MODERN ASPECTS OF BULK CRYSTAL AND THIN FILM PREPARATION Edited by Nikolai Kolesnikov and Elena Borisenko Modern Aspects of Bulk Crystal and Thin Film Preparation Edited by Nikolai Kolesnikov and Elena Borisenko Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Sasa Leporic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team Image Copyright lunamarina, 2011. DepositPhotos First published January, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Modern Aspects of Bulk Crystal and Thin Film Preparation, Edited by Nikolai Kolesnikov and Elena Borisenko p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-610-2 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Bulk Crystal Growth 1 Chapter 1 New Class of Apparatus for Crystal Growth from Melt 3 Aco Janićijević and Branislav Čabrić Chapter 2 Growth and Characterization of Ytterbium Doped Silicate Crystals for Ultra-Fast Laser Applications 25 Lihe Zheng, Liangbi Su and Jun Xu Chapter 3 Defect Engineering During Czochralski Crystal Growth and Silicon Wafer Manufacturing 43 Lukáš Válek and Jan Šik Chapter 4 Growth and Characterization of Doped CaF 2 Crystals 71 Irina Nicoara and Marius Stef Chapter 5 The Growth and Properties of Rare Earth-Doped NaY(WO 4 ) 2 Large Size Crystals 97 Chaoyang Tu, ZhenYu You, Jianfu Li, Yan Wang and Zhaojie Zhu Chapter 6 The Influence of Atmosphere on Oxides Crystal Growth 123 Morteza Asadian Chapter 7 Controlling the Morphology and Distribution of an Intermetallic Zn 16 Ti Phase in Single Crystals of Zn-Ti-Cu 141 Grzegorz Boczkal Chapter 8 High Quality In x Ga 1-x As (x: 0.08 – 0.13) Crystal Growth for Substrates of = 1.3 μm Laser Diodes by the Travelling Liquidus-Zone Method 163 Kyoichi Kinoshita and Shinichi Yoda Chapter 9 Pattern Selection in Crystal Growth 187 Waldemar Wołczyński VI Contents Chapter 10 Development of 200 AlN Substrates Using SiC Seeds 213 O.V. Avdeev, T.Yu. Chemekova, E.N. Mokhov, S.S. Nagalyuk, H. Helava, M.G. Ramm, A.S. Segal, A.I. Zhmakin and Yu.N. Makarov Chapter 11 Crystal Growth and Stoichiometry of Strongly Correlated Intermetallic Cerium Compounds 263 Andrey Prokofiev and Silke Paschen Part 2 Growth of Thin Films and Low-Dimensional Structures 285 Chapter 12 Controlled Growth of C-Oriented AlN Thin Films: Experimental Deposition and Characterization 287 Manuel García-Méndez Chapter 13 Three-Scale Structure Analysis Code and Thin Film Generation of a New Biocompatible Piezoelectric Material MgSiO 3 311 Hwisim Hwang, Yasutomo Uetsuji and Eiji Nakamachi Chapter 14 The Influence of the Substrate Temperature on the Properties of Solar Cell Related Thin Films 337 Shadia J. Ikhmayies Chapter 15 Crystal Growth Study of Nano-Zeolite by Atomic Force Microscopy 357 H. R. Aghabozorg, S. Sadegh Hassani and F. Salehirad Chapter 16 One-Dimensional Meso-Structures: The Growth and the Interfaces 373 Lisheng Huang,Yinjie Su and Wanchuan Chen Chapter 17 Green Synthesis of Nanocrystals and Nanocomposites 395 Mallikarjuna N. Nadagouda Chapter 18 Crystal Habit Modification Using Habit Modifiers 413 Satyawati S. Joshi Part 3 Growth of Organic Crystals 437 Chapter 19 Protein Crystal Growth Under High Pressure 439 Yoshihisa Suzuki Chapter 20 Protein Crystal Growth 463 Igor Nederlof, Eric van Genderen, Flip Hoedemaeker, Jan Pieter Abrahams and Dilyana Georgieva Contents VII Chapter 21 Crystallization of Membrane Proteins: Merohedral Twinning of Crystals 477 V. Borshchevskiy and V. Gordeliy Chapter 22 Rational and Irrational Approaches to Convince a Protein to Crystallize 497 André Abts, Christian K. W. Schwarz, Britta Tschapek, Sander H. J. Smits and Lutz Schmitt Chapter 23 Growth of Organic Nonlinear Optical Crystals from Solution 529 A. Antony Joseph and C. Ramachandra Raja Part 4 Theory of Crystal Growth 553 Chapter 24 Simulation of CaCO 3 Crystal Growth in Multiphase Reaction 555 Pawel Gierycz Chapter 25 Colloidal Crystals 579 E. C. H. Ng, Y. K. Koh and C. C. Wong Preface Crystal growth is widely renowned as a sure way to solve a great range of technological tasks, both in the manufacturing of well-known materials and in a search and development of new ones with preset properties. For many technical fields, such as non-linear optics, semiconductor detectors of ionizing radiations, or THz technique, the bulk growth of single crystals often provides a “ley line” to devices with desirable characteristics. This is why the well-known growth methods, like Bridgman, Czochralski, or zone melting, are still in use in production and in research and development. Moreover, new applications for them are found continuously. At the same time, the last decades have revealed high involvement in low-dimensional systems and nanostructures, and here, the crystal growth is a way to prepare new materials both for research purposes and for manufacturing. The concern of crystallization of organic compounds, like proteins, leads to rapid development of this relatively new field. This book is divided into four sections: bulk crystal growth, preparation of thin films, low-dimensional structures, growth of organic crystals, and some theoretical aspects of the field. The first section contains eleven chapters, and covers the modern act of growing bulk crystals of some silicates, oxides, fluorides, tungstates, nitrides, metals, and intermetallic compounds by means of Czochralski, Bridgman, flux, floating zone, and vapor deposition methods. A few data presented are published for the first time, while other chapters cover the contemporary state of the art, the concrete problems addressed, the materials’ characteristics achieved, the characterization methods, crystals’ applications, and a bibliography. A wide range of methods is used for the determination of crystal properties, including X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, neutron scattering, spectral and thermal analysis, and many others. One of the chapters is devoted to a new class of apparatus for crystal growth, and in other chapters, the growth equipment, as well as the selection of right crucible materials are discussed as well. The second section includes six chapters on growth of thin films and low-dimensional structures, covering topics on AlN thin films, influence of the substrate temperature on the properties of semiconducting films, ZnO mesostructures preparation, growth of nano-zeolites, green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, and on crystal habit modification via habit modifiers. X Preface The penultimate section includes four chapters focused on crystallization of proteins, covering main aspects of protein nucleation and crystallization, different diagnostic tools, crystallization techniques, and various other strategies. High pressure as a tool for enhancing crystallization of a protein is also discussed. The contemporary knowledge on twinning formation is summarized, and the methods to overcome it are presented. The section also includes the chapter on solution growth of organic crystals for non-linear optics. The last section contains two chapters describing the simulation of CaCO 3 crystal growth through a multiphase reaction, and colloidal crystal formation with focus on capillary growth and its dependence on interparticle interactions, the substrate, and the manipulation of the solvent meniscus. Acknowledgements I deeply appreciate the valuable help of the InTech team in editing this book. Nikolai N. Kolesnikov Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia [...]... depends upon extracting the latent heat of solidification For a time interval t a crystal layer of thickness δc is formed (Fig.17) During the formation of an elementary crystal layer of thickness dδc per unit area, the amount of heat released is 18 Modern Aspects of Bulk Crystal and Thin Film Preparation λρdδc (λ denotes the latent heat of solidification and ρ the crystal density); the latter is being... flowing through) and movable cyllindric tubes with placable holes for Tamman’s test tubes The coolers, in this case, are movable, and they give the possibility of definition of certain parameters during the crystallization process That is how one can very operatively influence the progression of the process and the quality of the obtained crystal 14 Modern Aspects of Bulk Crystal and Thin Film Preparation. .. obtaining crystals in a rucible furnace, VIII Conference of the Serbian Crystallographic Society, Serbian Crystallographic Society, Kragujevac, p 92-93, (2000) 24 Modern Aspects of Bulk Crystal and Thin Film Preparation [21] B Čabrić, T Pavlović, and T Despotović, A crystallization cooler, Czech J Phys., 49, No 7, 1115 (1999) [22] A Janićijević, and B Čabrić, A crystallization coolers, Extended Abstracts of. .. increase of the L, eq (5) Fig 18b shows the dependence of the crystallization rate R on the with of the air stream δs – see (10) in Fig 17b As can be seen from Fig 18b, the crystallization rate increases with decreasing δs , which is the consequence of the fact that ws , eq (4), and consequently αs , eq (3) and R, eq (2) increases with decrease δs (a) 20 Modern Aspects of Bulk Crystal and Thin Film Preparation. .. constructional and functional sense for a variety of apparatus for crystal growth from the melt was 22 Modern Aspects of Bulk Crystal and Thin Film Preparation necessary As presented in the paper, this resulted in development of a class of novel devices with notably improved solutions for both some elements of the device and device as a whole Basic settings for the new approach in fulfilling desired crystal. .. their regime of work, they employ both horizontal and vertical fluid flow This, in turn, gives a variety of opportunities for development of original, high quality devices with new possibilities and advantages for crystallization process A increased efficiency and reduced costs may also be expected 16 Modern Aspects of Bulk Crystal and Thin Film Preparation In [23] a successful realization of combined... possibility of multiplying initial activities via new conditions and test tube positioning This allows for a large interval of crystallization rates in direction of the cooler (a) (b) Fig 4 Horizontal coolers: (a) pipe, (b) two-pipe (folding) (a) (b) Fig 5 Multifunctional horizontal coolers: a) the standard method, b) for the combined methods 8 Modern Aspects of Bulk Crystal and Thin Film Preparation. .. Tamman test tubes of various shapes and dimensions (a family group [2, 3, 4] can be mounted on the test tube rings and thus simultaneously tested) 10 Modern Aspects of Bulk Crystal and Thin Film Preparation The variations considering the disposition changes of certain test tubes, as well as simultaneous regulations of some temperature gradients are also possible The working regime of the devices works... confirmed validity of idea This gives vast opportunities in presented modern approach to growth of crystals and monocrystals All the mentioned innovations in both specific parts of crystal growth apparatus and apparatus as a whole, allowed relatively easy reproducibility of crystallization process This approach enables, for the predefined conditions, simultaneous growth of a family of crystals of single material... holes and grooves (telescopis test sieve) and (6) family group of Tamman test tubes Fig 11 Apparatus for combining methods: (1) Laboratory chamber furnace, (2) continuosly changeable transformer, (3) movable plugs, (4) columns of crucibles, (5) air cooled toothed tube ("crystallization finger"), (6) movable mounting rings, and (7) Tamman test tubes 12 Modern Aspects of Bulk Crystal and Thin Film Preparation . MODERN ASPECTS OF BULK CRYSTAL AND THIN FILM PREPARATION Edited by Nikolai Kolesnikov and Elena Borisenko Modern Aspects of Bulk Crystal and Thin Film Preparation. Modern Aspects of Bulk Crystal and Thin Film Preparation 4 research, therefore making the crystal growth research a privilege of financially powerful countries that had the opportunity of. the test tube rings and thus simultaneously tested). Modern Aspects of Bulk Crystal and Thin Film Preparation 10 The variations considering the disposition changes of certain test tubes,