STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGNER’S HANDBOOK Roger L. Brockenbrough Editor R. L. Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Frederick S. Merritt Editor Late Consulting Engineer, West Palm Beach, Florida Third Edition McGRAW-HILL, INC. New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota´ Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Structural steel designer’s handbook / Roger L. Brockenbrough, editor, Frederick S. Merritt, editor.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-07-008782-2 1. Building, Iron and steel. 2. Steel, Structural. I. Brockenbrough, R. L. II. Merritt, Frederick S. TA684.S79 1994 624.1 Ј821—dc20 93-38088 CIP Copyright ᭧ 1999, 1994, 1972 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1234567890 DOC/DOC 99876543 ISBN 0-07-008782-2 The sponsoring editor for this book was Larry S. Hager, the editing supervisor was Steven Melvin, and the production supervisor was Sherri Souffrance. It was set in Times Roman by Pro-Image Corporation. Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Information contained in this work has been obtained by Mc- Graw-Hill, Inc. from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantees the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither Mc- Graw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. Other McGraw-Hill Book Edited by Roger L. Brockenbrough Brockenbrough & Boedecker • HIGHWAY ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Other McGraw-Hill Books Edited by Frederick S. Merritt Merritt • STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS Merritt & Ricketts • BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Other McGraw-Hill Books of Interest Beall • MASONRY DESIGN AND DETAILING Breyer • DESIGN OF WOOD STRUCTURES Brown • FOUNDATION BEHAVIOR AND REPAIR Faherty & Williamson • WOOD ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Gaylord & Gaylord • STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Harris • NOISE CONTROL IN BUILDINGS Kubal • WATERPROOFING THE BUILDING ENVELOPE Newman • STANDARD HANDBOOK OF STRUCTURAL DETAILS FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Sharp • BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN OF ALUMINUM STRUCTURES Waddell & Dobrowolski • CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK xv CONTRIBUTORS Boring, Delbert F., P.E. Senior Director, Construction Market, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, D.C. ( SECTION 6 BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIA ) Brockenbrough, Roger L., P.E. R. L. Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc., Pittsburgh, Penn- sylvania ( SECTION 1 PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEELS AND EFFECTS OF STEELMAKING AND FABRICATION; SECTION 10 COLD-FORMED STEEL DESIGN ) Cuoco, Daniel A., P.E. Principal, LZA Technology/Thornton-Tomasetti Engineers, New York, New York ( SECTION 8 FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS ) Cundiff, Harry B., P.E. HBC Consulting Service Corp., Atlanta, Georgia ( SECTION 11 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES ) Geschwindner, Louis F., P.E. Professor of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania ( SECTION 4 ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL STRUCTURES ) Haris, Ali A. K., P.E. President, Haris Enggineering, Inc., Overland Park, Kansas ( SECTION 7 DESIGN OF BUILDING MEMBERS ) Hedgren, Arthur W. Jr., P.E. Senior Vice President, HDR Engineering, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ( SECTION 14 ARCH BRIDGES ) Hedefine, Alfred, P.E. Former President, Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc., New York, New York ( SECTION 12 BEAM AND GIRDER BRIDGES ) Kane, T., P.E. Cives Steel Company, Roswell, Georgia ( SECTION 5 CONNECTIONS ) Kulicki, John M., P.E. President and Chief Engineer, Modjeski and Masters, Inc., Harris- burg, Pennsylvania ( SECTION 13 TRUSS BRIDGES ) LaBoube, R. A., P.E. Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri ( SECTION 6 BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIA ) LeRoy, David H., P.E. Vice President, Modjeski and Masters, Inc., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania ( SECTION 13 TRUSS BRIDGES ) Mertz, Dennis, P.E. Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Delaware, New- ark, Delaware ( SECTION 11 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES ) Nickerson, Robert L., P.E. Consultant-NBE, Ltd., Hempstead, Maryland ( SECTION 11 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES ) Podolny, Walter, Jr., P.E. Senior Structural Engineer Bridge Division, Office of Bridge Technology, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washing- ton, D. C. ( SECTION 15 CABLE-SUSPENDED BRIDGES ) Prickett, Joseph E., P.E. Senior Associate, Modjeski and Masters, Inc., Harrisburg, Penn- sylvania ( SECTION 13 TRUSS BRIDGES ) xvi CONTRIBUTORS Roeder, Charles W., P.E. Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington ( SECTION 9 LATERAL-FORCE DESIGN ) Schflaly, Thomas, Director, Fabricating & Standards, American Institute of Steel Construc- tion, Inc., Chicago, Illinois ( SECTION 2 FABRICATION AND ERECTION ) Sen, Mahir, P.E. Professional Associate, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey ( SECTION 12 BEAM AND GIRDER BRIDGES ) Swindlehurst, John, P.E. Former Senior Professional Associate, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc., West Trenton, New Jersey ( SECTION 12 BEAM AND GIRDER BRIDGES ) Thornton, William A., P.E. Chief Engineer, Cives Steel Company, Roswell, Georgia ( SEC- TION 5 CONNECTIONS ) Ziemian, Ronald D., Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Bucknell University, Lew- isburg, Pennsylvania ( SECTION 3 GENERAL STRUCTURAL THEORY ) xxi FACTORS FOR CONVERSION TO SI UNITS OF MEASUREMENT QUANTITY TO CONVERT FROM CUSTOMARY U.S. UNIT TO METRIC UNIT MULTIPLY BY Length inch foot mm mm 25.4 304.8 Mass lb kg 0.45359 Mass/unit length plf kg/m 1.488 16 Mass/unit area psf kg/m 2 4.882 43 Mass density pcf kg/m 3 16.018 5 Force pound kip kip N N kN 4.448 22 4448.22 4.448 22 Force/unit length klf klf N/mm kN/m 14.593 9 14.593 9 Stress ksi psi MPa kPa 6.894 76 6.894 76 Bending Moment foot-kips foot-kips N-mm kN-m 1 355 817 1.355 817 Moment of inertia in 4 mm 4 416 231 Section modulus in 3 mm 3 16 387.064 Index terms Links AASHTO 11.1 11.2 11.78 Abutments 11.72 Acceleration 3.10 Aging 1.33 Aging, strain 1.18 1.22 Allowable stress design (see ASD) Allowable stresses: bearing: on concrete 5.60 11.64 11.168 on masonry 5.60 11.64 11.168 on steel 6.48 11.25 11.166 (See also Bolts; Pins; Rockers; Rollers) bending: bridge loading combinations 11.13 11.162 in bridges 11.25 11.164 11.165 12.159 in buildings 6.31 6.47 6.48 compression with 6.49 6.50 13.27 14.61 14.64 shear with 14.57 tension with 6.50 6.51 13.28 block shear 6.41 compression: in bridges 11.25 11.164 13.26 13.45 in buildings 6.31 6.43 6.62 9.29 fatigue 6.51 11.30 11.68 seismic 6.51 shear: in beam webs 6.34 6.35 11.25 11.166 in bolts 6.28 11.26 1.166 in rivets 6.28 11.166 in threaded parts 6.28 tension 6.30 11.25 11.164 welds 6.38 11.24 11.164 11.167 wind 6.51 (See also ASD; Plastic design; and specific materials) Aluminum 1.33 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 11.1 11.2 11.78 13.2 American Institute of Steel Construction 6.1 6.2 6.29 6.30 American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association 11.153 Anchors, government 5.62 Angles: maximum width-thickness ratios for 9.30 net width of 6.64 11.45 11.172 11.173 strut 6.63 7.8 Annealing 1.19 1.32 Arches: applications of 8.31 bridge: bending in 14.8 buckling of 14.46 14.47 constant-depth versus tapered ribs 14.10 Index terms Links Arches: bridge: (Cont.) cost comparisons for 14.6 14.10 curved versus segmental axis 14.9 14.10 dead-load / total-load ratios for 14.9 deck 14.2 deflection of 14.8 depth / span ratios for 14.7 design example for 14.47 erection of 14.6 1 4.7 esthetics of 14.5 14.7 14.8 hanger design example for 14.63 14.64 Hell-Gate type 14.2 history of 14.1 inclined rib 14.1 lateral bracing for 14.47 14.64 (See also Bracing, bridge) preliminary design procedure for 14.44 rise / span ratios for 14.7 spans for 14.4 14.5 steels for 14.9 through 14.2 weight estimating for 14.44 weight / total-load ratios for 14.9 14.44 (See also Bridge, arch) defined 4. 1 fixed 4.5 14.2 14.4 14.7 flange thickness limits for 10.46 forms of 14.2 14.3 foundations for 8.32 14.2 14.3 half-through 14.2 rigid-frame 14.3 roof 8.30 8.31 solid-rib: depths for 14.7 14.8 esthetics of 14.5 hinges for 14.4 panel lengths for 14.7 rib design example 14.59 sections for 14.2 14.8 stiffeners for 11.47 stress in 4.7 4.8 14.2 14.3 temperature effects on 14.8 three-hinged 4 .1 14.2 14.4 14.7 tied 14.2 14.7 14.8 14.44 ties 14.3 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10 14.62 true 14.2 14.44 truss-rib 14.2 14.4 14.8 two-hinged 4.3 14.2 14.4 14.7 Vierendeel-truss-rib 14.8 wind forces on 14.8 AREMA 11.153 Areas 3.30 3.31 Index terms Links ASD: allowable stress in (see Allowable stresses) for bridges: load combinations in 11.13 11.14 specificiations for 11.1 11.2 for buildings: load combinations in 6.23 specifications for 6.1 6.2 6.29 6.30 principles of 6.29 6.30 versus LRFD 8.25 11.13 11.17 (See also Beams; Cold-formed members; Columns; Composite beams; Trusses) ASTM 1.1 6.1 6.2 Austenite 1.30 Bainite 1.31 Bars 15.36 15.37 15.41 Beam-columns: ASD interaction equations for 6.49 6.50 defined 3.23 3.61 design example for 7.34 LRFD interaction equations for 6.48 6.49 6.84 7.32 7.33 plastic capacity of 3.106 3.107 Beams: allowable bending stresses for 6.31 6.47 6.48 12.159 alternative to plate girders 10.54 anchorage to walls 5.61 5.62 bearing plates for 5.60 10.63 bearing pressure on 5.60 5.61 6.48 bearings for (see bearing plates for) (See also Rockers; Rollers) bending and compression (see Beam-columns) bending axis of 3.47 3.49 bending slope of 3.37 (See also design example for: end rotations of below) bending strength of: in bridges 11.15 in buildings 6.31 6.45 6.46 6.82 7.10 7.18 bending stresses in 3.27 11.48 11.49 bridge: floorbeam (see Floorbeams) girder (see Plate girders) stringer (see Stringers) buckling of (see Buckling) camber of 2.8 2.9 8.9 8.17 cantilever (see Cantilevers) castellated 8.21 8.23 8.24 combined forces on 3.47 3.50 compact 6.45 6.62 6.63 6.78 6.80 6.81 composite (see Composite beams) Index terms Links Beams: (Cont.) concentrated loads on 6.43 6.44 concrete encased 6.72 6.73 8.9 8.10 conjugate 3.69 continuous: advantages of 12.153 analysis of (see Structural analysis) carry-over factors for 3.84 3.85 defined 3.63 maximum moments in 12.153 12.154 span defined for 11.48 spans for 12.154 costs of 1.8 cover-plated 2.13 6.63 6.65 11.49 curvature of 3.36 3.37 curved, rolled 12 .55 (See also Curved girders) defined 3.21 3.25 7.1 deflections of: bending moment 3.36 conjugate-beam method for 3.69 limits on 3.42 6.74 8.25 moment-area method for 3.69 3.72 3.73 shear 3.46 3.47 unit-load method for 3.69 3.72 3.73 design example for: building beam with overhang 7.16 simple-span building floorbeam 7.11 unbraced building floorbeam 7.14 (See also Composite beams; Floorbeams) design section for 6.65 eccentric loads on 3.46 5.96 elastic curve of 3.36 end connections for (see Connections) end rotations of 3.73 3.75 fixed-end: elastic curves for 3.38 end moments in 3.38 3.78 moment diagrams for 3.38 shear diagrams for 3.38 slope diagrams for 3.38 flanges of: effective area of 6.65 11.176 hole deductions for 6.65 11.25 11.176 width-thickness limits for 6.63 6.81 9.23 11.38 11.65 11.174 flexural formula for 3.28 11.48 11.49 hollow structural section 6.82 6.83 lateral support for 5.95 5.96 6.64 8.7 8.9 11.55 11.175 limit states for 11.14 11.15 link 9.12 9.23 9.31 minimum depth for 6.75 11.49 moment diagrams for 3.37 [...]... Corrosion: protection of cables against rates of resistance of steels to weathering -steel resistance to Cranes Creep: of concrete of steel Cross frames Curved girders: advantages of analysis of: approximate methods for closed-framing limitations on open-framing box bracing for design example for erection of fabrication of loads on sizing of structural behavior of supports for Cutting: with flame with... framing for (see Framing) loads on (see Loads) steel deck: attachment to framing cellular composite beams with depths of diaphragm action with interlocking of minimum yield stress for spans of thicknesses of (See also Orthotropic plates) steel grid vibrations in (See also Diaphragms; Roofs) Folded plates Force methods Force-displacement equations (see Structural analysis) Forces: addition of characteristics... characteristics of fuel for in buildings loading resistance to severity of Fire protection: building code requirements for with concrete by concrete-encasing steel framing design of flame-shield with gypsum with masonry metal-covered methods of spray -applied of steel- deck floor with suspended-ceiling test evaluation of thermal size of Links 2.1 2.9 2.10 2.10 2.9 2.3 11.77 2.9 2.2 2.10 6.51 11.30 1.22 1.22 5.46... Drawings) Diaphragms: box girders with concrete-plank concrete-slab lateral bracing: in bridges in buildings shear in steel- deck wood-fiber-plank Displacement methods Displacements: acceleration axial-load by Castigliano’s theorems plane motion virtual (See also Deflections; Strains; Structural analysis) Distribution factors, moment Domes: advantages of defined hooped and ribbed membrane theory for... seismic slenderness limitations for soil profile coefficients for space statically determinate statically indeterminate wind design for (See also ASD; Framing; Loads; LRFD Structural analysis; Structures) Framing: barrel-vault cold-formed steel Links 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.14 3.3 3.14 3.8 3.9 3.6 1.25 1.33 11.29 11.170 1.25 1.26 1.26 1.34 13.4 6.21 3.62 3.98 9.19 5.96 3.62 3.101 9.12 9.17 9.12 6.21 3.68 9.17 9.14... laws of Mechanism: composite (combination) independent (fundamental) kinematic Mechanism method; for plastic analysis Membrane theory Modulus: of elasticity: defined effect of strain rate on for structural steels temperature effects on section (see Section modulus) shear (rigidity) strain-hardening Mohr’s circle Molybdenum Moment-area method Moment-distribution method Moments: carry-over defined diagrams... 3.96 5.89 5.56 9.25 7.7 7.7 7.8 6.67 11.50 7.18 6.72 8.15 6.73 6.74 6.80 6.81 6.77 7.5 11.37 11.172 7.6 11.38 5.53 9.26 8.16 11.50 Index terms Composite beams: (Cont.) continuous: advantages of negative steel for (See also design example for below) deflection of design example for: ASD of bridge stringers building beam with overhang continuous bridge beams curved bridge LFD of bridge stringer LRFD of... 11.7 12.7 12.11 8.25 8.18 8.19 6.62 6.81 6.42 7.5 11.46 11.48 13.21 6.69 7.38 11.50 6.73 7.39 11.51 12.27 11.51 Index terms Concrete: (Cont.) lightweight modular ratio of precast plank prestressed plank steel reinforcement for strength of weight of (See also Columns, concrete-filled; Composite beams; Composite joists; Composite trusses) Concrete slabs: composite: construction with design example for edge... continuous corner welds for curved (See also Curved girders) design example for: composite concrete orthotropic-plate drainage of flange to web welds for flanges of load distribution to: from concrete from steel plate sealing of shapes of shipping limitations for single versus multiple spacing of spans for stiffeners for (See also Stiffeners) webs of width of width / thickness limits for (See also Orthotropic... deck: advantages of floorbeam/ girder design example for (See also Arches; Box girders; Girders; Plate girders: Stringers; Trusses) decks for (See also Composite beams; Concrete slabs; Orthotropic plates; Steel- grid floors) deflection limits for design method for: ASD LFD LRFD design of: effects of traffic volume on highway loads in (See also Loads) load distribution for service-life considerations in seismic . Data Structural steel designer’s handbook / Roger L. Brockenbrough, editor, Frederick S. Merritt, editor.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-07-008782-2 1. Building, Iron and steel. 2. Steel, Structural. I CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Gaylord & Gaylord • STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Harris • NOISE CONTROL IN BUILDINGS Kubal • WATERPROOFING THE BUILDING ENVELOPE Newman • STANDARD HANDBOOK OF STRUCTURAL. STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGNER’S HANDBOOK Roger L. Brockenbrough Editor R. L. Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc. Pittsburgh,