OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATIONS AND DEVICES Edited by Moh. Yasin, Sulaiman W. Harun and Hamzah Arof Optical Fiber Communications and Devices Edited by Moh. Yasin, Sulaiman W. Harun and Hamzah Arof Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Martina Blecic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published January, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Optical Fiber Communications and Devices, Edited by Moh. Yasin, Sulaiman W. Harun and Hamzah Arof p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-954-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 All-Optical Amplitude Multiplexing Through Fiber Parametric Interaction Between Binary Signals 1 Marcelo L. F. Abbade, Jorge D. Marconi, Eric A. M. Fagotto, Felipe R. Barbosa, André L. A. Costa, Iguatemi E. Fonseca and Edson Moschim Chapter 2 Multimode Passive Optical Network for LAN Application 35 Elzbieta Beres-Pawlik, Grzegorz Budzyn and Grzegorz Lis Chapter 3 Effects of Dispersion Fiber on CWDM Directly Modulated System Performance 55 Carmina del Río Campos and Paloma R. Horche Chapter 4 Design and Application of X-Ray Lens in the Form of Glass Capillary Filled by a Set of Concave Epoxy Microlenses 77 Yury Dudchik Chapter 5 2 Terabit Transmission over Installed SMF with Direct Detection Coherent WDM 95 Paola Frascella and Andrew D. Ellis Chapter 6 Advanced Modulation Formats and MLSE Based Digital Signal Processing for 100Gbit/sec Communication Through Optical Fibers 119 Albert Gorshtein and Dan Sadot Chapter 7 Integration of Eco-Friendly POF Based Splitter and Optical Filter for Low-Cost WDM Network Solutions 145 Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman, Hadi Guna, Mohd Hazwan Harun, Latifah Supian and Kasmiran Jumari Chapter 8 Secure Long-Distance Quantum Communication over Optical Fiber Quantum Channels 163 Laszlo Gyongyosi and Sandor Imre VI Contents Chapter 9 In-Service Line Monitoring for Passive Optical Networks 203 Nazuki Honda Chapter 10 Nonlinear Compensation Using Multi-Subband Frequency-Shaped Digital Backpropagation 219 Ezra Ip and Neng Bai Chapter 11 Optical Performance Analysis of Single-Mode Fiber Connections 239 Mitsuru Kihara Chapter 12 A Comparative Study of Node Architectures with Add/Drop Constraints in WDM Networks 257 Konstantinos Manousakis and Emmanouel (Manos) Varvarigos Chapter 13 Accurate Receiver Model for Optical Fiber Systems with Polarization Induced Performance Degradation 277 Aurenice Oliveira Chapter 14 Designing WAN Topologies Under Redundancy Constraints 293 Pablo Sartor Del Giudice and Franco Robledo Amoza Chapter 15 Physical Layer Impairments in the Optimization of the Next-Generation of All-Optical Networks 313 Javier E. Sierra Chapter 16 Design of Advanced Digital Systems Based on High-Speed Optical Links 337 J. Torres, R. García, J. Soret, J. Martos, G. Martínez, C. Reig and X. Román Chapter 17 Fiber Optic Temperature Sensors 361 S. W. Harun, M. Yasin, H. A. Rahman, H. Arof and H. Ahmad Preface Since 1970, optical fiber and optical communication technologies have been rapidly developing, causing a technology revolution in the communication industries. Due to much lower attenuation and interference, optical fiber has many advantages over existing copper wire in long-distance and high-demand applications. The revolution in communication industries also significantly reduces the prices of optical components and stimulates the development of optical fiber sensors. This book is aimed at providing extensive overviews of the theoretical and experimental aspects of the current optical communication technologies as well as fiber optic devices. Chapter 1 describes a multilevel transmission technique based on optical amplitude multiplexing (OAM). Fiber nonlinear effects are used to perform OAM of binary signals into multi-amplitude signals. Recently, passive optical networks (PONs) have gained a lot of interest because they minimize the number of required optical transceivers, reduce the fiber optic infrastructure, and the need to power the intermediate network nodes. They are very suitable for fiber to home (FTTH) networks that support high speed internet and video on demand services. Chapter 2 describes several commercial applications for multimode PON structures designed and constructed to include N-equivalent nodes. Chapter 3 reviews the effects of dispersion in fiber on Course WDM (CWDM) directly modulated system performance. The performance of fibers relative to positive or negative dispersion characteristics is discussed for the case of directly modulated lasers. The effects of chirp and fiber nonlinearity in a directly modulated 2.5-Gb/s transmission system are also shown by simulation. It is observed that enhanced system performance, which uses a positive dispersion fiber, can be achieved if positive chromatic dispersion in the optical fiber is equalized by SPM, whereas laser transient chirp can be compensated using a negative dispersion fiber. Chapter 4 reviews the design and application of X-ray lenses in the form of glass capillary filled by a set of concave epoxy micro-lenses. The fabrication and testing of compound refractive lenses (CRL) composed of micro-bubbles embedded in epoxy are discussed. The micro-bubble technique opens a new opportunity for designing lenses in the 8-9 keV range with focal lengths less than 30-40 mm. Chapter 5 demonstrates that direct detection CoWDM with Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) amplification is only suitable for Terabit Ethernet transport over unrepeated spans of up to ~130 km. Raman amplification would allow for an increased system margin, X Preface where necessary. Experimental demonstration shows that a 124 km span transmission with Raman amplification left a Q-factor system margin of about 4 dB, which is consistent with theoretical expectations. Chapter 6 describes advanced modulation formats and MLSE based digital signal processing for 100Gbit/sec communication through optical fibers. Chapter 7 discusses polymer optical fiber (POF) splitters and WDM-POF network solutions. In today's communication networks, the widespread use of optical fiber and passive optical elements allows the use of quantum key distribution (QKD) in the current standard optical network infrastructure. Chapter 8 describes secure long-distance quantum communication over optical fiber quantum channels. A brief overview and description of the optical fiber-based quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols is presented. Also, the results of the information-theoretic security analysis of DPS (Differential Phase Shift) QKD protocol, which is designed for long-distance quantum communications between the quantum repeater nodes, are presented in this chapter. On the other hand, the wide range of applications of optical fibers have been continuously supported by their friendly integration with electronics. Chapter 9 explains an in-service line monitoring system for branched PON fibers. Chapter 10 describes nonlinear compensation using a multi-sub-band frequency-shaped back- propagation (FS-BP) approach. This allows flexible trade-off between performance and complexity as the number of steps and the number of sub-bands can be independently varied. Chapter 11 discusses optical performance analysis of single-mode fiber connections. Many SMF connection techniques, such as fusion splicing, mechanical splicing, and the use of optical connectors, are currently used in FTTH systems. The optical performance of SMF connections is reported for various cases. The most common architecture used for establishing communication in optical networks is wavelength routing, where data is transmitted over all-optical WDM channels, called lightpaths, which may span multiple consecutive fibers. Wavelength routing could be carried out using optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs), and optical cross-connectors (OXCs). Chapter 12 evaluates how a routing and wavelength assignment algorithm performs under various OXC node architectures. In chapter 13, it is demonstrated that one can use a semi-analytical receiver model to accurately estimate the performance of on-off-keyed (OOK) optical fiber communication systems, taking into account the impact of the choice of modulation format, arbitrarily polarized noise, and the receiver characteristics. Chapter 14 reviews wide area network (WAN) design topologies under redundancy constraints. This chapter presents a framework and algorithms suitable for addressing the design of minimal cost networks under connectivity constraints. Chapter 15 describes various optical transport architectures that perform unicast/multicast traffic grooming. Chapter 16 describes the main considerations for the design of digital electronic systems and how high speed optical links are handled in the electronic domain. Chapter 17 demonstrates various optical fiber temperature sensors based on four different techniques: intensity modulated fiber [...]... estimation before and after fiber propagation 22 Optical Fiber Communications and Devices Fig 14 Simulated (full lines) and experimental (white circles) eye diagrams: (a) before propagation, (b) after a 75 km standard fiber propagation rP = 0.86 dB (rG  2.5 dB), rS = 4.4 dB The recovery of the original binary information from the quaternary-amplitude signal can also be performed optically by using... (Mishina et al., 2007), multilevel to 2 Optical Fiber Communications and Devices binary (Fagotto & Abbade, 2010) and binary to multilevel conversions (Zhou et al., 2006; Lu & Miyazaki, 1997), among others A strong motivation for pursuing such research is that different kinds of optical networks (long-haul, optical packet switching, access and so on) may coexist and need to exchange information with one... 1982) Here we change our notation and designate, the pump, the signal, and the idler powers as P1, P2, and P−,+ , and the angular All -Optical Amplitude Multiplexing Through Fiber Parametric Interaction Between Binary Signals 7 frequencies change from P, S, and id to 1, 2, and ,+, respectively The extreme case just considered implies that , x  i L , and then sinh( x )  2 i sin  L... Therefore, the OBPF1 output needs to be amplified and then filtered again by OBPF2 before being inputted to the DSA 12 Optical Fiber Communications and Devices Power (dBm) The signal power spectra at (a) EDFA1 input, (b) DSF output, and (c) OBPF2 output are plotted in Fig 4 An optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of 27 dB is achieved at the output of the second optical filter Wavelength (nm) Fig 4 Power... pseudo-random bit sequence at 1 Gb/s was used to modulate the lasers through direct modulation In order to suppress stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), the pump linewidth was broadened by phase modulation using a phase modulator (PM) driven by three RF signals After the Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA 1), the pump was filtered with an 18 Optical Fiber Communications and Devices optical band-pass... (Ta)]-1 2 2 ncore k0 a a 2 , (5) 2 2 2  ncladding k0 and B = T    , T   , k0  2 /  , where A = a is the core radius, and  2  x 2  y 2 Here J0 and K0 are the Bessel functions corresponding to the fundamental mode (called HE11 or LP01) which is the only one propagating in singlemode fibers [K0 (Ta)]-1, 4 Optical Fiber Communications and Devices As previously mentioned, the nonlinear process... (Olsson et al., 2000) and fiber four-wave mixing (FWM) (Inoue & Toba, 1992) have been investigated Dispersion compensators and all -optical regenerators FWM have also been implemented (Chavez Boggio et al., 2004a), as well as wide-band tunable amplifiers, known as fiber optic parametric amplifiers (FOPA), relying on third-order parametric processes with one (Hansryd & Andrekson, 2001) and two highpower... the occurrence of FWM When the fiber attenuation coefficient  ≠ 0, Eq (20) can be rewritten as: 2  1  exp   L   2 P ,    2 P1,2 P2,1 exp   L    ,    (21) where P1, P2, P-, and P+ are the respective optical powers of the channels at frequencies 1, 2, − , and +, L is the fiber length,  is the fiber nonlinear coefficient, and  is the wavelength and intensity-dependent FWM generation... caused by chromatic dispersion and the possibility of transmitting simultaneously two signals within the same optical bandwidth Applications and a detailed comparison among the four techniques are presented in Section 5 Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section 6 2 Theory of parametric interactions in optical fibers An external electric field E applied to an optical fiber will cause an induced polarization... 2010) shows that fiber tunable filters and demultiplexers can be achieved through parametric interaction in specially designed optical fibers Fiber- based nonlinear devices may also be used for all -optical signal processing In this area, there is a special interest on techniques that provide conversion between different modulation formats In fact, recent works deal with this subject and propose ways . OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATIONS AND DEVICES Edited by Moh. Yasin, Sulaiman W. Harun and Hamzah Arof Optical Fiber Communications and Devices Edited by. orders@intechweb.org Optical Fiber Communications and Devices, Edited by Moh. Yasin, Sulaiman W. Harun and Hamzah Arof p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-954-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals. Frascella and Andrew D. Ellis Chapter 6 Advanced Modulation Formats and MLSE Based Digital Signal Processing for 100Gbit/sec Communication Through Optical Fibers 119 Albert Gorshtein and Dan