WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE UNECE Transport, Health and Environment: Trends and Developments in the UNECE-WHO European Region (1997–2007) Transport, Health and Environment: Trends and Developments in the UNECE-WHO European Region (1997–2007) Prepared under the auspices of the Transport, Health and Environment Pan-European Programme WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE UNECE New York and Geneva, 2008 8Za^VBda`Zci^c\gVYZ+D Note HnbWdahd[Jc^iZYCVi^dchYdXjbZcihVgZXdbedhZYd[XVe^iVaaZiiZghXdbW^cZYl^i]Ò\jgZh#BZci^dcd[hjX]V hnbWda^cY^XViZhVgZ[ZgZcXZidVJc^iZYCVi^dchYdXjbZci#  I]ZYZh^\cVi^dchZbeadnZYVcYi]ZegZhZciVi^dcd[i]ZbViZg^Va^ci]^hejWa^XVi^dcYdcdi^beani]ZZmegZhh^dc d[Vcnde^c^dcl]VihdZkZgdci]ZeVgid[i]ZHZXgZiVg^Vid[i]ZJc^iZYCVi^dchXdcXZgc^c\i]ZaZ\VahiVijhd[VcnXdjcign! iZgg^idgn!X^indgVgZV!dgd[^ihVji]dg^i^Zh!dgXdcXZgc^c\i]ZYZa^b^iVi^dcd[^ih[gdci^ZghdgWdjcYVg^Zh# 6aZmVcYgV7djg\Zi\gVYZ+< Executive summary Acknowledgements I]^hgZedgilVhYZkZadeZYWnAdj^hZ<gZc^Zg<gdcib^_$8Vga7gd!9ZcbVg`VcYC^X`8Vk^aa8Vk^aa6hhdX^ViZh! Jc^iZY@^c\Ydb^cXdaaVWdgVi^dcl^i]I=:E:E_d^cihZXgZiVg^Vi?Vgdb^g8Z`diV!Hdc_V@V]abZ^Zg!BVgi^cBV\daY!B^dYgV\ EZhji!;gVcXZhXVGVX^dee^!8]g^hi^cVkdcHX]lZ^c^X]ZcVcY7g^cYVLVX]h[dghjWb^hh^dcidi]ZI]^gY=^\]"aZkZaBZZi^c\ dcIgVchedgi!=ZVai]VcY:ck^gdcbZci^c?VcjVgn'%%.#8dcig^Wji^dch]VkZVahdWZZcbVYZWnI=:E:E7jgZVjVcYI=: E:EHiZZg^c\8dbb^iiZZ#I]ZYZkZadebZcid[i]^hgZedgilVhhjeedgiZYWni]Z<dkZgcbZcid[i]ZJc^iZY@^c\Ydbd[<gZVi 7g^iV^cVcYCdgi]Zgc>gZaVcY# I]ZYgVl^c\hVcYeV^ci^c\h[ZVijgZY^ci]^hgZedgilZgZhZaZXiZY[gdbVYZh^\cXdbeZi^i^dcVii]Z>ciZgcVi^dcVa HX]ddad[<ZcZkV!AV8]ViV^\cZgV^Z;djcZm!Hl^ioZgaVcYVcYl^aaWZZm]^W^iZYVii]ZI]^gY=^\]"aZkZaBZZi^c\dcIgVchedgi! =ZVai]VcY:ck^gdcbZci''"'(?VcjVgn'%%.!6bhiZgYVb# 8ZX^a^Z@dgiWVZ`\gVYZ+D 6aZmBVgg\gVYZ+D * List of tables 6 List of figures 6 Abbreviations 7 Acknowledgements 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 1 INTRODUCTION 15  &#& I]ZIgVchedgi!=ZVai]!VcY:ck^gdcbZciEVc":jgdeZVcEgd\gVbbZ &*  &#' DW_ZXi^kZh!bZi]dYdad\n!VcYa^b^iVi^dchd[i]^hgZk^Zl &+  &#( HigjXijgZd[i]ZgZedgi &+ 2 TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSPORT ACROSS THE UNECE-WHO EUROPEAN REGION 17  '#& >cigdYjXi^dcidi]ZHijYn6gZV &,  '#' <ZcZgVaigVchedgiigZcYh &-  '#( EVhhZc\ZgigVchedgi '&  '#) ;gZ^\]iigVchedgi ') 3. TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS REGARDING EFFECTS OF TRANSPORT ON HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT 27  (#& >cigdYjXi^dc ',  (#' IgVchedgi"gZaViZYV^gedaaji^dcVcY^ihZ[[ZXih ',  (#( GdVYigV[ÒXXgVh]ZhVcY^c_jg^Zh '.  (#) :[[ZXihd[igVchedgi"hZXidgcd^hZ ((  (#* EhnX]dad\^XVaVcYhdX^VaZ[[ZXih ((  (#+ :[[ZXihd[igVchedgi"hZXidgaVcYjhZ ()  (#, IgVchedgi"gZaViZYZcZg\njhZVcYXa^bViZX]Vc\Z ()  (#- :[[ZXihgZaViZYidigVchedgihjWh^Y^ZhVcYZmiZgcVaXdhih (, 4. PROGRESS MADE IN POLICY INTEGRATION, SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT (1997–2007) 39  )#& >ciZ\gVi^dcd[Zck^gdcbZciVaVcY]ZVai]VheZXih^cidigVchedgieda^Xn (.  )#' HjhiV^cVWaZjgWVcigVchedgieda^Xn^hhjZh )'  )#( 9ZbVcY"h^YZbVcV\ZbZciVcYbdYVah]^[i )- 5. CONCLUSIONS 53 Annexes 55 Annex I 55 6gZV!edejaVi^dc!YZch^in!VcY\gdhhYdbZhi^XegdYjXieZgXVe^iVd[Xdjcig^Zh^ci]Z:jgdeZVcJc^dc"', ** Annex II 57 6gZV!edejaVi^dc!YZch^inVcY\gdhhYdbZhi^XegdYjXieZgXVe^iVd[Xdjcig^Zh^cHdji]":VhiZgc:jgdeZVcY :VhiZgc:jgdeZ!8VjXVhjhVcY8ZcigVa6h^V *, Annex III 59 Eg^cX^eVaV^gedaajiVcihVcYi]Z^ghdjgXZh^cigVchedgi *. Annex IV 61 HiVijhd[gVi^ÒXVi^dcd[i]ZEgdidXdahd[i]Z8dckZci^dcdcAdc\"gVc\ZIgVchWdjcYVgn6^gEdaaji^dc ^c:VhiZgc:jgdeZ!8VjXVhjhVcY8ZcigVa6h^VVcYHdji]":VhiZgc:jgdeZ +& * Contents + Tables Table 1AZc\i]d[gdVYh!bdidglVnh!gV^alVnhVcYlViZglVnh^c:J"'*!::886VcYH::! VcYX]Vc\Zh[dg& %Ä'%%( &. Table 2::886[gZ^\]iVaabdYZh!& &Ä'%%) ') Table 3;gZ^\]iigVchedgiigZcYh^ci]ZbVg`Zih]VgZd[bdYZh^c8ZcigVaVcY :VhiZgc:jgdeZVcXdjcig^ZhVcYi]Z7Vai^XHiViZh '* Table 4 :b^hh^dcgZYjXi^dciVg\Zih[dgi]Z<di]ZcWjg\EgdidXda!& %Ä'%&% )( Table 5 Hjae]jgXdciZcih[dggdVYigVchedgi[jZah^chdbZH::Xdjcig^Zh )) Table 6 6Ydei^dcd[:JGDkZ]^XaZZb^hh^dchiVcYVgYhWncdc":JXdjcig^Zh )* Table 7GZaVi^kZZ[ÒX^ZcXnWZ[dgZ^beaZbZciVi^dcXdhihd[Y^[[ZgZcieg^X^c\^chigjbZcih ^ci]ZXVhZd[7gjhhZah!'%%* *& Map Jc^iZYCVi^dch:Xdcdb^X8dbb^hh^dc[dg:jgdeZ"BVeCd#(.,+!GZk^h^dc&&! 9ZeVgibZcid[;^ZaYHjeedgi!8Vgid\gVe]^XHZXi^dc!Jc^iZYCVi^dch!BVn'%%- &- List of figures Figures Figure 1 KdajbZd[eVhhZc\ZgigVchedgigZaVi^kZid<9E^c:J"&*VcY:;I6Xdjcig^Zh '% Figure 2 EVhhZc\ZgXVgheZgi]djhVcY^c]VW^iVcih^cLZhiZgc:jgdeZVcXdjcig^Zh!& *Ä'%%) '% Figure 3 IgZcYh^ceVhhZc\ZgigVchedgi^cLZhiZgc:jgdeZ '& Figure 4 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6"lZ^\]iZYZfj^kVaZcihdjcYegZhhjgZaZkZa[dgeZg^dYI LA max  BVm^bjb6"lZ^\]iZYhdjcYegZhhjgZaZkZa^cVhiViZY^ciZgkVa MACs BVm^bjbVaadlVWaZXdcXZcigVi^dch MMT BZi]naXnXadeZciVY^ZcnabVc\VcZhZig^XVgWdcnaV\Vhda^cZVYY^i^kZ NGO Cdc"\dkZgcbZciVadg\Vc^oVi^dc [...]... transport and demand management Policy integration Conclusions Demand management and modal shift 1 - Introduction 11 1.1 The Transport, Health, and Transport Health Environment Pan -European Programme 1.2 Objectives, methodology, and limitations of this review 1.3 Structure of the report 2 - Trends and Developments in Transport across the UNECE-WHO European Region 2.1 Introduction to the Study Area 2.1.1 UNECE-WHO. .. SO2 TERM THE PEP t-km toe TREN TSP UNECE UNEP VAT VOCs WHO WHO Europe Executive summary General trends in transport across the UNECE-WHO European region Trends and developments regarding effects of transport on health and the environment Air quality Energy use Road traffic casualties Noise Carbon dioxide emissions Sustainable urban transport Progress made in the three priority areas: policy integration,... per thousand inhabitants in Western European countries 1995-2004 Cars/1000 inhabitants 600 500 400 EU (25 countries) EU (15 countries) EFTA (3 countries) 300 200 100 0 1995 2004 2.3.3 Passenger transport in EECCA and SEE 2.3.3.1 Passenger transport by rail and by coach and bus in EECCA and SEE 2.3 Passenger transport 2.3.1 Introduction to passenger transport 2.3.3.2 Trends in the delivery of public transport... 1990 2003 Trends in the market share (in %) of modes Freight transport in t-km 90 80 70 60 Road Rail Inland waterways 50 40 30 20 10 0 1995 2000 2005 2.4 Freight transport 2.4.1 Introduction to freight transport 2.4.2 Freight transport in Western Europe 2.4.2.1 Freight transport by road in Western Europe 2.4.2.2 Freight transport by rail in Western Europe 2.4.3 Freight transport in EECCA and SEE Countries... in the delivery of public transport relevant to EECCA and SEE countries 2.3.2 Passenger transport in Western Europe 3.5 3 2.5 1990 2 2000 1.5 2004 2005 1 0.5 0 Azerbaijan Georgia 2.3.3.3 Passenger cars (including taxis), passenger cars per 1,000 persons and the age of the vehicle fleet in EECCA and SEE Moldova Russian Fed A 2.3.4 Cycling and walking a or gi an ss i Ru Fe d M ol do va Ky rg yz st an... UNECE-WHO European region 2.1.2 EECCA and SEE countries 2.2 General transport trends 2.2.1 Overview for Western Europe 2.2.2 Overview for EECCA and SEE countries 104 102 100 (1995=100) Index of inland passenger transport volume relative to GDP Volume of passenger transport relative to GDP in Western Europe EFTA countries EU-15 98 96 94 92 90 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Passenger cars per thousand inhabitants... p pollution effects from transport in EECCA and SEE 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 3.3 Road traffic crashes and injuries 3.3.1 Overview 3.3.2 Trends 60000 50000 40000 2001 2004 30000 20000 10000 0 EECCA EU-15 EU-10 SEE 3.3.3 Road traffic crashes and injuries in EECCA and SEE 900 800 700 1995 600 2000 500 2002 400 2003 300 2004 200 100 0 Albania Bosnia & Herzegovina Croatia FYR Macedonia 60,000 50,000... Fed Ukraine Kazakhstan 3.3.4 Road traffic crashes and injuries in Western Europe Thousands 200 150 100 50 0 1994 1995 Europe 1996 1997 1998 1999 North America 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 UNECE countries 3.4 Effects of transport-sector noise 3.4.1 Overview 3.5 Psychological and social effects 3.4.2 Traffic noise effects 3.6 Effects of transport-sector land use 3.7 Transport-related energy use and climate... a n s p o r t o n Health and the Environment 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Transport-related air pollution and its effects 3.2.1 Air pollution effects from transport in Western Europe os co w - 20 02 y19 Ar 99 m Ar eni m aen 1 ia 98 Az -1 7 er 99 ba 8 ija n 20 Ge 02 or gi Ge a or gi 19 Ky a 91 rg 20 Ky yzs 01 rg ta yz n st - 1 an 9 - 88 Ta 19 jik 98 is Ta t jik an is ta 19 n 90 20 Uk 02 ra in Uz e -1 be 99 ki . 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