POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY – CURRENT CLINICAL AND RESEARCH ASPECTS Edited by Chia-Hung Hsieh Positron Emission Tomography – Current Clinical and Research Aspects Edited by Chia-Hung Hsieh Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Martina Durovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Positron Emission Tomography – Current Clinical and Research Aspects, Edited by Chia-Hung Hsieh p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-824-3 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Imaging Processing, Kinetic Modeling and Software 1 Chapter 1 Virtual PET Scanner – From Simulation in GATE to a Final Multiring Albira PET/SPECT/CT Camera 3 M. Balcerzyk, L. Caballero, C. Correcher, A. Gonzalez, C. Vazquez, J.L. Rubio, G. Kontaxakis, M.A. Pozo and J.M. Benlloch Chapter 2 Rationale, Instrumental Accuracy, and Challenges of PET Quantification for Tumor Segmentation in Radiation Treatment Planning 27 Assen S. Kirov, C. Ross Schmidtlein, Hyejoo Kang and Nancy Lee Chapter 3 Kinetic Modelling in Human Brain Imaging 55 Natalie Nelissen, James Warwick and Patrick Dupont Chapter 4 Free Software for PET Imaging 85 Roberto de la Prieta Part 2 Radiopharmaceuticals 113 Chapter 5 Pd 0 –Mediated Rapid C–[ 11 C]Methylation and C–[ 18 F]Fluoromethylation: Revolutionary Advanced Methods for General Incorporation of Short–Lived Positron–Emitting 11 C and 18 F Radionuclides in an Organic Framework 115 Masaaki Suzuki, Hiroko Koyama, Misato Takashima-Hirano and Hisashi Doi Chapter 6 Emerging Technologies for Decentralized Production of PET Tracers 153 Pei Yuin Keng, Melissa Esterby and R. Michael van Dam VI Contents Chapter 7 Specific Activity of 11 C-Labelled Radiotracers: A Big Challenge for PET Chemists 183 Vanessa Gómez-Vallejo, Vijay Gaja, Jacek Koziorowski and Jordi Llop Part 3 Clinical Application and Diagnosis 211 Chapter 8 Potential of Positron Emission Tomography for Neurogenic Tumors and Spinal Disorders 213 Kenichiro Kakutani, Koichiro Maeno, Yuki Iwama, Masahiro Kurosaka and Kotaro Nishida Chapter 9 [ 18 F]Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders 225 Nobuhiko Miyazawa and Toyoaki Shinohara Chapter 10 Amyloid Imaging PET Ligands as Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease, Preclinical Evaluation 255 Marie Svedberg, Ewa Hellström-Lindahl, Obaidur Rahman and Håkan Hall Chapter 11 Monitoring of Chemotherapy Response in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma 275 Tatsuo Kimura, Shinzoh Kudoh and Kazuto Hirata Chapter 12 Tumour Markers and Molecular Imaging with FDG PET/CT in Breast Cancer: Their Combination for Improving the Prediction of Disease Relapse 291 Laura Evangelista, Zora Baretta, Lorenzo Vinante, Guido Sotti and Pier Carlo Muzzio Chapter 13 Glucose Uptake During Exercise in Skeletal Muscles Evaluated by Positron Emission Tomography 319 Hiroyuki Shimada Preface Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging technology for examining the molecular basis of normal biological functions of cells and their failure from diseases. By using radio-labelled tracers, four-dimensional (4D) images can be reconstructed by a computer. This computer shows the concentration and location of the tracer of interest, and noninvasively observes the changes of interesting molecular targets in living subjects. Therefore, PET plays a critical role in the era of molecular medicine because it allows for earlier diagnosis and better management of patients with various diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, mental diseases, and metabolic disorders. This book’s stated purpose is to provide a discussion of the technical basis and clinical applications of PET, as well as their recent progress in nuclear medicine. It also summarizes current literature about research and clinical science in PET. The book is intended not only for scientists, but also clinicians seeking recent information regarding PET imaging processing, kinetic modelling, free software, radiopharmaceuticals, clinical application, and diagnosis. The authors are qualified experts in the fields of physics, chemistry, technology, and medicine. They introduce each concept clearly, and they provide new research data and valuable experiences in their respective areas. We hope that both clinicians and scientists find this work useful and stimulating. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the contributions of the authors and the team of the Publishing Process Management at InTech - Open Access Publisher. Additionally, I would like to thank Ms. Jean Hung and Dr. Chi-Wei Chang for review assistance. Dr. Chia-Hung Hsieh, PhD Associate Professor, China Medical University and Hospital, Taiwan [...]... Gonzalez, et al (2009) Initial performance evaluation of a high resolution Albira small animal positron emission tomography scanner with monolithic crystals and depth-of-interaction encoding from a user's perspective 26 Positron Emission Tomography – Current Clinical and Research Aspects Measurement Science and Technology, Vol 20, No 10, pp 104011, ISSN 0957-02331361-6501 Forster, R Arthur, Lawrence... 8 Positron Emission Tomography – Current Clinical and Research Aspects Simulted to real conincidences and singles 1 ring, mouse phantom, 30% window 92.20% 85.19% 78.77% 100% 97.72% 98.68% 99.07% 81.49% 120% 94.32% 97.00% 80% 60% Simult to real coninc 40% Simult to real singles 37.39% 29.24% 17.76% 20% 0% 0.1 1 10 100 1000 activity, microCi Fig 3 Comparison between simulated and real coincidences and. .. simulated (filled symbol) in 1-ring camera compared with measured data (open symbol) 10 Positron Emission Tomography – Current Clinical and Research Aspects The efficiency for low activities stabilizes at about 0.9% regarding measurement and simulates mouse phantom data Those activities may serve as a reference for saturation and dead time level calculations For mouse phantom, an activity of 1 µCi may be taken... (Moszynski et al 2000) The sketch of 2-ring scanner is shown in Fig.1 6 Positron Emission Tomography – Current Clinical and Research Aspects Fig 1 Sketch of the dimensions of 2-rings camera in a horizontal plane All dimensions are in mm For 1-ring scanner the main difference is that the crystals are 9.8 mm thick, instead of 12 mm for 2- and 3-ring scanner In simulations, 12 mm crystals were used, in actual... the camera are shown in Fig.7 Fig 7 The cross section view at around x=0 of the simulated 2- and 3-ring scanner with the mouse phantom inside The coding of the colors is the same as in Fig.2, disregard extra shapes inside the red mouse phantom 12 Positron Emission Tomography – Current Clinical and Research Aspects Efficiency, 30% Win Coinc, 7cm long mouse phantom 10.0% Efficiency 3 rings Reduced at... /gate/physics/addProcess LowEnergyRayleighScattering /gate/physics/addProcess ElectronIonisation /gate/physics/addProcess Bremsstrahlung /gate/physics/addProcess PositronAnnihilationStd 21 22 Positron Emission Tomography – Current Clinical and Research Aspects /gate/physics/addProcess MultipleScattering e+ /gate/physics/addProcess MultipleScattering e/gate/physics/processList Enabled /gate/physics/processList... Petegnief and Talbot 2007) or purely insilicon (van der Laan et al 2007) were used for simulation or design of new detectors and systems 4 Positron Emission Tomography – Current Clinical and Research Aspects After the initial electronic designs of the camera, its geometry and number of detectors, one can successfully simulate the data collection process including a wide variety of radioactive sources Data... # RANDOM #JamesRandom Ranlux64 MersenneTwister /gate/random/setEngineName Ranlux64 #/gate/random/setEngineSeed default #/gate/random/setEngineSeed auto /gate/random/setEngineSeed 123456789 #/gate/random/resetEngineFrom fileName /gate/random/verbose 1 # START /gate/application/setTimeSlice /gate/application/setTimeStart /gate/application/setTimeStop #/gate/application/startDAQ 1 s 0 s 1 s 17 18 Positron. .. /gate/FrontPad/setMaterial Nylon /gate/FrontPad/vis/setColor blue /gate/FrontPad/vis/forceWireframe /gate/FrontPad/repeaters/insert cubicArray /gate/FrontPad/cubicArray/setRepeatNumberZ 3 19 20 Positron Emission Tomography – Current Clinical and Research Aspects /gate/FrontPad/cubicArray/setRepeatVector 0.0 0.0 54.4 mm /gate/FrontPad/repeaters/insert ring /gate/FrontPad/ring/enableAutoRotation /gate/FrontPad/ring/setRepeatNumber... polynomial 2 curves level The predictive value of this curve is low, but it shows, that the expected 50% saturation level for 3-ring scanner is higher than for 1-ring scanner 14 Positron Emission Tomography – Current Clinical and Research Aspects 5.2 Omission of 0thvs 2nd ring coincidences in 3-ring scanner The reader may have already found that we try to encourage the designers to drop the idea of excluding . POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY – CURRENT CLINICAL AND RESEARCH ASPECTS Edited by Chia-Hung Hsieh Positron Emission Tomography – Current Clinical and Research Aspects. with 29% shown in Fig.3. Positron Emission Tomography – Current Clinical and Research Aspects 8 Fig. 3. Comparison between simulated and real coincidences and singles in the 1-ring Albira. Petegnief and Talbot 2007) or purely in- silicon (van der Laan et al. 2007) were used for simulation or design of new detectors and systems. Positron Emission Tomography – Current Clinical and Research