EMBEDDED SYSTEMS – HIGH PERFORMANCE SYSTEMS, APPLICATIONS AND PROJECTS Edited by Kiyofumi Tanaka Embedded Systems – High Performance Systems, Applications and Projects Edited by Kiyofumi Tanaka Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marina Jozipovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Embedded Systems – High Performance Systems, Applications and Projects, Edited by Kiyofumi Tanaka p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0350-9 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Multiprocessor, Multicore, NoC, and Communication Architecture 1 Chapter 1 Parallel Embedded Computing Architectures 3 Michael Schmidt, Dietmar Fey and Marc Reichenbach Chapter 2 Determining a Non-Collision Data Transfer Paths in Hypercube Processors Network 19 Jan Chudzikiewicz and Zbigniew Zieliński Chapter 3 Software Development for Parallel and Multi-Core Processing 35 Kenn R. Luecke Chapter 4 Concepts of Communication and Synchronization in FPGA-Based Embedded Multiprocessor Systems 59 David Antonio-Torres Part 2 Application and Implementation 85 Chapter 5 An Agent-Based System for Sensor Cloud Management 87 Yu-Cheng Chou, Bo-Shiun Huang and Bo-Jia Peng Chapter 6 Networked Embedded Systems – Example Applications in the Educational Environment 103 Fernando Lopes and Inácio Fonseca Chapter 7 Flexible, Open and Efficient Embedded Multimedia Systems 129 David de la Fuente, Jesús Barba, Fernando Rincón, Julio Daniel Dondo and Juan Carlos López VI Contents Chapter 8 A VLSI Architecture for Output Probability and Likelihood Score Computations of HMM-Based Recognition Systems 155 Kazuhiro Nakamura, Ryo Shimazaki, Masatoshi Yamamoto, Kazuyoshi Takagi and Naofumi Takagi Chapter 9 Design and Applications of Embedded Systems for Speech Processing 173 Jhing-Fa Wang, Po-Chun Lin and Bo-Wei Chen Part 3 Project and Practice 193 Chapter 10 Native Mobile Agents for Embedded Systems 195 Mohamed Ali Ibrahim and Philippe Mabilleau Chapter 11 Implementing Reconfigurable Wireless Sensor Networks: The Embedded Operating System Approach 221 Sanjay Misra and Emmanuel Eronu Chapter 12 Hardware Design of Embedded Systems for Security Applications 233 Camel Tanougast, Abbas Dandache, Mohamed Salah Azzaz and Said Sadoudi Chapter 13 Dynamic Control in Embedded Systems 261 Javier Vásquez-Morera, José L. Vásquez-Núñez and Carlos Manuel Travieso-González Preface Nowadays, embedded systems - computer systems that are embedded in various kinds of devices and play an important role of specific control functions, have permeated various scenes of industry. Therefore, we can hardly discuss our life or society from now on without referring to embedded systems. For wide-ranging embedded systems to continue their growth, a number of high-quality fundamental and applied researches are indispensable. This book addresses a wide spectrum of research topics of embedded systems, including parallel computing, communication architecture, application-specific systems, and embedded systems projects. The book consists of thirteen chapters. In Part 1, multiprocessor, multicore, network-on-chip, and communication architecture, which are key factors in high-performance embedded systems and will be further treated as important, are introduced by four chapters. Then, implementation examples of various embedded applications that can be good references for embedded system development, are dealt with in Part 2, through five chapters. In Part 3, four chapters present their projects where various profitable techniques can be found. Embedded systems are part of products that can be made only after fusing miscellaneous technologies together. I expect that various technologies condensed in this book as well as in the complementary book "Embedded Systems - Theory and Design Methodology", would be helpful to researchers and engineers around the world. The Editor would like to appreciate the Authors of this book for presenting their precious work. I would also like to thank Ms. Marina Jozipovic, the Publishing Process Manager of this book, and all members of InTech for their editorial assistance. Kiyofumi Tanaka School of Information Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Japan [...]... data parallel applications in embedded systems The efficient realization of applications with multi-core or many-core processors in an embedded system is a great challenge With application-specific architectures it is possible to save energy, reduce latency or increase throughput according to the realized operations, in 8 6 Embedded Systems – High Performance Systems, Applications and Projects Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH... application-specific multi-core systems which was closely modeled on 10 8 Embedded Systems – High Performance Systems, Applications and Projects Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH the Roofline Model (Williams et al., 2009) for standard multi-core processors Our adapted model is illustrated in Figure 4 Fig 4 Adapted roofline model It shows the relationship between the processor performance and the external memory bandwidth The horizontal... Nevertheless, in the past the embedded community took over processor technologies like super scalar 16 14 Embedded Systems – High Performance Systems, Applications and Projects Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH units and out-of-order processing in their designs This trend goes on Massively parallel concepts which are typically for HPC applications are introduced in mainstream embedded applications Shalf mentions... of the mask The size of the shift register depends on the image 12 10 Embedded Systems – High Performance Systems, Applications and Projects Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH size and the stencil size For a 3×3 mask, two complete image lines and three pixels have to be buffered internally The image pixels are loaded from the external memory and stored in the shift register If the shift register is filled, then... of a better performance- power ratio for this Parallel Embedded Computing Architectures Parallel Embedded Computing Architectures 15 13 • Power5 (server) – 389 mm2 – 120W@1900MHz • Intel Core2 sc (laptop) – 130 mm2 – 15W@1000MHz • ARM Cortex A8 (automobiles) – 5 mm2 – 0.8W@800MHz • Tensilica DP (cell phones / printers) – 0.8 mm2 – 0.09W@600MHz • Tensilica Xtensa (Cisco router) – 0.32 mm2 – 0.05W@600MHz... from 16 to 64 KB that is quite large for an embedded processor Using such a large cache supports the design for a high clock frequency of 2 GHz in 6 4 Embedded Systems – High Performance Systems, Applications and Projects Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH order to speed-up the execution of a single thread In order to maintain the coherency between the cache contents and the memory, a broadcast interconnect system... generations to think of energy-aware processor architectures intensively In the past 14 12 Embedded Systems – High Performance Systems, Applications and Projects Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH Fig 7 Pipelining of Full Buffering stages this was not valid in particular for the HPC community for which achieving the highest performance was the primary goal first of all However, increasing energy costs, which cannot... ADPC, pp A58–A63 18 16 Embedded Systems – High Performance Systems, Applications and Projects Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH Reichenbach, M., Schmidt, M & Fey, D (2011) Analytical model for the optimization of self-organizing image processing systems utilizing cellular automata, SORT 2011: 2nd IEEE Workshop on Self-Organizing Real-Time Systems, Newport Beach, pp 16 2–1 71 Schmidt, M., Reichenbach, M., Loos,... methods (Chudzikiewicz & Zielinski, 2003; Zielinski, 2006) In the case of distributed processing systems, a methods which uses the results of mutual testing of the system elements may be used (Kulesza & Zieliński 2010; Zielinski et al., 2011) 20 Embedded Systems – High Performance Systems, Applications and Projects Both, from the viewpoint of functional tasks for which the system was built as well as... 2 Embedded Systems – High Performance Systems, Applications and Projects Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH This situation is different in the case of a given problem which can be decomposed according to geometric principles That means, we have given a 2D or 3D problem space which is divided in sub regions In each sub region the same function is carried out Each sub region is further subdivided in grid points and . EMBEDDED SYSTEMS – HIGH PERFORMANCE SYSTEMS, APPLICATIONS AND PROJECTS Edited by Kiyofumi Tanaka Embedded Systems – High Performance Systems, Applications and Projects. 4). 4 Embedded Systems – High Performance Systems, Applications and Projects Parallel Embedded Computing Architectures 3 3. Principles of embedded multi-core processors 3.1 Multi-core processors in embedded. sophisticated and power consuming hardware control resources. This shifts the complexity of coordinating concurrent 6 Embedded Systems – High Performance Systems, Applications and Projects Parallel Embedded