ADVANCES IN CERAMICS - CHARACTERIZATION, RAW MATERIALS, PROCESSING, PROPERTIES, DEGRADATION AND HEALING Edited by Costas Sikalidis Advances in Ceramics - Characterization, Raw Materials, Processing, Properties, Degradation and Healing Edited by Costas Sikalidis Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Nikša Mandić Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Vladoleg, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published July, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Ceramics - Characterization, Raw Materials, Processing, Properties, Degradation and Healing, Edited by Costas Sikalidis p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-504-4 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Topics in Characterization Techniques and Evaluation of Advanced Ceramic Materials 1 Chapter 1 On the Use of Photothermal Techniques as a Tool to Characterize Ceramic-Metal Materials 3 F. A. L. Machado, M. Filgueira, R. T. Faria Jr. and H. Vargas Chapter 2 Spectroscopic and Dielectric Characterization of Plasma Sprayed Titanates 19 Pavel Ctibor and Josef Sedlacek Chapter 3 Thermal Diffusivity of Ceramics During Neutron Irradiation 39 Masafumi Akiyoshi, Hidetsugu Tsuchida and Toyohiko Yano Chapter 4 Luminescence Properties of AlN Ceramics and Its Potential Application for Solid State Dosimetry 59 Laima Trinkler and Baiba Berzina Chapter 5 Non-Contact Measurements of the Apparent Density of Green Ceramics with Complex Shape 83 G.M. Revel, E.P. Tomasini, G. Pandarese and A. Cavuto Chapter 6 Practical Methods for Crack Length Measurement and Fatigue Crack Initiation Detection Using Ion-Sputtered Film and Crack Growth Characteristics in Glass and Ceramics 103 Gang Deng and Tsutomu Nakanishi Chapter 7 Evolution of Crystallographic Structures and Phases in Micropyretically Formed Boron Rich Boron Carbide – a New Material System 127 R.M. Mohanty, K. Balasubramanian and S.K. Seshadri VI Contents Chapter 8 Oxygen Isotope Exchange in Nanocrystal Oxides 139 Anatoly Fishman, Tatyana Kurennykh, Vladimir Vykhodets and Evgeniya Vykhodets Chapter 9 Lead Free BNBT Type Ceramics: A Useful Material for Sensors and Ultrasound Applications 165 E. Suaste Gómez and J. J. A. Flores Cuautle Part 2 Topics in Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Conventional and Advanced Ceramic Materials 181 Chapter 10 Characterization of the Firing Steps and Phases Formed in Mg-Zr-Containing Refractory Dolomitic Materials 183 Araceli Lavat, María Cristina Grasselli and Eugenia Giuliodori Lovecchio Chapter 11 Characterization of Clay Ceramics Based on the Recycling of Industrial Residues – On the Use of Photothermal Techniques to Determine Ceramic Thermal Properties and Gas Emissions during the Clay Firing Process 205 Faria Jr. R. T., Souza V. P., Vieira C. M. F., Toledo R., Monteiro S. N., Holanda J. N. F. and Vargas H. Chapter 12 Mechanical Properties of Kaolin-Base Ceramics During Firing 229 Igor Štubňa, Anton Trník, František Chmelík and Libor Vozár Chapter 13 Mechanical Properties of New Ceramic Materials Obtained from Granular Solid Residuals Coming from Mines and Diatomaceous Earth 245 Jaime Vite-Torres, María del Carmen Carreño de León, Manuel Vite-Torres and Juan Rodrigo Laguna-Camacho Chapter 14 Strength of a New All-Ceramic Restorative Material “Turkom-Cera” Compared to Two Other Alumina-Based All-Ceramic Systems 259 Bandar M. A. AL-Makramani, Abdul A. A. Razak and Mohamed I. Abu-Hassan Chapter 15 Physical and Metallurgical Characteristics of Fiber Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites 281 Zdeněk Jonšta, Evelyn A. Bolaňos C., Monika Hrabalová and Petr Jonšta Contents VII Part 3 Topics in Degradation, Aging and Healing of Ceramic Materials 299 Chapter 16 Considerations about Degradation of the Red Ceramic Material Manufactured with Granite Waste 301 Xavier Gustavo de Castro, Saboya Fernando, Maia Paulo Cesar de Almeida and Alexandre Jonas Chapter 17 Behavior of Aging, Micro-Void, and Self-Healing of Glass/Ceramic Materials and Its Effect on Mechanical Properties 327 Wenning Liu, Xin Sun and Moe Khaleel Chapter 18 Crack-Healing Ability of Structural Ceramics and Methodology to Guarantee the Reliability of Ceramic Components 351 Koji Takahashi, Kotoji Ando and Wataru Nakao Preface Materials’ Characterization refers to the use of external techniques aiming to better understand the structure, composition and properties of materials. In order to characterize a material what is usually needed is to determine its chemical, structural (mineralogical) and technological characteristics (determine the properties connected to the use). Characterization can take the form of actual materials testing, or analysis. Many techniques are applied today among which are: scanning and transmission elec- tron microscopy (SEM, TEM, STEM); focused ion beam (FIB); secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and Rutherford backscattering (RBS), X-ray diffraction, reflectiv- ity and fluorescence (XRD, XRR, XRF) including high-temperature analysis; Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy, (AFM), Optical spectroscopy (Raman, Photoluminescence, FTIR, ellip- sometry, etc.), thermal analysis (TG-DTA, DSC, etc); In addition, a great number of technological tests has been standardised to determine properties relevant to the ap- plication of each material. Furthermore, specific techniques have been developed to determine special characteristics pertinent to each material. Some of today’s most interesting research topics in materials’ characterization and evaluation, included in this volume, are: the use of the non-destructive laser-induced photothermal techniques that are based on the detection of periodic thermal waves generated due to a non-radiative de-excitation, to characterize ceramic-metal materials; the use of Raman and infrared spectroscopy and near-field microwave microscopy and dielectric measurements to characterize and evaluate plasma sprayed titanates; the measurement of positron annihilation lifetime on heavily neutron irradi- ated ceramics to clarify changes due to neutron irradiation in thermal diffusivity one of the most important factors for a nuclear plant efficiency; the use of photoluminescence, thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence methods to study of Aluminum nitride and its potential application for solid state do- simetry; the use of a newly developed non-contact method based on ultrasonic wave propagation within the material in order to measure and control the green density (which affect the shrinkage, the sintering and the mechanical properties of green and fired ceramic product) of ceramics with complex shape; the use of a newly developed method based on the application of an ion-sputtered film on a surface in order to detect fatigue crack initiation and evaluate crack growth characteristics in ceramics X Preface and glasses; the investigation of the existence of a polytypic multi-structured boron carbide with varying B/C ratio, chemically formed through a single step solid step process using XRD, XRF and SEM techniques in order to establish the products; the investigation of oxygen isotope exchange between oxygen-containing gases 18 О2 and С 18 О2 and oxides examining the isotope exchange not in bulk samples but in nanoscale oxides by employing secondary ion mass spectrometry and nuclear microanalysis; the evaluation of the perovskite structure lead free BNBT type ceramics for sensors and ultrasonic applications by applying SEM and XRD techniques as well as dielectric, pyroelectric, thermal and ultrasonic measuring techniques. The evaluation and use of local raw materials through development of new composi- tions for ceramics with conventional applications is of vast importance since it en- forces local economies and reduces local unemployment. Raw materials and ceramic production processes, through the modification of the microstructure characteristics, directly affect all the properties of ceramics and hence the mechanical properties as compressive, tensile and shear strength, fracture toughness and ductility, hardness and abrasion resistance and elasticity/plasticity. Mechanical properties are important in structural and building ceramics, and are under consideration in development in almost all the categories of ceramic products. Some of today’s highly interesting research topics in raw materials, processes and mechanical and other properties of conventional and advanced ceramic materials, included in this volume, are: The evaluation of local raw materials for the production of MgO-CaZrO 3 refractories for the cement industry by investigating the firing steps and the phases formed during firing by employing XRF, particle size analysis, BET, FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDAX techniques; the utilization of wastes and residues from steel and sanitary ware industry, as raw materials for clay based ceramics and the determination of chemical and mineralogical characteristics as well as their thermal properties using phothermal techniques and the gas emissions during firing; the study of modulus of rupture and Young’s modulus of kaolin based ceramics in connection to their firing schedule; the mechanical properties of new ceramic materials obtained from granular solid re- siduals coming from mines and diatomaceous earth; the comparative study of the effect of special dental ceramic materials and margin design on the occlusal fracture resistance; the mechanical and other properties of advanced fiber reinforces ceramic matrix composites and the affection of the preparation techniques. Materials in general, can be categorized as Metals, Organics (Plastics), Ceramics and Composites. Materials might be degraded by chemicals, heat, moisture, radiation, enzymatic action, mechanical wear, fatigue, creep, age etc. The environmental action, which is a combination of several of the aforementioned parameters, degrades, however to a different extent, all types of materials. Ceramics are generally considered more stable materials than others. The changes on the properties of materials with time due to interaction with air, moisture, environmental hazards etc., are often lumped together under the label "aging". The mechanisms of degradation and aging, [...]... Section III, includes three topics in degradation, aging and healing of ceramic materials, dealing with the effect of granite waste addition on artificial and natural degradation bricks, the effect of aging, micro-voids, and self -healing on mechanical properties of glass ceramics and the crack -healing ability of structural ceramics 2011 Constantinos A Sikalidis Department of Chemical Engineering Aristotle... 5GPa/1400oC/2min Table 1 Parameters sintering of samples WC-10%wtCo sintered by HPHT 6 Advances in Ceramics - Characterization, Raw Materials, Processing, Properties, Degradation and Healing Figure 2 shows a photograph of an Anvil type HPD, already installed into the press aperture This is the HPD used to sinter the hardmetal WC-10%wtCo of this work, and it is commonly used to produce powders of diamonds and. .. three main peaks observed at 471, 495, and 640 cm-1 are in 24 Advances in Ceramics - Characterization, Raw Materials, Processing, Properties, Degradation and Healing agreement with [Cavalcante, 2008] The bands at 471 and 495 cm-1 are assigned to Ti–O torsional (bending or internal vibration of oxygen cage) modes [Hirata, 1996; Zheng, 2003] The Ti–O stretching mode is centered at 640 cm−1 [Boutinaud,... the environmentmaterial interface, the effects of degradation and aging on the material, all need to be investigated in order for degradation preventing techniques and protective ones to be developed A few of today’s very interesting research topics on degradation, aging and healing usage of ceramic materials, included in this volume, are: the effect on artificial and natural degradation of ceramic... The cobalt binder 16 Advances in Ceramics - Characterization, Raw Materials, Processing, Properties, Degradation and Healing did not disperse homogeneously in the samples, originating large Co lakes On the other hand the thermal diffusivity values are quite realistic to the commercial hardmetals We can conclude that is necessary more attention to the preparation sample process, mainly in the components... diffusivity measurement on LiMn2O4 and its de-lithiated form (λ-MnO2) using photoacoustic technique Materials Science and Engineering B, Vol 131, (July, 2006), pp 210-215 18 Advances in Ceramics - Characterization, Raw Materials, Processing, Properties, Degradation and Healing Rodrigues, M.F., Bobrovnitchii G S., Ramalho A M., Filgueira, M (2005) Pressure Assisted WC-15%wtCO Sintering Materials Science Forum... samples, only WC/Co peaks are observed and the Co3W phase in presented in all the samples The Rietveld analysis confirmed the Co3W phase in low intensity for the whole samples Figure Advances in Ceramics - Characterization, Raw Materials, Processing, Properties, Degradation and Healing 12 10 shows the Rietveld analysis for 5 GPa/1200ºC/1min sample This sample has 83,7% WC and 6.3% Co3W 3000 0 2 4 2800 2600... resolution 8 cm-1 and various integration times from 10 to 60 seconds were used Raman spectroscopy of BT was performed using a Lambda Solutions P1 apparatus – laser wavelength 785 nm, objective 50 x, integration time 25 s.The surface of the coating was polished before the test Advances in Ceramics - Characterization, Raw Materials, Processing, Properties, Degradation and Healing 22 Infrared reflective... II includes six topics in raw materials, processes and mechanical and other properties of conventional and advanced ceramic materials, dealing with the evaluation of local raw materials and various types and forms of wastes for ceramics production, the effect of production parameters on ceramic properties, the evaluation of dental ceramics through application parameters and the reinforcement of ceramics. .. al., 2008) Therefore, sintering is the most important processing step 2.2.1 Sintering In this step, the compacted powders are submitted to high temperature, into a furnace During sintering several hardmetal structural changes occurs, such as densification and grain growth Sintering parameters like time, temperature and environment are designed for controlling the porosity level, grain size, hardness or . ADVANCES IN CERAMICS - CHARACTERIZATION, RAW MATERIALS, PROCESSING, PROPERTIES, DEGRADATION AND HEALING Edited by Costas Sikalidis Advances in Ceramics - Characterization,. Advances in Ceramics - Characterization, Raw Materials, Processing, Properties, Degradation and Healing 6 Figure 2 shows a photograph of an Anvil type HPD, already installed into the press. (Bialkowski, 1996). Advances in Ceramics - Characterization, Raw Materials, Processing, Properties, Degradation and Healing 8 Photohermal spectroscopy is usually performed using laser light