahmoud Rouabhia and Ze Zhang Chapter 4 The ECSIM Concept (Environmental Control System for Intestinal Microbiota) and Its Derivative Versions to Help Better Understand Human Gut Biology 63 Jean-François Brugère, David Féria-Gervasio, Zsolt Popse, William Tottey and Monique Alric Chapter 5 Prospects for Neuroprosthetics: Flexible Microelectrode Arrays with Polymer Conductors 83 Axel Blau Chapter 6 Contributions to Novel Methods in Electrophysiology Aided by Electronic Devices and Circuits 123 Cristian Ravariu Chapter 7 Towards Affordable Home Health Care Devices Using Reconfigurable System-on-Chip Technology 141 Mohammed Abdallah and Omar Elkeelany VI Contents Part 2 Biomedical Intrumentations 167 Chapter 8 Clinical Engineering 169 Pietro Derrico, Matteo Ritrovato, Federico Nocchi, Francesco Faggiano, Carlo Capussotto, Tiziana Franchin and Liliana De Vivo Chapter 9 Integrated Power Management Circuit for Piezoelectronic Generator in Wireless Monitoring System of Orthopedic Implants 197 Chen Jia and Zhihua Wang Chapter 10 Design and Optimization of Inductive Power Link for Biomedical Applications 221 Kejie Huang, Yin Zhou, Xiaobo Wu,Wentai Liu and Zhi Yang Chapter 11 Pressure Measurement at Biomedical Interfaces 243 Vincent Casey, Pierce Grace and Mary Clarke-Moloney Chapter 12 Sensor Developments for Electrophysiological Monitoring in Healthcare 265 Helen Prance Part 3 Biomedical Signal Processing 287 Chapter 13 Time-Frequency Based Feature Extraction for Non-Stationary Signal Classification 289 Luis David Avendaño-Valencia, Carlos Daniel Acosta-Medina and Germán Castellanos-Domínguez Chapter 14 Classification of Emotional Stress Using Brain Activity 313 Seyyed Abed Hosseini and Mohammad Bagher Naghibi-Sistani Chapter 15 Multiscale Modeling of Myocardial Electrical Activity: From Cell to Organ 337 Beatriz Trenor, Lucia Romero, Karen Cardona, Julio Gomis, Javier Saiz and Jose Maria Ferrero (Jr.) Chapter 16 Methods of Weighted Averaging with Application to Biomedical Signals 361 Alina Momot Chapter 17 Development of a Neural Interface for PNS Motor Control 387 Christopher G. Langhammer, Melinda K. Kutzing, Vincent Luo, Jeffrey D. Zahn and Bonnie L. Firestein Contents VII Chapter 18 A Case Study of Applying Weighted Least Squares to Calibrate a Digital Maximum Respiratory Pressures Measuring System 419 José L. Ferreira, Flávio H. Vasconcelos and Carlos J. Tierra-Criollo Part 4 Bio-Imaging 433 Chapter 19 Biomedical Image Volumes Denoising via the Wavelet Transform 435 Eva Jerhotová, Jan Švihlík and Aleš Procházka Chapter 20 Determination of Optimal Parameters and Feasibility for Imaging of Epileptic Seizures by Electrical Impedance Tomography: A Modelling Study Using a Realistic Finite Element Model of the Head 459 L. Fabrizi, L. Horesh, J. F. Perez-Juste Abascal, A. McEwan, O. Gilad, R. Bayford and D. S. Holder Chapter 21 General Adaptive Neighborhood Image Processing for Biomedical Applications 481 Johan Debayle and Jean-Charles Pinoli Preface The field of biomedical engineering has expanded markedly in the past few years; finally it is possible to recognize biomedical engineering as a field on its own. Too often this important discipline of engineering was acknowledged as a minor engineering curriculum within the fields of material engineering (bio-materials) or electronic engineering (bio-instrumentations). However, given the fast advances in biological science, which have created new opportunities for development of diagnosis and therapy tools for human diseases, independent schools of biomedical engineering started to form to develop new tools for medical practitioners and carers. The discipline focuses not only on the development of new biomaterials, but also on analytical methodologies and their application to advance biomedical knowledge with the aim of improving the effectiveness and delivery of clinical medicine. The aim of this book is to present recent developments and trends in biomedical engineering, spanning across several disciplines and sub-specializations of biomedical engineering such as biomedical technology, biomedical instrumentations, biomedical signal processing, bio-imaging and biomedical ethics and legislation. In the first section of this book, Biomedical Technology, advances of new and old technologies are applied to the biomedical science spanning from LED application to human tissues, to osteoporosis prevention via ultrasound stimulation up to investigation in affordable home care for patients. In the second section of this book, Biomedical Instrumentations, concepts of medical engineering are reviewed together with advances in bio instrumentation such as the measurement of pressure, the optimization of wireless power links and new sensor development for electrophysiology monitoring. Highlights of bio-imaging processing and general biomedical signal processing are presented in the third and fourth section of the book, Biomedical Signal Processing and Bio-imaging, spanning from the Brain Computer Interface to the development of neural network for biomedical signal processing and the application of bio-impedance for novel tomography techniques. X Preface As Editors and also Authors in this field, we are honoured to be editing a book with such interesting and exciting content, written by a selected group of talented researchers. Gaetano D. Gargiulo Alistair McEwan “Federico II" The University of Naples, Naples, Italy The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia [...]... reduction of the current or the reduction of duty cycle in a 6 Applied Biomedical Engineering LED that emits red light, in the remaining tested cases the opposite was verified (N Narendran, et al., 2006) Fig 2 Peak wavelength shift as a function of current level or duty cycle for (a) red, (b) green, (c) blue and (d) white LEDs 5 Converters DC/DC applied in high-brightness LEDS The application of switched... Union St., Troy, NY, 12180 USA 20 Applied Biomedical Engineering SÁ JR., E M (2007) – “Projeto de Tese de Doutorado: Estudo de Novas Estruturas de Reatores Eletrônicos para LEDs de Iluminação” Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, UFSC, Florianópolis-SC Moreira, M C.; Prado, R N.; Campos, Alexandre; Marchezan, T B.; Cervi, M (2008) “Aplicação de LEDs de Pot ncia nos Tecidos Humanos e sua... Its-Related Fracture Dohyung Lim1, Chang-Yong Ko2,4, Sung-Jae Lee3, Keyoung Jin Chun1 and Han Sung Kim2 1Gerontechnology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 4Department of Structural and Medical Health Monitoring, Fraunhofer Institute for Non-destructive Testing Dresden, 1,2,3Republic of Korea... 2007;Judex et al., 2009) The relation between mechanical signal 22 Applied Biomedical Engineering and bone homeostasis is elucidated by the mechanostat theory and the daily stress stimulus theory (Frost, 1987, 2003, 2004;Qin et al., 1996;Qin et al., 1998) The former describes that a net bone is regulated by the strain or deformation applied to the skeleton In the latter theory, a net bone is modulated... of its light concentration The rate control devices is important because the total light energy emitted by the LED or energy in Watts per square centimeter, in units of mW/cm2 is essential 12 Applied Biomedical Engineering If the designer to use his knowledge to choose less expensive to manufacture power supply, then the power converter should be about 2 or 3 times more than the total of its light energy... this procedure was used the Flyback converter who supply the LEDs that emit red light (Moreira, M C., 2009) Fig 13 Patient with left foot injury in the malleolar region before of therapy 14 Applied Biomedical Engineering Fig 14 Application of the array of LEDs during treatment Fig 15 Accentuated reduction of the ulcer injury The third case was a male patient, 27 years who had an accident with a tractor... enjoying only the application of red light generated by LEDs The patient did not use any medication during treatment (Moreira, M C., 2009) Fig 16 Initial injury Fig 17 Application of LEDs 16 Applied Biomedical Engineering Fig 18 Reduction of lesion during treatment Fig 19 Healing of the lesion The last case presented it is an old lady of 94 years who had a right foot injury Underwent 20 daily applications... and 22 show the process of treatment in the patient Application of High Brightness LEDs in the Human Tissue and Its Therapeutic Response Fig 20 Initial injury Fig 21 Application of LEDs 17 18 Applied Biomedical Engineering Fig 22 Final result of treatment The arrangement of LED that emits red light contains 30 high intensity LEDs 5mm, with a wavelength in the range of 725 to 730nm The current in each... process is responsible for the dispersion of light as shown in Figure 1 A detailed evaluation of this process is very peculiar, because the composition of substrates varies from person to person 4 Applied Biomedical Engineering Despite the high spread, the degree of penetration is considerable, with approximately 50% of all incident radiation reaching the substrates immediately below of the skin (Yoo, B... converters (Moreira, M.C., et al 2008) The Figure 4 shows a system for supplying power to LEDs using galvanic isolation Fig 4 Representation of a supply system for LEDs with galvanic isolation 8 Applied Biomedical Engineering 6 Topology proposals After reviewing several possible topologies for LEDs power supply and control, four topologies are proposed for this study, considering their easy implementation . APPLIED BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Edited by Gaetano D. Gargiulo and Alistair McEwan Applied Biomedical Engineering Edited by Gaetano. disciplines and sub-specializations of biomedical engineering such as biomedical technology, biomedical instrumentations, biomedical signal processing, bio-imaging and biomedical ethics and legislation recognize biomedical engineering as a field on its own. Too often this important discipline of engineering was acknowledged as a minor engineering curriculum within the fields of material engineering