Bui Van Ga, Bui Thi Minh Tu Danang University of Science and Technology-The University of Danang 1 Automobile vs Net Zero 2 Energy storage onboard BEV 3 Energy storage onboard FCEV EV 4 Future EV: BEV? or FCEV? 5 Conclusions 1 Automobile vs Net Zero According to COP21 Paris Agreement, the cutting down of GHG emission should be in practice now to ensure the atmospheric temperature increase lower than 2 C relative to 1850- 1900 period at the end of this century (scenario RCP 4.5) This needs the global action of all countries in over the world Vietnam strongly committed to the global action for GHG emission reduction At COP26 Glassgow, Vietnam has announced the Net Zero strategy of the country According to the strategy, the net GHG emission in Vietnam will be 0 at 2050 To achieve this goal, the energy balance need to be changed The renewable energy will replace fossil fuel in almost activities, particularly in power production and transport sectors Several countries have announced plans to phase out the use of petrol automobiles: 1 Norway: The Norwegian government has set a target to ban the sale of new petrol cars by 2025 2 Netherlands: The Netherlands has announced plans to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars by 2030 3 United Kingdom: The UK has set a target to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars by 2030, with hybrid vehicles allowed until 2035 4 France: France has set a target to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars by 2040 5 Germany: Germany has set a target to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars by 2030 6 India: The Indian government has set a target to have only electric vehicles on the road by 2030 7 China: The Chinese government has set a target to have 20% of all new cars sold in the country be electric by 2025, and is working towards a goal of eventually phasing out petrol cars entirely 8 Recently, The European Parliament has voted to approve a ban on new sales of carbon-emitting petrol and diesel cars by 2035 9 The Singapore government sets a plan for clean energy application on all road transport sectors by 2040 10.Vietnam will start imposing restrictions on the manufacture and import of vehicles using fossil fuel from 2040 and by 2050, all road vehicles, including public transport vehicles, should be electric or use green energy 2 Energy Storage onboard BEV Energy density Solid-state batteries: 1200 • Solid electrolyte instead of a liquid or Lithium Air (2020) gel electrolyte,  Solid-state Battery (2016) Lithium Polymer (1999) • Higher energy density, Prismatic • Faster charging times, 200 • Safety Lithium Phosphate (2001) Toyota, BMW, and QuantumScape, are 150 Lithium Ion (1992) developing solid-state batteries for EVs Nickel Cadmium (1899) Cylindrical 100 Cylindrical Aluminum Cans Prismatic Prismatic Wh/kg  Lead Acid (1859) Nickel Metal Hydride (1990) 50 Cylindrical Prismatic 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 1000 Wh/L Energy density Gravimetric density (Wh/kg) 500 • Energy density of lithium-ion batteries has improved at a rate of 11.6% yearly since 1990 250 2030 • The volumetric energy density of lead-acid battery 2020 increases with the same ratio, but the gravimetric energy density is almost unchanged 30 600 • It is expected that by 2030, the recharge time of 0 1200 lithium-based batteries can be reduced to by 15 Fast recharge time (min) Volumetric density (Wh/L) minutes and that of lead-based batteries can be reduced to by 90 minutes Gravimetric density (Wh/kg) 60 30 2030 2020 90 75 60 150 Fast recharge time (min) Volumetric density (Wh