PESTICIDES IN THE MODERN WORLD – PESTICIDES USE AND MANAGEMENT Edited by Margarita Stoytcheva Pesticides in the Modern World – Pesticides Use and Management Edited by Margarita Stoytcheva Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Pesticides in the Modern World – Pesticides Use and Management, Edited by Margarita Stoytcheva p. cm. 978-953-307-459-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Pesticides: Current Use 1 Chapter 1 Trends in the Exposures to Pesticides in Central Europe 3 Daniela Pelclova, Tomas Navratil, Karolina Mrazova, Hana Rakovcova and Zdenka Fenclova Chapter 2 Pesticide Utilisation, Regulation and Future Prospects in Small Scale Horticultural Crop Production Systems in a Developing Country 19 J. Karungi, S. Kyamanywa, E. Adipala and M. Erbaugh Chapter 3 Pesticides in Burkina Faso: Overview of the Situation in a Sahelian African Country 35 Moustapha Ouédraogo, Adama M. Toé, Théodore Z. Ouédraogo and Pierre I. Guissou Chapter 4 Pesticide Use in South Africa: One of the Largest Importers of Pesticides in Africa 49 L.P. Quinn, B,J. de Vos, M. Fernandes-Whaley, C. Roos, H. Bouwman, H. Kylin, R. Pieters and J. van den Berg Chapter 5 Use of Pesticides for Vegetable Crops in Mexico 97 Ma. A. Pérez-Olvera, H. Navarro-Garza and E. Miranda-Cruz Chapter 6 A Review on the Mode of Action and Current Use of Petroleum Distilled Spray Oils 119 Micaela Buteler and Teodoro Stadler Chapter 7 Design and Experiments on Droplet Charging Device for High-Range Electrostatic Sprayer 137 Yu Ru, Hongping Zhou and Jiaqiang Zheng Chapter 8 Reducing Spray Drift 149 Ilker H.Celen and Eray Onler VI Contents Part 2 Latest Advances in Biopesticides 167 Chapter 9 Natural Pesticides and Future Perspectives 169 Ivana Cavoski, Pierluigi Caboni and Teodoro Miano Chapter 10 Neem Seed Oil: Encapsulation and Controlled Release - Search for a Greener Alternative for Pest Control 191 Nirmala Devi and Tarun K. Maji Chapter 11 Development of Neem Capsule via Biopolymer and Natural Rubber for Its Controlled Release 233 Sa-Ad Riyajan Chapter 12 Use of Botanical Pesticides in Modern Plant Protection 259 Kari Tiilikkala, Isa Lindqvist, Marleena Hagner, Heikki Setälä and Dionyssios Perdikis Chapter 13 Bacillus-Based Biological Control of Plant Diseases 273 Hélène Cawoy, Wagner Bettiol, Patrick Fickers and Marc Ongena Chapter 14 The Effect of Some Botanical Pesticides Against Citrus Leafminer (CLM) and Two Spotted Mite (TSM) 303 Behnam Amiri-Besheli Part 3 Pesticides Management and Sustainable Development 325 Chapter 15 Ecological Effects of Pesticides 327 Deepa T.V., G. Lakshmi, Lakshmi P.S. and Sreekanth S.K. Chapter 16 Changing to Minimal Reliance on Pesticides 337 Paul A. Horne and Jessica Page Chapter 17 Increasing IPM Knowledge Through FFS in Benin 347 Trine Lund and Hafizur Rahman Chapter 18 The Millardetian Conjunction in the Modern World 371 Marie-Pierre Rivière, Michel Ponchet and Eric Galiana Chapter 19 Comparative Study of the Mobility of Malathion, Attamix and Thiodan as Obsolete Pesticides in Colombian Soil 393 Rosalina González Forero Chapter 20 Biodegradation of Pesticides 407 André Luiz Meleiro Porto, Gliseida Zelayarán Melgar, Mariana Consiglio Kasemodel and Marcia Nitschke Chapter 21 Pesticide-Soil Interaction 439 Rita Földényi, Imre Czinkota and László Tolner Contents VII Chapter 22 Application of Fenton Processes for Degradation of Aniline 463 Chavalit Ratanatamskul, Nalinrut Masomboon and Ming-Chun Lu Chapter 23 Bioremediation of Hexachlorocyclohexane Contaminated Soil: Field Trials 475 H.K. Manonmani Chapter 24 Setting Up of Risk Based Remediation Goal for Remediation of Persistent Organic Pesticides (Pesticide-POPs) Contaminated Sites 505 Tapan Chakrabarti Preface Volume 4 of the book series “Pesticides in the Modern World” contains 24 chapters organized in three sections. It brings together issues on pesticides and biopesticides use with the related subjects of pesticides management and sustainable development. The first book section (Chapters 1-8) provides an overview on the current use of pesticides, reporting data collected from all over the world. Chapter 1 is dedicated to the trends in the pesticides use, frequency of exposure, and health effects in Central Europe. Topics on pesticide utilisation, regulation and future prospects in small scale horticultural crop production systems in Uganda are discussed in Chapter 2. The objective of Chapter 3 is to provide an updated study on the patterns and impacts of pesticides use in Sahelian countries, and especially in Burkina Faso. Chapter 4 furnishes an exhaustive information on the application of pesticides registered in South Africa to control pests and disease vectors, on the regulatory status, on the levels of contamination, and on the pesticides management options. Chapter 5 supplies an analysis on the use of pesticides in the horticulture in Mexico, taking into account the existing regulations and the emerging during the last years problems such as environmental deterioration, usage of pesticides restricted and prohibited in Mexico, and a lack of training in the proper management of conventional and alternative products. In Chapter 6 are summarized the recent studies on the use and the mode of action of the petroleum derived spray oils, found to be effective against orchard pests. Pesticides application systems and techniques, aimed to produce uniform and fine droplets with better droplet adhesion and distribution, higher depositing efficiency, lower environmental contamination, and lower pesticide application rate are reported in Chapters 7 and 8. The second book section (Chapters 9-14) is devoted to the advances in the evolving field of the biopesticides. Chapter 9 provides an actual information on the regulation of the plant protection products from natural origin in the European Union, on the associated organic farming practices, on the mode of action and the impacts of the widespread botanical pesticides rotenone, azadirachtin and pyrethrins, and on the current and future perspectives of the natural pesticides. Chapters 10 and 11 address X Preface the application of neem (azadirachtin)-based pesticides, considered as a promising alternative to the synthetic pesticides, and on the techniques for the development of controlled-release systems. Chapter 12 comments on the use of wood pyrolysis liquids as plant protection products, and reveals the barriers in the commercialization of the biological control agents. Chapters 13 and 14 are axed on the utilization of bacillus- based products as biopesticides, on the mechanisms involved in the biocontrol of the plant diseases, and on the toxicity of the pesticides formulations. The third book section (Chapters 15-24) covers various aspects of pesticides management practices in concert with pesticides degradation and contaminated sites remediation technologies, supporting the environmental sustainability. Chapters 15-19 call the attention on the ecological effects of the pesticides, provide information on pesticides management science and techniques, and suggest strategies for reducing the pesticides reliance and to develop integrated pest management knowledge. Chapters 20-24 fill the existing gap in data on pesticides degradation and biodegradation processes, and environment remediation. The present book is an important reference work for anyone involved in pesticides issues, such as pesticides use and management. It was made possible due to the knowledge and the expertise of the contributing authors. They are thankfully acknowledged. Margarita Stoytcheva Mexicali, Baja California Mexico [...]... concerning pesticides throughout the months of the year 6 Pesticides in the Modern World – Pesticides Use and Management Fig 3 The population in the calls to the TIC concerning pesticides in the years 1997-2010 3.4 The reason of exposure Pesticide exposures occurred predominantly accidentally (including house work, wrong use and children exposures), which was the case in 90.5% of the calls due to pesticides. .. Symptoms due to cholinergics (organophosphates and carbamates) during the call to the TIC in the years 1997-2010 10 Pesticides in the Modern World – Pesticides Use and Management Fig 9 Symptoms due to rodenticides during the call to the TIC in the years 1997-2010 Fig 10 Symptoms due to other pesticides during the call to the TIC in the years 1997-2010 Symptomatic exposures to other pesticides concerned... suicide; on the other hand, the inhalation played a role in exposure almost exclusively in adults during their domestic or occupational work with pesticides in the house, garden or field Fig 7 The route of exposure to pesticides in the calls to the TIC in the years 1997-2010 3.6 The symptoms The symptoms of intoxication in all inquiries due to all pesticides in the years 1997-2010 were absent in 69.7%... especially the dose of the pesticide, time interval since the exposure, the symptoms of the patient, and the availability of the antidote or other efficient treatment It can be seen that the counts are relatively stable and prognosis is relatively favorable Fig 11 Dose of the pesticide, evaluated at the time of the call to the TIC in the years 20052010 12 Pesticides in the Modern World – Pesticides Use and Management. .. Prognosis of the exposure, evaluated at the time of the call to the TIC in the years 2005-2010 3.9 Trends in the types of pesticides The decrease in the number of calls since the 90ies can be seen especially in the group of insecticides In spite of the increasing number of total calls, the number of inquiries due to pesticides remained mostly stable during the years, even with 10year´s intervals, as... found both in the eggs and in the carcasses (July 2008) 4 Discussion It can be concluded that the development of inquiries to the TIC in the Czech Republic in the past two decades concerning pesticides is favorable and there is a relative decline of calls due to pesticides comparing to the calls to other agents Interestingly, the proportion of different groups of pesticides was relatively stable and did... grown in Uganda- 20 Pesticides in the Modern World – Pesticides Use and Management cowpea, hot pepper and tomato - have been selected to illustrate trends in pesticide usage and regulation, and the development and application of alternative pest management practices through farmer participation and training Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an important legume in the north and north eastern parts of the. .. TIC due to pesticides in the past two decades is 16 Pesticides in the Modern World – Pesticides Use and Management relatively stable, most important are the positive changes of the spectrum of pesticides, available on the market During the past years, the number of calls concerning toxic pesticides, such as organophosphates and carbamates insecticides slowly decreased It can be seen, that the number... soft-drink bottle In the past 20 years, on the other hand, death was recorded only exceptionally The main difference is that the pesticides, which caused most deaths in the 80ies, such as metathion, paraquat, diquat and sodium chlorate, almost disappeared from the households In phone inquiries to the TIC, suicide attempts were involved in less than in 1 case per year Similarly in Poland, northern neighbor... exposures of the children and animals on one hand, and inhalational and skin exposures in all subjects at the other hand 3.8 Prognosis of the exposure Prognosis of the pesticide exposure, evaluated individually in every patient at the time of the call, is presented in Figure 11 The decision was based on several parameters, able to influence further development of the exposure/intoxication To the most important . PESTICIDES IN THE MODERN WORLD – PESTICIDES USE AND MANAGEMENT Edited by Margarita Stoytcheva Pesticides in the Modern World – Pesticides Use and Management. months of the year. Pesticides in the Modern World – Pesticides Use and Management 6 Fig. 3. The population in the calls to the TIC concerning pesticides in the years 1997-2010 3.4 The reason. Occupational Diseases in the Czech Republic in the years 1991-2010. Pesticides in the Modern World – Pesticides Use and Management 8 Occupational skin disorders were more frequent and involved 6