ESOPHAGEAL CANCER – CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, BIOMARKERS, NUTRITION AND TREATMENT Edited by Ferdous Rastgar Jazii Esophageal Cancer – Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomarkers, Nutrition and Treatment Edited by Ferdous Rastgar Jazii Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romana Vukelic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Esophageal Cancer – Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomarkers, Nutrition and Treatment, Edited by Ferdous Rastgar Jazii p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0223-6 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Molecular Biology Character of Esophageal Cancer 1 Mingzhou Guo, Yan Jia and Wenji Yan Chapter 2 Growth Factors, Signal Transduction Pathways, and Tumor Suppressor Genes in Esophageal Cancer 21 Maryam Zare, Mehdi Moghanibashi and Ferdous Rastgar Jazii Chapter 3 Biomarkers, Stem Cells and Esophageal Cancer 49 Irene Vegh and Ana I. Flores Chapter 4 Proteomics and Esophageal Cancer 79 Mehdi Moghanibashi, Maryam Zare and Ferdous Rastgar Jazii Chapter 5 The Interaction Between the Metabolism of Retinol and Ethanol in Esophageal Mucosa – A Possible Mechanism of Esophageal Cancer in Alcoholics 101 Hirokazu Yokoyama, Haruko-Shiraishi Yokoyama and Toshifumi Hibi Chapter 6 Study on the Dietary Factors of Esophageal Cancer 127 Guiju Sun, Tingting Wang, Guiling Huang, Ming Su, Jiasheng Wang, Shaokang Wang and Fukang Liu Chapter 7 Current Therapy for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma 153 Yoshihiro Komatsu and Michael K. Gibson Chapter 8 Nonsurgical Management of Esophageal Cancer 171 Malek M. Safa and Hassan K. Reda VI Contents Chapter 9 Emerging Therapies for Esophageal Cancer 207 Hajime Orita, Malcolm Brock and Koichi Sato Chapter 10 Multiple Early-Stage Malignant Melanoma of the Esophagus with a Long Follow-Up Period After Endoscopic Treatment: Report of a Case and a Literature Review 227 Shin’ichi Miyamoto, Shuko Morita and Manabu Muto Chapter 11 Pulmonary Edema Induced by Esophagectomy 239 Yusuke Sato, Satoru Motoyama and Junichi Ogawa Preface With particular distribution in the world and hundreds fold variation in the incidence rate between the high and low risk regions it is well established that both environmental factors as well as genetic predisposition are involved in tumorigenesis of esophageal cancer. As a result environmental, nutritional, habitual, and socio- economic factors, as well as cell and molecular alterations have to be subject of investigations in the etiology of this type of cancer. At molecular level, while a large number of alterations have so far been proposed for esophageal carcinogenesis, however several specific events were attributed to be more significant and key players of the role in the process of esophageal carcinogenesis. These events are specific molecular mechanisms and pathways involved in the regulation of the both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The present book covers recent achievements in the cell and molecular, nutritional, in addition to clinical features of esophageal cancer. The first two chapters of the book describe fundamental features including genetic, cellular and molecular aspects of esophageal cancer. Chapter three and four have aimed candidate molecular markers of esophageal cancer. Chapter three describes the present molecular marker in addition to the role of stem cell biology in the identification of biomarkers. Chapter four has focused on the application of proteomic in the etiology and identification of tumor markers regarding esophageal cancer; the present identified marker and future prospects. Chapter five and six have oriented toward dietary and metabolic pathways. In chapter five our present knowledge of structural and functional features of retinoic acid and effect of ethanol metabolic pathway on retinoic acid supply in pathogenesis of esophageal cancer is discussed. Chapter six has focused on a long term case-control cohort study on the role of different nutritional factors, minerals, vitamins in esophageal cancer. The last five chapters are dedicated to the clinical features of esophageal cancer. Chapter seven and eight have focused on the histo-pathological features, diagnosis as well as current therapies of esophageal cancer and chapter nine on the application of recent achievements in the cell and molecular biology based targeted cancer therapy. Chapter ten and eleven have briefly focused on the two especial features of esophageal X Preface cancer which have received less attention in the literatures. In chapter ten a case report of primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus (PMME), a rare disease diagnosed in the advanced stage years after the first diagnosis is discussed and finally the last chapter has focused on the importance of recognition and monitoring Extravascular Lung Water using PiCCO system during preoperative managements of esophagectomy with extensive lymph node dissection for thoracic esophageal cancer. Dr Ferdous Rastgar Jazii Associate Professor, Faculty at the National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran (NIGEB), Iran Research Fellow, Department of Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada [...]... discovered in BE and EAC, including frequent gain of chromosomes 6p (1 0–3 7%), 7q (1 7–3 7%), 7p (3 0–6 0%), 8q (5 0–8 0%), 10q (2 0–5 0%), 15q (1 0– 40%), 17q (3 0–5 0%), and 20q (5 0–8 0%); and frequent loss of chromosomes 4q (2 0–5 0%), 5q (2 0–5 0%), 9p (2 0–5 0%), 14q (3 0–4 0%), 16q (3 6–4 0%), 17p (30%), 18q (2 0–6 0%) and Y (6 0– 76%) The proto-oncogenes are often duplicated, such as MYC (8q), EGFR (7p) and ERBB2 (17q)... of esophageal 12 Esophageal Cancer – Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomarkers, Nutrition and Treatment carcinogenesis remains unclear Esophageal cancer is still one of the most lethal diseases even though the improved approaches of diagnosis, prevention and treatment Therefore, greater effort is desired to comprehensively understand the molecular biology of esophageal carcinogenesis The insight into cancer. .. lateral adherent sides to cell surface, resulting in cell morphology change and increased invasiveness [33] 24 Esophageal Cancer – Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomarkers, Nutrition and Treatment Fig 2 Growth factors, Ras signaling and cell cycle regulation Binding of growth factors TGF-α and EGF with EGFR (a tyrosine kinase receptor) promotes cell cycle progression by activating Ras and MAPK MAPK signaling... correlation with high overall and disease-free survival periods for EC patients, which may be used for the diagnosis of esophageal cancer Higher level of miR-196a was observed in EAC, BE and dysplastic lesions compared with normal mucosa MiR-145, miR-133a and miR-133b inhibited cell 6 Esophageal Cancer – Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomarkers, Nutrition and Treatment proliferation and invasion in ESCC MiR-200a... colorectal cancer Cancer Res 68(8): 2764-2772 Zhang, X & Guo, M (2010) The value of epigenetic markers in esophageal cancer Frontiers of medicine in China 4(4): 378-384 20 Esophageal Cancer – Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomarkers, Nutrition and Treatment Zhou, Z., Cao, W., Xie, J., Lin, J., Shen, Z., Zhang, Q., Shen, J., Xu, L., & Li, E (2009) Expression and prognostic significance of THBS1, Cyr61 and CTGF... carcinoma of esophagus and low socioeconomic status has also been established 22 Esophageal Cancer – Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomarkers, Nutrition and Treatment While the major risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma are the two altered physiological conditions: gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett's esophagus [3], such association have not been proposed for squamous cell carcinoma of... to cancer (Trudgill et al., 2003) 5 Key protein and pathway involved in esophageal cancer More than 500,000 patients are diagnosed as esophageal cancer annually Molecular factors are including aberrant regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-α and several pathways such as Wnt signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway and so on 8 Esophageal Cancer – Cell and Molecular Biology,. .. Makuuchi, H (1999) Stromal thrombospondin-1 expression is 18 Esophageal Cancer – Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomarkers, Nutrition and Treatment correlated with progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas Anticancer Res 19(5C): 4375-4378 Osterheld, M., Bian, Y., Bosman, F., Benhattar, J., & Fontolliet, C (2002) Beta-catenin expression and its association with prognostic factors in adenocarcinoma... promoter 4 Esophageal Cancer – Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomarkers, Nutrition and Treatment methylation and that SSBP2 harbors a tumor suppressive role in ESCC through inhibition of Wnt signaling pathway (Huang et al., 2011) A previous study demonstrated that duration of tobacco smoking is correlated significantly with DNA methylation of HOXA9, MT1M, NEFH, RSPO4, and UCHL1 in the background esophageal. .. the detection of cancers, surgical procedures and treatments, the prognosis of esophageal cancer remains poor and the 5-year survival rate is still low [3] Therefore, early detection, seeking new strategies for treatment, comprehensive understanding of the molecular and genetic alterations of esophageal carcinogenesis are essential In addition to molecular alterations environmental and nutritional factors, . ESOPHAGEAL CANCER – CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, BIOMARKERS, NUTRITION AND TREATMENT Edited by Ferdous Rastgar Jazii Esophageal Cancer – Cell and Molecular Biology,. normal mucosa. MiR-145, miR-133a and miR-133b inhibited cell Esophageal Cancer – Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomarkers, Nutrition and Treatment 6 proliferation and invasion in ESCC. MiR-200a. cigarette smoking is a cause of SSBP2 promoter Esophageal Cancer – Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomarkers, Nutrition and Treatment 4 methylation and that SSBP2 harbors a tumor suppressive role