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Luật Thương mại là một lĩnh vực quan trọng của pháp luật, quy định về các quy tắc và quyền lợi liên quan đến việc thực hiện và quản lý các giao dịch kinh tế thương mại giữa các doanh nghiệp và các bên liên quan khác. Mục tiêu của Luật Thương mại là tạo ra một hệ thống pháp luật công bằng và minh bạch để hỗ trợ và bảo vệ quyền và nghĩa vụ của các bên tham gia trong giao dịch thương mại.
Chapter Civil Obligation TAN P.P NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMIC AND LAW S Obligations in Civil Code S Definition S Bases for giving rise to obligations S Classification of obligations S Transfer the right to demand/ transfer obligation S Performance of obligations S Termination of obligations 2.1 Definition and features of obligation S Definition: Article 274 CC 2015 S Obligations means acts whereby one or more entities (hereinafter referred to as obligors) must transfer objects, transfer rights, pay money or provide valuable papers, perform other acts or refrain from performing certain acts in the interests of one or more other subjects (hereinafter referred to as obligees) Subjects (Chủ thể) of obligations S Obligors (bên có nghĩa vụ) S Obligees (bên có quyền) Objects of obligations S The objects (Đối tượng) of an obligation may be property or acts which must be performed or acts which must not be performed S The objects of an obligation must be defined precisely 2.2 Bases for giving rise of obligations hợp đồng S Contracts; hành vi pháp lí đơn phương S Unilateral legal acts; Hành vi không ủy quyền S Unauthorized performance of acts; Chiếm hữu, sử dụng, hưởng lợi trái pháp luật tài sản S Unlawful possession or use of or receipt of benefits from property; nhặt rơi chủ sở hữu đến xác nhận hồn trả lại cho thân chủ/ bảo quản tài sản giao lên cho quyền S Causing damage through unlawful acts; gây thiệt hại hành vi trái pháp luật S Other bases as provided by law khác theo quy luật pháp luật chuyển quyền yêu cầu 2.3 Transfer right to demand (Art 365 C.C.2015) S A party having the right to demand the performance of a civil obligation may transfer such right to demand to a subrogatee of the obligee as agreed, except in the following cases: S The right is the right to demand support or the right to demand compensation for any damage resulting from harm to life, health, honor, dignity or reputation; S The obligee and the obligor agree that the right to demand may not be transferred; A cho B mượn tiền, C mượn tiền A Vậy A qua địi trực tiếp với C Điều kiện: phải có đồng ý bên có quyền cuối (bên quyền), Phải thông báo cho C S Where a person having a right to demand transfers such right to a subrogatee, the subrogatee of the obligee shall become the person having the right to demand The transfer of right to demand does not require the consent of the obligor S A person transferring a right must notify the obligor in writing of the transfer of the right to demand, unless otherwise agreed If the person transferring the right fails to notify the obligor thereby the obligor incurs expenses, the person transferring the right must pay for those expenses 2.4 Transfer obligation (Art 370 C.C.2015) S An obligor may transfer a civil obligation to a subrogatee of the obligor with the consent of the obligee, except where the obligation is personal to the obligor or where the law provides that the obligation may not be transferred S Upon a transfer of the obligation, the subrogatee of the obligor shall become the obligor S Where a secured civil obligation is transferred, the security shall terminate, unless otherwise agreed 2.5 Performance of obligations S Article 277 Places for performing obligations S Article 278 Time-limits for performing obligations S Article 279 Performance of obligations to deliver objects S Article 280 Performance of obligations to pay money chậm ngày nghĩa vụ phải trả S Article 287 Performance of severable obligations S Article 288 Performance of joint obligations Places for performing obligations S The place for performing an obligation shall be agreed by the parties S Where the parties not have an agreement, the place for performance of the obligation shall be: S a) The location of the immoveable property, if the object of the obligation is immoveable property; S b) The place of residence or head office of the obligee, if the object of the obligation is moveable property Time-limits for performing obligations S The time-limit for performing an obligation shall be as agreed by the parties or as provided by law S If the obligor performs the obligation prior to the time- limit and the obligee accepts such performance, the obligation shall be deemed to have been fulfilled on time S Where the parties not have an agreement on the time- limit for the performance of a civil obligation, a party may fulfill the obligation or demand the fulfillment of the obligation as the case may be at any time, but must give reasonable prior notice to the other party Performance of obligations to deliver objects S A person having the obligation to deliver an object must take care of and preserve the object until the time of delivery a distinctive object : vật đặc định vật khơng có vật thứ hai S Where an object to be delivered is a distinctive object, the obligor must deliver that particular object in the same condition as agreed If there is no agreement as to the quality, the object delivered must be of average muốn mua xe người bán phải giao đùng xe khơng giao xe khác loại Áp dụng điều quality Khi S The obligor must bear all expenses related to the delivery of an object, unless otherwise agreed Performance of obligations to pay money S An obligation to pay money shall be performed in full, strictly on time, at the place and by the method as agreed S The obligation to pay money shall include the payment of interest on original debt, unless otherwise agreed Trễ ngày khơng trả tính lãi lãi có thỏa thuận ko đc 20%/ năm lãi không thỏa thuận (306 Luật thương mại) lãi suất nợ hạn trung bình dựa án lệ 09 TAND tối cao nửa mức trần (theo 468 khoản BLDS) Performance of severable obligations S Where more than one person jointly performs an obligation and each person has a clearly defined share of the obligation which is severable from that of the other person, each person must perform only its own share of the obligation Performance of joint obligations S Joint obligation means an obligation which must be performed by more than one person and which the obligee may request any one of the obligors to perform in its entirety S When one person has performed an obligation in its entirety, such person may require the other joint obligors to make payment for their respective shares of the joint obligation to such person S Where an obligee designates one person from amongst the joint obligors to perform an entire obligation and later releases that person, the other obligors shall also be released from performing the obligation S Where an obligee releases one of the joint obligors from its share of the joint obligation, the other obligors must, nevertheless, perform jointly their respective shares of the obligation 2.6 Termination of obligations (Art 372 C.C 2015) A civil obligation shall terminate in any of the following cases: S The obligation is fulfilled; S As agreed by parties; S The obligee waives performance of the obligation; S The obligation is substituted by another civil obligation; S The obligation is offset; S The obligee and the obligor merge; 2.6 Termination of obligations (cont.) S The limitation period for a release from the civil obligation has expired; S The obligor being a natural person dies, or the obligor being a juridical person (legal entity) ceases to exist, and the obligation must be performed by that particular natural person or juridical person; S The obligee being a natural person dies and the right to demand does not form part of the inheritance property, or the obligee being a juridical person (legal entity) ceases to exist and the right to demand is not able to be transferred to another juridical person; 2.6 Termination of obligations (cont.) S 10 A distinctive object which is the subject matter of the civil obligation no longer exists and is substituted by another civil obligation S 11 Other cases as provided by law Case Law S Practice in class