Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Gãc đặt bánh xe dẫn hớng WHEEL ALIGNMENT Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Description Description Camber Toe Steering axis inclination Caster Turning radius (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Camber Description Negative Positive Camber Camber C b 90° • Uneven wear of tire Excess on positive side Excess on negative side Outside Inside Outside Inside (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Camber Negative Camber Camber thrust Negative camber Inside Outside Load O Positive camber Camber thrust Inside Outside Load Camber thrust O (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Camber Camber During Cornering Negative camber Centrifugal force Straight-ahead driving Small positive camber Cornering force Positive camber Centrifugal force Large positive camber Straight-ahead driving Cornering force (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Camber Zero Camber and Positive Camber Zero camber Positive camber •Reduction of vertical load •Prevention of wheel slip-off F F1 Spindle (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Caster and Caster Trail Description Positive Negative -0+ Caster Front Caster angle 90° Caster trail (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Straight-line Stability and Wheel Recovery Caster and Caster Trail Straight-line stability due to caster angle without Caster angle with Caster angle Wheel recovery due to caster trail P T Jack-up torque P’ T’ a’ a O’ Trail F’1 F’2 Front F2 F F1 Caster trail F’ P, P’ : Driving force a, a’ : Steering axis O, O’ : Center of tire-road contact area F, F’ : Reactive force F1, F2 : Composite force F F’1, F’2 : Composite force F’ T, T’ T T : Recovery force (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Caster and Caster Trail Nachlauf and Vorlauf Geometry Offset Steering axis Large change in trail Nachlauf geometry Offset Caster trail Ordinary geometry Small change in trail Vorlauf geometry (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Steering Axis Inclination Description Steering axis inclination Steering axis centerline Wheel centerline 90° Offset L (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Steering Axis Inclination Reduction of kick-back and pulling to one side/ Improvement straight-line stability Roles of Steering Axis Inclination Reduction of kickback and pulling to one side Large moment Driving or braking force Large offset Small moment Driving or braking force Small offset (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Steering Axis Inclination Roles of Steering Axis Inclination Small moment Large moment Large angle small offset Small angle large offset (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Toe (Toe angle, Toe-in and Toe-out) Toe angle (toe-in and toe-out) Description A Toe angle Toe angle Front B Role of toe angle Toe-in : A < B Toe-out : A > B No toe angle Toe-in Gravity (pull) Gravity (pull) (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Turning Radius (Wheel Angle, Turning Angle) Description When the rotational angle of left and right wheels is the same (the knuckle arm is parallel to the vehicle centerline) Front Side-slip Tie rod When adjusting the rotational angle of left and right wheels (the knuckle arm inclined to the vehicle centerline) Knuckle arm (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Wheel Alignment Service Description General/ Where to measure and cautions concerning tester handling/ Necessity of inspection before measurement of wheel alignment (1/2) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Wheel Alignment Service Description Importance of chassis-to4.Important of chassis-to-ground clearance ground clearance adjustment adjustment before alignment adjustment before alignment measurement/ Road test/ Measurement results and how to use them Bounding *1 Toe Camber Caster Rebounding *2 *1 State in which shock absorbers is shortened *2 State in which shock absorbers is lengthened (2/2) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Front Wheel Alignment Service Toe-angle Tie rod behind the spindles A A Short Long B B Tie rod end Steering rack housing Steering rack end Double tie rod type A B A=B (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Front Wheel Alignment Service Camber and Caster Separate camber adjustment Separate caster adjustment Simultaneous camber and caster adjustment (1) (2) (3) (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Front Wheel Alignment Service Camber and Caster Separate camber adjustment Steering knuckle movement Shock absorber Adjusting bolt Lower arm Front view (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Front Wheel Alignment Service Camber and Caster Separate caster adjustment Strut bar bracket Adjusting nut or spacer Strut bar L Lower arm Movement of lower ball joint center when strut bar length is changed Top view (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Front Wheel Alignment Service Simultaneous camber and caster adjustment Camber and Caster (1) (3) Movement of lower ball joint center when center of lower arm is shifted by turning of cam Upper arm Lower arm Front shims Rear shims Top view Upper arm shaft Adjusting Adj ti cam (2) Frame Adjusting cam Lower arm Front Movement of upper ball joint center when number or rear shims is increased or decreased Movement of upper ball joint center when number or front shims is increased or decreased j Movement of ball joint center when number or front and rear shims is increased or decreased simultaneously (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Example of Camber and Caster Adjustment Front Wheel Alignment Service Standard values Camber Left-right error g Caster Left-right error Measure values -0° 20’ ± 45’ (-0.33° ± 0.75 ) 75°) 30’ (0.5°) or 3° 20’ ± 45’ less (3.33° ± 0.75°) 30’ (0.5°) or less -0° 10’ (+ 0.16°) 16°) +4° 20’ (+ 4.33°) Gauge Alignment tester (1/2) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Example of Camber and Caster Adjustment Front Wheel Alignment Service Camber Front cam graduation +(Longer) Caster Camber Rear cam -(Shorter) Front cam graduation +(Longer) (L ) 2.2 Front cam Front cam : Rear cam : -(Shorter) (Longer) 1.8 (Shorter) 2.2 Front Front and rear cams Front cam (Longer) Front cam (Shorter) Rear cam (Shorter) (Longer) Rear cam (Longer) (Shorter) (2/2) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Turning Radius (Wheel Angle, Turning Angle) Front Wheel Alignment Service Knuckle stopper bolt A Tie rod end Steering rack housing B Steering rack end A=B (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Rear Wheel Alignment Description Dual-link strut type Semi-trailing arm type Outside Suspension arm Outside Toe out Toe-out Toe-in Toe-out Toe-in Standard centerline Centerline Double wishbone type Upper arm No.1 arm Eccentric cams Front view Top i T view Eccentric cam No.2 arm Top angle change Lower arm Camber change (1/1) ... handling/ Necessity of inspection before measurement of wheel alignment (1/2) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Wheel Alignment Service Description Importance of chassis-to4.Important... angle of left and right wheels (the knuckle arm inclined to the vehicle centerline) Knuckle arm (1/1) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Wheel Alignment Service Description... +4° 20’ (+ 4.33°) Gauge Alignment tester (1/2) Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment Example of Camber and Caster Adjustment Front Wheel Alignment Service Camber