AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS – CURRENT CONCEPTS AND ADVANCES FROM BEDSIDE TO MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS Edited by Fang-Ping Huang Autoimmune Disorders – Current Concepts and Advances from Bedside to Mechanistic Insights Edited by Fang-Ping Huang Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Alenka Urbancic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Piotr Zajc, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Autoimmune Disorders – Current Concepts and Advances from Bedside to Mechanistic Insights, Edited by Fang-Ping Huang p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-653-9 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface XI Part 1 Disease Phenotypes 1 Chapter 1 Autoimmune Disorders Associated to Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents 3 Giuseppe d’Annunzio and Chiara Russo, Ramona Tallone and Renata Lorini Chapter 2 Hashimoto's Thyroiditis in Children and Adolescents 27 Erkan Sarı, Abdulbaki Karaoglu and Ediz Yeşilkaya Chapter 3 Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: Current Pathophysiological, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances 41 Christine Delporte, Jason Perret and Muhammad S. Soyfoo Chapter 4 Changing Spectrum of Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura: New Face for an Old Disease 67 Indu Sabnani and Patricia Tsang Chapter 5 Autoimmune-Associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome/Macrophage Activation Syndrome 79 Maciej Machaczka, Wojciech Sydor, Małgorzata Rucińska, Marta Szostek and Jacek Musiał Chapter 6 Ocular Myasthenia Analysis of Diagnostic and Treatment Options 105 Austin Hake and Henry J. Kaminski Chapter 7 Sweet Syndrome 119 Manuel Ginarte and Jaime Toribio VI Contents Part 2 Diagnostics & Prognostics 133 Chapter 8 Validation of Protein Biomarkers to Advance the Management of Autoimmune Disorders 135 David S. Gibson, Sorcha Finnegan, Stephen Pennington, Ji Qiu, Joshua LaBaer, Madeleine E. Rooney and Mark W. Duncan Chapter 9 Relevance of Autoantibodies for the Classification and Pathogenesis of Neurological Diseases 163 Simone Mader, Benjamin Obholzer and Markus Reindl Chapter 10 Preclinical and Predictive Algorithms in Monitoring Patients with Autoimmune Diseases and Their Relatives-at-Risks 191 Sergey Suchkov, Dmitry Kostyushev, Dmitry Gnatenko, Sevindzh Gadzhieva and Mikhail Paltsev Chapter 11 Application of Novel Quantitative Proteomic Technologies to Identify New Serological Biomarkers in Autoimmune Diseases 223 Soyoung Lee, Satoshi Serada, Minoru Fujimoto and Tetsuji Naka Part 3 Therapeutic Interventions 237 Chapter 12 Application of Monoclonal Antibody Therapies in Autoimmune Diseases 239 Adrienn Angyal, Jozsef Prechl, Gyorgy Nagy and Gabriella Sarmay Chapter 13 The Emerging Role of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatmentof Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 255 Ewa Robak and Tadeusz Robak Chapter 14 Treatment of Pediatric-Onset Lupus Nephritis: A New Option of Less Cytotoxic Immunosuppressive Therapy 275 Hiroshi Tanaka and Tadaatsu Imaizumi Chapter 15 Recent Advances in the Treatment of Neurological Autoimmune Disorders 289 Jagat R. Kanwar, Bhasker Sriramoju and Rupinder K. Kanwar Chapter 16 Synthetic Glucocorticoids Modulate Function of Neural Cells: Implications in Autoimmune Neurological Disorders 323 Oscar Gonzalez-Perez, Norma A. Moy-Lopez and Jorge Guzman-Muniz Chapter 17 Intravenous Immunoglobulins in Neurological Diseases: Established and Novel Clinical Applications 337 Konstantina G. Yiannopoulou Contents VII Chapter 18 Cellular Based Therapies for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis 355 James Crooks, Guang-Xian Zhang and Bruno Gran Chapter 19 Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy for Autoimmune Diseases in Children and Adults 369 Menachem Bitan Chapter 20 Thionamides-Related Vasculitis in Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders: Review of Current Literature and Case Reports 381 Elisabetta L. Romeo, Giuseppina T. Russo, Annalisa Giandalia, Provvidenza Villari, Angela A. Mirto, Mariapaola Cucinotta, Giuseppa Perdichizzi and Domenico Cucinotta Part 4 Pathogenesis & Underlying Mechanisms 393 Chapter 21 The Ectopic Germinal Centre Response in Autoimmune Disease and Cancer 395 David I. Stott and Donna McIntyre Chapter 22 Myasthenia Gravis: New Insights into the Effect of MuSK Antibodies and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 433 Anna Rostedt Punga Chapter 23 Vasoactive Neuropeptides in Autoimmune Diseases 455 Ekua W. Brenu, Lotti Tajouri, Donald R. Staines and Sonya M. Marshall-Gradisnik Chapter 24 Antibody-Proteases in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Demyelination and Monitoring Patients with Multiple Sclerosis 477 Dmitry Kostyushev, Dmitry Gnatenko, Mikhail Paltsev, Aleksandr Gabibov and Sergey Suchkov Chapter 25 Role of Fatty Acids in the Resolution of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases 491 Elena Puertollano, María A. Puertollano, Gerardo Álvarez de Cienfuegos and Manuel A. de Pablo Part 5 Other Conceptual Advances & New Insights 515 Chapter 26 Autoimmune Disorder and Autism 517 Xiaohong Li and Hua Zou Chapter 27 Chronobiology of and Chronotherapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis 547 Hideto To VIII Contents Chapter 28 Four Aspects of Autoimmunity and How to Regain Tolerance to Self From an Autoimmune Disease Utilizing the Modified Vaccination Technique 569 Arpad Z. Barabas, Chad D. Cole, Arpad D. Barabas, Rene Lafreniere and Donald M. Weir Chapter 29 Parasitic Helminths as Potential Therapeutic Agents Against Autoimmune Disorders 591 Yoshio Osada [...]... While the association between type 1 diabetes and celiac disease and/ or thyroid autoimmunity is clearly documented, particularly in young patients, few data are available about the frequency of other autoimmune diseases, like autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia 16 Autoimmune Disorders – Current Concepts and Advances from Bedside to Mechanistic Insights Autoimmune gastritis, firstly described by... pathogenesis, clinical appearance and outcome, and seriously affects patients’ and families’ life A combination of genetic, environmental and immunological factors exerts to a T-cell mediated autoimmune process targeted against insulin-producing -cells in the pancreatic islet of Langerhans (Daneman, 2006) 4 Autoimmune Disorders – Current Concepts and Advances from Bedside to Mechanistic Insights 2.2 Epidemiology... thyroid autoimmune disease To this purpose, hepatitis C can act as a trigger for the development of autoimmune thyroiditis through thyroid follicular cell apoptosis Potential mechanisms of infectious triggers include cell damage with the release of auto-antigens, expression of new antigens and molecular mimicry mechanisms 12 Autoimmune Disorders – Current Concepts and Advances from Bedside to Mechanistic. .. children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroid disorder (Fig 3 ) Fig 3 Atrophic gastritis and sessile antral polyp with signs of esophageal candidiasis (personal data) 18 Autoimmune Disorders – Current Concepts and Advances from Bedside to Mechanistic Insights 6 Addison’s disease 6.1 Background In 1849 Thomas Addison firstly described a group of patients characterized by anemia and disease of adrenal glands... PolyEndocrinopathy-CandidiasisEctodermal Dystrophy) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder originally identified through the typical association of mucocutaneous candidiasis with Addison’s disease and hypoparathyroidism These symptoms usually constitute the first manifestation of the 20 Autoimmune Disorders – Current Concepts and Advances from Bedside to Mechanistic Insights disease in early childhood; other endocrine and non-endocrine... Determining risk factors for and early diagnosis of autoimmune gastritis is mandatory to prevent and treat iron-deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia and pre-malignant gastric lesions In all PCA positive patients gastroscopy with multiple biopsies should be performed and subsequent clinical and endoscopic close follow-up are mandatory 5.5 Autoimmune gastritis and type 1 diabetes Autoimmune gastritis... cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (Donaghue et al., 2007) The key role of good glycaemic control to prevent diabetes-related complications has been firmly established by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Study, which demonstrated the protective role of intensive insulin treatment (DCCT, 1993) Sustained 6 Autoimmune Disorders – Current Concepts and Advances from Bedside to Mechanistic Insights. .. instructed to recognize subclinical signs and symptoms attributable to these autoimmune- associated diseases Several risk factors have been identified for a group of autoimmune diseases like genetic background, gender, age, age at clinical onset and duration of diabetes Autoimmune Disorders Associated to Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents 21 9 References Achenbach, P.; Lampasona, V.; Landherr,... Vol.3, No 182, pp 339-346 22 Autoimmune Disorders – Current Concepts and Advances from Bedside to Mechanistic Insights Bottazzo, GF.; Florin-Christensen, A & Doniach, D (1974) Islet-cell antibodies in diabetes mellitus with autoimmune polyendocrine deficiencies Lancet, Vol.7892, No.2, pp 1279-1283 Bransky, D.; Fasano, A & Troncone, R (2006) Latest developments in the pathogenesis and treatment of celiac... and this condition has been termed latent celiac disease Potential celiac disease is characterized by positive antibodies but normal mucosa; there is no evidence to support managing these patients with a gluten-free diet A higher prevalence of potential CD was found in patients with type 1 diabetes, and this observation may be 8 Autoimmune Disorders – Current Concepts and Advances from Bedside to Mechanistic . AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS – CURRENT CONCEPTS AND ADVANCES FROM BEDSIDE TO MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS Edited by Fang-Ping Huang Autoimmune Disorders – Current Concepts and. 2006). Autoimmune Disorders – Current Concepts and Advances from Bedside to Mechanistic Insights 4 2.2 Epidemiology The incidence of Type 1 diabetes is increasing worldwide and may double. copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Autoimmune Disorders – Current Concepts and Advances from Bedside to Mechanistic Insights, Edited by Fang-Ping Huang p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-653-9