[...]... catch the tortoise, if the tortoise is given a head start For while Achilles closes the initial gap between them, the tortoise will have created a new gap, and while Achilles is closing that one, the tortoise will have created another However fast Achilles runs, all that the tortoise has to do, in order not to be beaten, is make some progress in the time it takes Achilles to close the previous gap Standard... Journal of the History of Ideas vol 12 (1951), 496–527 and vol 13 (1952), 17–46 aesthetics, problems of Aesthetics is that branch of phil- osophy which deals with the arts, and with other situations that involve aesthetic experience and aesthetic value Thus only part of aesthetics is the philosophy of art The rest, which might be termed the philosophy of the aesthetic, centres on the nature of aesthetic... amounts to, for instance, a denial of the duty to save life Yet one does not have to refute the distinction to establish the moral duty to save lives If we can be held just as responsible for the things we fail to do as for the things we do, we need not deny what the distinction asserts—that there is a difference between the moral ground we should be able to take for granted and the moral ground we have to. .. unified history of the development of the arts, embracing a wide range of epochs and cultures (including non-Western ones) This historical approach has been vastly influential on the practice of art history and criticism, and indeed on the practice of the arts to this day aesthetics, history of Hegel divided the history of art into a pre-classical ‘symbolic’ phase, then the classical phase of the ancient... 1993) Academy, the The educational institution founded by Plato, probably around 387 bc, so-called because of its location at a site sacred to the hero Academus It is fanciful to call the Academy a ‘university’ or ‘college’ The best idea we have of the subjects studied there comes from Plato’s dialogues themselves and Aristotle’s testimony When Plato died, the leadership of the Academy passed to his nephew... about the role played by the mind of the artist in determining the identity of an artwork At one extreme stands the theory of Croce and Collingwood, according to which the artwork is an expression of emotion by the artist, and exists primarily in the artist’s mind At the other end have been a number of views in literary theory, including the notion of the *intentional fallacy and the *death-of -the author... for them And one piece of evidence for the correctness of Sibley’s claim concerning the non-conditiongovernedness of the aesthetic is how finely dependent on the non-aesthetic complexion of an object the application of an aesthetic term appears to be, very small differences in non-aesthetic complexion being able to induce large differences in the aesthetic terms that apply Nevertheless, Sibley’s thesis... scepticism In the nineteenth century field theories ‘filled in’ the causation between particles with spatially continuous fields But field theories have their own problems, especially with the interaction of the source particle of the field with its own generated field These have led to contemporary action at a distance theories of interaction In order to conform to the observed facts and to relativity, these must... (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics (London, 2001) I Kant, Critique of the Power of Judgment, tr P Guyer and E Matthews (Cambridge, 2000) R Kearney and D Rasmussen (eds.), Continental Aesthetics: Romanticism to Postmodernism: An Anthology (Oxford, 2001) M Kelly (ed.), Encyclopedia of Aesthetics, 4 vols (Oxford, 1998) P Kristeller, The Modern System of the Arts: A Study in the History of Aesthetics’,... line at the end of an entry In some cases the latter references are to related or opposed ideas or the like In order not to have the book littered with asterisks, they have very rarely been put on the names of philosophers But it is always a good idea to turn to the entries on the mentioned philosophers The cross-references are more intended for the browsing reader than the reader at work For the reader . The Oxford Companion to Philosophy This page intentionally left blank The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Second Edition Edited by Ted Honderich 3 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford. chosen by the high principle of nose to the grindstone. There are entries in it, as already noticed, that are owed to their intrinsic interest rather than their proven place in a sterner editor’s. well to the jury of distinguished philosophers who cast an eye over the initial list of their contemporaries, and then to the thirty advisers in this matter for the second edition. Thanks too to