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Chapter 7 Quantitative research designs. After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Select and develop the appropriate research design for your hypotheses or research questions; understand the strengths and limitations of each design formas it relates to research findings, and argue for your design choices; explain the benefits of experimental forms over quasiexperimental and descriptive forms;... Đề tài Hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tại Công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên được nghiên cứu nhằm giúp công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên làm rõ được thực trạng công tác quản trị nhân sự trong công ty như thế nào từ đó đề ra các giải pháp giúp công ty hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tốt hơn trong thời gian tới.
xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e Chapter 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ THE EXPERIMENTAL FRAMEWORK 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 variable is manipulated by researcher Independent il tsư control for extraneous influences To w3 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 Participants randomly assigned to conditions or treatments 73 Used to determine causation Conducted in lab or other controlled setting nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ CLASSICAL EXPERIMENT 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 theory jq z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 assignment of participants to conditions – ensures participants in each condition are equivalent before any treatment Random tz 65 sample Random of treatment & control groups – based on Selection sư t ls6 isư gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv Manipulation checks Researcher controls hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ POSTTEST EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ PRETEST-POSTTEST 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ FACTORIAL DESIGN 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm Treatment groups based on two or more independent variables Dependent variable measured once after treatment given Can test for main and interaction effects 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ LONGITUDINAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 Multiple measurements of the dependent variable across time 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl 1→ Time → Time Time tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i Time between measurements depends on the nature of the communication phenomenon studied Used for studying training effects or degree of retention l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 Precision • m May not reflect reality Assumes that any effect on DV is the cause of the IV • i4a • ưy Other external influence may be the cause of DV change yy • xv Not all communication can be studied using experiments nl • Researcher controls manipulation of IV and random assignment to condition • LIMITATIONS STRENGTHS 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r EVALUATING EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo Researcher relies on natural variation of independent variable Posttest, pretest-posttest, factorial, and longitudinal designs can be used Includes field experiments in which communication is studied in context nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ FIELD EXPERIMENTS 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn Researcher controls manipulation of IV Situated in real and natural environments Allows examination of complex and unfolding interaction dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 LIMITATIONS 7p n0 us r rx civ 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e STRENGTHS ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy t0 m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q ki8 d hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 Design based on naturally existing variation 02 Can address real world problems 91 Cannot determine cause and effect tu m Conditions may not be equivalent i4a 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye EVALUATING QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ DESCRIPTIVE DESIGNS 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 Also called cross-sectional or non-experimental studies Researcher does not control manipulation of IV Participants not randomly assigned to conditions Predictor and criterion are better labels for IV and DV as they not imply causality ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ ONLINE EXPERIMENTS 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng Used for experimental, quasi-experimental, and descriptive designs Can design a logic for how participants respond to stimuli or answer items Helps to reach diverse audience of participants Can embed audio and video elements Sampling is problematic 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 RESEARCHER EFFECTS AND PROCEDURAL BIAS us r rx civ 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy Use research protocol to detail procedural steps Introduced in interaction with participants Similarity of researcher to participants How researcher communicates to participants Researcher unknowingly encourages desired responses Demand characteristics created when topic has socially desirable elements 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ COMPARING RESEARCH DESIGNS 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 in 0t yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 j1 zv q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r No direct control over manipulation of IV Researchder does not assign participants to experimental conditions Limits interpretation of results Conducted in environments with participants who are like the researcher wants to generalize to Can be used to explore complex processes LIMITATIONS STRENGTHS b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r EVALUATING DESCRIPTIVE DESIGNS jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg