CARTOGRAPHY – A TOOL FOR SPATIAL ANALYSIS Edited by Carlos Bateira Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2704 Edited by Carlos Bateira Contributors Shao-Feng Bian, Hou-Pu Li, Ricardo García, Juan Pablo de Castro, Elena Verdú, María Jesús Verdú, Luisa María Regueras, Gheorghe Romanescu, Vasile Cotiugă, Andrei Asăndulesei, Gabriele Bitelli, Stefano Cremonini, Giorgia Gatta, Stanislav Popelka, Alzbeta Brychtova, Jan Brus, Vít Voženílek, Krystyna Szykuła, Axente Stoica, Dan Savastru, Marina Tautan, Carla Bernadete Madureira Cruz, Rafael Silva de Barros, Janvier Fotsing, Emmanuel Tonye, Bernard Essimbi Zobo, Narcisse Talla Tankam, Jean-Paul Rudant, N. López-Estébanez, F. Allende, P. Fernández-Sañudo, M.J. Roldán Martín, P. De Las Heras, Jorge M. G. P. Isidoro, Helena M. N. P. V. Fernandez, Fernando M. G. Martins, João L. M. P. de Lima, Pilar Chias, Tomas Abad, Borna Fuerst-Bjeliš Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published July, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis, Edited by Carlos Bateira p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0689-0 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Mathematical Analysis in Cartography by Means of Computer Algebra System 1 Shao-Feng Bian and Hou-Pu Li Chapter 2 Web Map Tile Services for Spatial Data Infrastructures: Management and Optimization 25 Ricardo García, Juan Pablo de Castro, Elena Verdú, María Jesús Verdú and Luisa María Regueras Chapter 3 Use of Terrestrial 3D Laser Scanner in Cartographing and Monitoring Relief Dynamics and Habitation Space from Various Historical Periods 49 Gheorghe Romanescu, Vasile Cotiugă and Andrei Asăndulesei Chapter 4 Analysis of Pre-Geodetic Maps in Search of Construction Steps Details 75 Gabriele Bitelli, Stefano Cremonini and Giorgia Gatta Chapter 5 Advanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking 99 Stanislav Popelka, Alzbeta Brychtova, Jan Brus and Vít Voženílek Chapter 6 Unexpected 16th Century Finding to Have Disappeared Just After Its Printing – Anthony Jenkinson’s Map of Russia, 1562 119 Krystyna Szykuła Chapter 7 GPS Positioning of Some Objectives Which are Situated at Great Distances from the Roads by Means of a “Mobile Slide Monitor – MSM 153 Axente Stoica, Dan Savastru and Marina Tautan Chapter 8 Contribution of New Sensors to Cartography 181 Carla Bernadete Madureira Cruz and Rafael Silva de Barros VI Contents Chapter 9 Contribution of SAR Radar Images for the Cartography: Case of Mangrove and Post Eruptive Regions 201 Janvier Fotsing, Emmanuel Tonye, Bernard Essimbi Zobo, Narcisse Talla Tankam and Jean-Paul Rudant Chapter 10 Cartography of Landscape Dynamics in Central Spain 227 N. López-Estébanez, F. Allende, P. Fernández-Sañudo, M.J. Roldán Martín and P. De Las Heras Chapter 11 GIS-Based Models as Tools for Environmental Issues: Applications in the South of Portugal 251 Jorge M. G. P. Isidoro, Helena M. N. P. V. Fernandez, Fernando M. G. Martins and João L. M. P. de Lima Chapter 12 Open Source Tools, Landscape and Cartography: Studies on the Cultural Heritage at a Territorial Scale 277 Pilar Chias and Tomas Abad Chapter 13 Imaging the Past: Cartography and Multicultural Realities of Croatian Borderlands 295 Borna Fuerst-Bjeliš Preface The territory is the interaction place of different kind of systems, namely the social and natural systems. The use and perception of the territory are essential components of the organization and development of modern society. The understanding of the territory allows a multidisciplinary view of the world. The territory interpretation and analysis can be developed with the support of the cartography, unavoidable tool for modern world. The growing needs for using the cartography has experienced a wide and important impulse nowadays. The increase of the modern processes to acquirer information with a particular evolution on remote sensing represents a great impulse to the evolution of the modern cartography. This development requires an impressive demand of mathematical procedures and informatics means. The process of acquiring information is a software and hardware exigent task that has been subject to important evolution. Larger amount of data in a shorter period of time can be processed due to scientific advances. The technological evolution gives us the possibility to acquire information on objects far away of the users, otherwise impossible to obtain. The information available to build the cartography is wider and more accurate. Dealing with space and territory the importance of the cartography affects almost all areas of human activity and knowledge. This may be the main reason why a wide range of activities in the modern society uses the cartography. It can be used on areas such as the autonomous-land-vehicles, historical and archeological research, geopolitical analysis, natural and environmental issues, landscape assessment, modeling natural processes. Almost all areas of the knowledge need various contributions of the cartography, both in the analytical process or in the representation of data. This growing need of cartography implies an accurate process of validation of the information at our disposal and that represents nowadays a crucial issue. Regarding the wide spectrum of the areas using cartography, the relationship producer/user must be analysed and monitored. Technics of monitoring the relationship producer/user have been developed in order to increase the efficiency of the cartography and achieve the main objectives of the cartographer. More over the efficiency of the access to data can be improved monitoring the frequency of public assessment. X Preface The texts presented in the book are referred to a wide range of issues related with cartography. The SAR radar images, the GPS positioning and the analysis of remote sensors are examples of the modern processes of data acquisition allowing the acquisition of data without direct contact with the study object. This is the main stream of modern cartography supported on an important evolution of the mathematic processing and an effective integration in Geographical Information Systems. The application of cartography to the systems for autonomous land vehicles reveals the importance of the cartography in modern technologies. Five of the chapters are related with Historical/Cultural issues revealing the crucial importance of cartography as a tool to support research, inventory, databases or simply allows to understand the past by the study of the techniques associated to the cartographic building process. Two chapters are related with the studies of natural processes and their relationship with the social dynamics. The modelling of natural dynamics can be directly related with de susceptibility analysis of the territory to natural processes and to the building of the cartography of the most affected areas. Finally, two texts are related with the evaluation of the relationship producer/user of the cartography. An objective analysis of the main areas of interest of a map are assessed using eye tracking and the frequency of use of specified areas gives important indicators to establish an priority of the information to be processed. The book provides contributions to very different areas related with cartography: building of cartography, acquisition of information, environmental issues, natural hazards, cultural aspects, historical research and the perception on cartography use. The cartography has an important role on the systemic approach to the territory analysis. More over represents a transversal tool in a world with a multitude ways of looking to the reality. Prof. Carlos Bateira Department of Geography Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto Portugal [...]... properly cited 2 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis results indicate that the derivation efficiency can be significantly improved and formulas impossible to be obtained by hand can be easily derived with the help of Mathematica, which renovates the traditional analysis methods and enriches the mathematical theory basis of cartography to a certain extent The main contents and research results presented... Mathematical Analysis in Cartography by Means of Computer Algebra System 17 4.3 The direct expansions of transformations between isometric latitude and authalic latitude function 4.3.1 The direct expansion of the transformation from isometric latitude to authalic latitude function The whole formulas for the transformation from isometric latitude to authalic latitude function are as follows:   arcsin(tanh... rectifying, conformal and authalic latitudes are often used as auxiliary ones in cartography The direct transformations form geodetic latitude to these auxiliary ones are expressed as transcendental functions or non-integrable ones Adams (1921), Yang (1989, 2000) had derived forward expansions of these auxiliary latitudes form geodetic one through complicated formulation Due to historical condition limitation,... than numerical solutions are desired, this software normally comes in handy Software which performs symbolic computations is called computer algebra system Nowadays, computer algebra systems like Maple, Mathcad, and Mathematica are widely used by scientists and engineers in different fields(Awang, 2005; Bian, 2006) By means of computer algebra system Mathematica, we have already solved many complicated... Chapter 1 Mathematical Analysis in Cartography by Means of Computer Algebra System Shao-Feng Bian and Hou-Pu Li Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50159 1 Introduction Theory of map projections is a branch of cartography studying the ways of projecting the curved surface of the earth and other heavenly bodies into the plane, and it is often called... 4.2 The direct expansions of transformations between meridian arc and authalic latitude function 4.2.1 The direct expansion of the transformation from meridian arc to authalic latitude function The whole formulas for the transformation from meridian arc to authalic latitude function are as follows:  X   a( 1  e 2 )K0    B    a2 sin 2  a4 sin 4  a6 sin 6  a8 sin 8  a1 0 sin10   B... Though real functions are easy to understand for most people, they make Gauss projection expressions very tedious Mathematically speaking, there is natural relationship between the conformal mapping and analytical complex functions which automatically meet the differential equation of the conformal mapping, or the “Cauchy-Riemann Equations” Complex functions, a powerful mathematical method, play a very... functions are derived In Section V, we discuss the non-iterative expressions of the forward and inverse Gauss projections by complex numbers Finally in Section VI, we make a brief summary It is assumed that the readers are somewhat conversant with Mathematica and its syntax 2 The forward expansions of the rectifying, conformal and authalic latitudes Cartographers prefer to adopt sphere as a basis of the map... e  Table 2 The comparison of coefficients of the forward expansion of conformal latitude derived by Yang (1989, 2000) and the author Mathematical Analysis in Cartography by Means of Computer Algebra System 7 Table 2 shows that the eighth-orders terms of e in coefficients given by Yang(1989, 2000) are erroneous 2.4 Accuracies of the forward expansions In order to validate the exactness and reliability... meridian arc X into (23) yields the rectifying latitude  Using the inverse expansion of the rectifying latitude (32) and the forward expansion of the conformal latitude (14), one obtains the conformal latitude  Inserting it into (9) yields the isometric latitude q The whole formulas are as follows: 14 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis  X   a( 1  e 2 )K0    B    a2 sin 2  a4 sin . CARTOGRAPHY – A TOOL FOR SPATIAL ANALYSIS Edited by Carlos Bateira Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2704 Edited by Carlos Bateira . algebra system Mathematica, we have already solved many complicated mathematical problems in special fields of cartography in the past few years. Our research Cartography – A Tool for Spatial. Stefano Cremonini, Giorgia Gatta, Stanislav Popelka, Alzbeta Brychtova, Jan Brus, Vít Voženílek, Krystyna Szyku a, Axente Stoica, Dan Savastru, Marina Tautan, Carla Bernadete Madureira Cruz, Rafael