FOOD PRODUCTION – APPROACHES, CHALLENGES AND TASKS Edited by Anna Aladjadjiyan Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks Edited by Anna Aladjadjiyan Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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Publishing Process Manager Ana Skalamera Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published January, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks, Edited by Anna Aladjadjiyan p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-887-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Sustainable Food Production: Case Studies 1 Chapter 1 To Meet Future Food Demands We Need to Change from Annual Grain Legumes to Multipurpose Semi-Perennial Legumes 3 Henning Høgh-Jensen Chapter 2 Issues in Caribbean Food Security: Building Capacity in Local Food Production Systems 25 Clinton Beckford Chapter 3 Permanent Internal Migration as Response to Food Shortage: Implication to Ecosystem Services in Southern Burkina Faso 41 Issa Ouedraogo, Korodjouma Ouattara, Séraphine Kaboré/Sawadogo, Souleymane Paré and Jennie Barron Chapter 4 Food Security and Challenges of Urban Agriculture in the Third World Countries 55 R.A. Olawepo Chapter 5 Climate Change Implications for Crop Production in Pacific Islands Region 67 Morgan Wairiu, Murari Lal and Viliamu Iese Chapter 6 Strengthening Endogenous Regional Development in Western Mexico 87 Peter R.W. Gerritsen Chapter 7 Enhanced Food Production by Applying a Human Rights Approach – Does Brazil Serve as a Model of Best Practice? 103 Hans Morten Haugen VI Contents Chapter 8 Achieving Household Food Security: How Much Land is Required? 127 P. Ralevic, S.G. Patil and G.W. vanLoon Part 2 Scientific Methods for Improving Food Safety and Quality 143 Chapter 9 Physical Factors for Plant Growth Stimulation Improve Food Quality 145 Anna Aladjadjiyan Chapter 10 Milk Biodiversity: Future Perspectives of Milk and Dairy Products from Autochthonous Dairy Cows Reared in Northern Italy 169 Ricardo Communod, Massimo Faustini, Luca Maria Chiesa, Maria Luisa Torre, Mario Lazzati and Daniele Vigo Chapter 11 Rapid Methods as Analytical Tools for Food and Feed Contaminant Evaluation: Methodological Implications for Mycotoxin Analysis in Cereals 185 Federica Cheli, Anna Campagnoli, Luciano Pinotti and Vittorio Dell’Orto Chapter 12 Natural Hormones in Food-Producing Animals: Legal Measurements and Analytical Implications 205 Patricia Regal, Alberto Cepeda and Cristina A. Fente Chapter 13 Aluminium in Acid Soils: Chemistry, Toxicity and Impact on Maize Plants 231 Dragana Krstic, Ivica Djalovic, Dragoslav Nikezic and Dragana Bjelic Chapter 14 Genetic Characterization of Global Rice Germplasm for Sustainable Agriculture 243 Wengui Yan Preface Contemporary development of mankind is facing two main problems – food insufficiency and energy shortage. Both are consequences of a fast growing of human population – today the world's population has reached 7 billion and the birthrate is expected to prevail in developing countries. The rising human population needs more food and more energy for high-quality life. Both requirements are in concurrence as far as the raw materials for food production and for energy from renewable sources are often the same. This book is dedicated to food production and the problems associated with the satisfaction of food needs in different parts of the world. On one hand, the emerging food crisis requires development of sustainable food production and on the other hand, the quality and safety of the food produced should be guaranteed. The book is divided in two sections; the first section is related to social issues rising from food insufficiency in the third world countries, and is titled “Sustainable food production: Case studies”.The second section is titled “Scientific methods for improving food quality and safety” and covers the problems caused by the use of artificial compounds for increasing food production, and the methods for improvement of food quality and safety. The first section of the book contains 8 chapters. The necessity of innovative approaches in food production and consumption is discussed in Chapter 1 – “To meet future food demands we need to change from annual grain legumes to multipurpose semi-perennial legumes”, written by Henning Høgh-Jensen. This chapter investigates the possibilities for introduction of new models of plant breeding for sustainable food production in Southern and Eastern semi- arid.Food security in the Caribbean and Jamaica, and the necessity of building capacity of local food producers are covered by Clinton Beckford in Chapter 2. The gender issue as a possibility to increase food production and build-up food security and sustainability is also considered. Chapter 3, written by Ouedraogo et al. is focused on food shortage in Burkina Faso and its reflection on the ecosystem as a consequence of population dynamics and land X Preface use changes. The impact of traditional farming systems of four ethnical groups on the ecosystem is investigated. The problems of food security and the impact of urban agriculture in third world countries with the example of Nigeria are in described in Chapter 4, written by Olawepo. The impact of rural-urban migration on food shortage could be decreased if any form of economic activities involving food production, farming, marketing and animal husbandry would be practiced by urban residents, within the city, around it, and in rural land areas surrounding the city. This industry is rather spread-out in the developing countries and could favorably affect food sustainability. It is well known that the plant production depends strongly on climate changes. Implications of climate change on crop production in Pacific Islands region are investigated in Chapter 5, written by Morgan Wairiu, Murari Lal, and Viliamu Iese. The negative impact of globalization on the regional agricultural development of western Mexico, and the perspectives for new rural development as a solution of the problem are discussed in chapter 6, written by Peter Gerritsen. In chapter 7, Hans Morten Haugen studies the impact of human rights on the enhancement of food production in Brazil. Both concurrent possibilities for food (sugar) or energy (bioethanol) production are taken into account. In chapter 8, Ralevich et al. explore what is the minimum land area necessary to satisfy the food and fodder requirements of households’ needs on the basis of primary field data in Southern India . The second section is comprised of 6 chapters. Chapter 9 by A.Aladjadjiyan discusses the substitution of chemical additives for plant protection and soil fertilizers with physical methods of plant treatment. The effectiveness of irradiation with electromagnetic waves from different sources and parts of electromagnetic spectrum, treatment with static magnetic field and ultrasound is also discussed. Chapter 10 refers to food quality and security control. F. Cheli et al. examine possibilities for objective assessment of food quality and security. Authors conclude that existing rapid analytical approaches can be optimized and applied for control of contaminants and undesirable substances in food. Special attention is paid to the sampling procedure. The following two chapters of the book cover animal husbandry. The problems of autochthonous diary cattle breeding in Northern Italy are in the focus of Chapter 11, written by R. Communod et al. The impact of breeding on conservation of biodiversity, and functional and sensory properties of dairy products is discussed. [...]... systems of southern and eastern semi-arid Africa has been shown to lead to multiple benefits Fig 3 Relation between land size and mean grain yields from four sites of maize and pigeonpea over two consecutive cropping seasons Bars represent means±standard error; n varies depending on category (Høgh-Jensen & Odgaard, unpublished data) 10 Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks Consequently,... the gaps in the knowledge about different aspects of sustainable and safe food production It will be an interesting and helpful resource to specialists and students in the field of Food Production Dr Anna Aladjadjiyan Agricultural University, Plovdiv Bulgaria XI Part 1 Sustainable Food Production: Case Studies 1 To Meet Future Food Demands We Need to Change from Annual Grain Legumes to Multipurpose... season Maize is frequently intercropped with pigeonpea in eastern and southern Africa (Odeny, 2007; Myaka et al., 2006; Snapp & Silim, 2002) However, the poor seed quality and low plant stand of the pigeonpea crop often result in low residual effects of nutrients - 20 Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks particularly nitrogen and phosphorus - to the subsequent maize crop Consequently, such... Kumwenda, J.D.T & Saka, A.R (2003) The potential of green manures to increase soil fertility and maize yields in Malawi Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 21, pp 121-130 24 Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks Schlecht, E., Buerkert, A., Tielkes, E & Bationo, A (2006) A critical analysis of challenges and opportunities for soil fertility restoration in Sudano-Sahelian West Africa Nutrient... between maize and pigeonpea yields fluctuates but at the end of the second season the effect of pigeonpea was very clear (Figure 8; Table 3) However, these balances are strongly affected by the simulation of organic matter turnover in the soil and although DAISY is successful under temperate and subtropical conditions (Jensen et al., 1997), there is 18 Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks 180... conserved and controlled in the same manner and thus transfer to subsequent crops when using annual crops are small (Laberge et al., 2011) That may not make the use of annual leguminous crops an unsustainable approach but clearly the nitrogen pools left by the crops are lost and not available to the subsequent crop This may be due to leaching following 8 Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks. .. the income and making decisions The situation in Malawi, especially in Ntonda where more than 50 % of the respondents are women, seems to be similar to the one in Gairo, apart from the fact that women seem to be more involved in the local pigeonpea trade than men 12 Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks In many African societies, men and women do have separate income streams and different... Tanzania in the season of 2002 and 2002 from four different sites 14 Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks Fig 6 Maize biomass accumulation in farmers fields in Tanzania in the season of 2002 in relation to soil nitrogen (Nielsen & Høgh-Jensen, 2006) No relation were seen between the concentration of nitrogen in the ear leaf tissue sampled at the tasseling stage and the final harvest or the... of Roots and Nitrogen in Cropping Systems of the Semi-Arid Tropics (eds.: O Ito, C Johansen, J.J Adu-Gyamfi, K Katayama, J.V.D.K Kumar Rao & T.J Rego), pp 585-601, Japan International Research Center for Agriculture, Ibaraki 22 Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks Høgh-Jensen, H (2011) Legumes’ rhizodeposition feeds a quarter of the world In: Clovers: Properties, Medicinal Uses and Health... contribute much to soil fertility or to subsequent crops Further, due to their annual structure they must be reseeded every season with consequences for investing resources and 4 Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks potential susceptibility for unfavourable growth conditions during the renewed crop establishment phase Legume seeds hold a carbon-nitrogen ratio of approximately 10 compared . FOOD PRODUCTION – APPROACHES, CHALLENGES AND TASKS Edited by Anna Aladjadjiyan Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks Edited by Anna. reseeded every season with consequences for investing resources and Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks 4 potential susceptibility for unfavourable growth conditions during. orders@intechweb.org Food Production – Approaches, Challenges and Tasks, Edited by Anna Aladjadjiyan p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-887-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be