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Photography concepts Giáo trình photography basic Arena Multimedia Photography concepts Giáo trình photography basic Arena Multimedia Photography concepts Giáo trình photography basic Arena Multimedia Photography concepts Giáo trình photography basic Arena Multimedia Photography concepts Giáo trình photography basic Arena Multimedia
2) ad ok ( Oo = ¿| aa O > t= (0 Peas â) om _ ôC oO Define digital photography > Describe various types of cameras > State various image formats 1.1 What is Digital Photography? Digital photography is a photography technique in which the camera uses electronic photo detectors to capture the image instead of a traditional photographic film Optical lenses are used to focus the image on the photo detectors The image captured by these photo detectors is stored as a digital file, which can be further processed in the computer using photo-editing software Until the invention of this technology, photographs were taken by exposing light onto the photosensitive photographic film, which were then processed in chemical solutions to develop the images No wetbath is involved in digital photography, just a connecting data cable and a color printer gets the job done Digital cameras capture images that are in a universally recognizable digital format that makes them easier to manage, display, and share You can insert digital photographs into PowerPoint presentations or word processing documents, print them on any material using a printer, exchange them via e-mail, and integrate them into video making software to be played on the Television, post them on a social media or any Website where anyone in the world can view them 1.2 Uses of Digital Photography Digital photography is used wherever we have to deal with modern day images such as: ¢ Digital standalone cameras e Digital cameras in mobile phones, tablets, and laptops e Digital scanners and printers e Emails e Power point presentations e Web publishing e Illustrations 1.3 History Digital photography started in astronomy when the first spacecraft image of Mars was taken in 1965 It used a video camera tube and a digitizer to produce a digital image First attempt for building a digital camera was done in 1975 using solid-state Charge-coupled Device (CCD) image sensor chips This camera weighted around 3.6 Kgs; it recorded the captured images to a cassette tape with a resolution of 0.01 megapixels It captured its first image in December 1975 in 23 seconds Although, it was a prototype and was not intended for mass production Fuji's DS-1P was the first true digital camera, which stored the recorded digital images to a 16 MB internal memory card using a battery to maintain the data in the memory card However, this camera never made out of Japan Dycam Model made in 1991 was the first commercially available digital camera It used Chargecoupled Devices (CCD) as image sensor, stored images in digital format, and can connect to a GROUPS Onlinevarsity computer for downloading captured images COLLABORATIVE LEARNING 1.4 Digital over Film Photography The digital photography has replaced the film-based photography in less than a decade due to the following reasons: > Digital photography saves money, development as you not have to buy the photo films and pay for their Saves time as there is no need to take trips to the photography studio for developing and the development process itself takes much more time as compared to digital printing Images can be previewed in the digital camera itself Modern digital cameras can even record audio and video along with images Modern digital cameras comes with built-in features such as image cropping, red-eye reduction, and enhance color and contrast The images can be printed on the pages of a bound book, such as those send in the bookstores Digital images follow universal encoding mechanisms (jpg, png, and gif), so the pictures clicked by a digital camera can be instantly shared to any computer in the world-using Internet or can have them posted on the social media Websites ON YOUR FINGERTIPS 1.5 Career in Digital Photography Today, we live in a digital world and digital photography has become the essence of digital representation The demands for photography have also been increased, as photos are the best way to create and store memories However, apart from just creating memories, digital photography is being used in the following fields, which will earn you a good amount of money » Brand endorsement photo-shoots: This is the biggest market for professional photographers These photo-shoots include photographing models (male and female) for representing the brand, photographing the actual product under different lighting photographing the celebrities who are the brand ambassadors and surrounding conditions, and > Personal portfolio: This is particularly important for the people who are in modelling and acting fields > Social events: These include all marriage related photo-shoots (pre-wedding, in-wedding and postwedding) photo-shoots, birthday parties, social gatherings, receptions, and the list goes on » Wildlife photography: different locations It is a very big field and includes clicking photos of animals and their life in Figure 4.25 (b): Dashing Waves - Impressive Quick Test 4.2 Cropping close into the picture allows you to concentrate on the essential elements and eliminate unnecessary details a b True False A portrait allows you to move the subject around until the right composition and balance is achieved a True b False 4.2.2 Leading the Way Composing a picture is like telling a story — in that you need to connect the elements in a logical way This is particularly important when you are capturing a complex scene Providing a visual pathway for the viewer is one of the easiest ways of doing it This path can be as simple as a physical line within the picture linking the foreground to the background Since people just don't stare at the image, they scan it, and this provides a guide for them to follow as they read the picture This solution works well when you have a suitable road, railway track, or stream to place in the composition, However, these are not available in many landscapes The solution is to make use of one or more diagonal lines Diagonals are everywhere around you, and can be placed in areas where there are not obvious just by varying the camera viewpoint — you only need to think more creatively > Pointing to the sun: The pier provides a line towards the sunset (Refer to Figure 4.26) Figure 4.26: Pointing to the Sun > r Composing landscape: The picture in image (Refer to Figure 4.27) is primarily about the sea island landscape, but including a human in the foreground creates an interesting composition The man helps to guide a visual path linking the two landscapes — the travelling man and the distant sea island > Look from here: You can often use linear perspective to create dynamic, diagonal, and strong lines that can guide the eye through the picture (Refer to Figure 4.28) Figure 4.28: Look from Here The beauty of using diagonals is not that they are easily found and provide a very simple visual route through the picture, they also suggests us a continuation beyond the limits of the image to give us a feeling of movement Strong diagonals tend to create strong pictures and a big part of the reason behind this effect is that they never go parallel with the frame sides However, we shoot, crop, or show our images, they are almost in rectangular These four edges are not just the boundaries, but also an effective part of the composition If the picture lines follow the same directions as the edges, then the picture will tend to appear more boring and predictable A diagonal line goes against the flow making the composition more dynamic When using single lines, the maximum effect is achieved when it is at around 45° to the edges and breaks into one of the four corners in the picture > Capturing sports: Framing the sports so that the key objects are placed diagonally expresses the actions much better than if they were placed parallel to the sides In Figure 4.29, the snowy surface and the snowboarder's body position create useful diagonal lines Figure 4.29: Capturing Sports 4.2.3 Maintaining the Balance and Proportion Having found the subject and the right camera angle, you need to decide on where to place the main subject in the frame It's always intuitive to place them in the center, but some pictures most often appear better off they are less symmetrical You can place the subject in the middle of the frame only of you want a restful image In most pictures, it is more rewarding to place the key elements away from the center as it creates a more exciting and dynamic composition The subject should not be too close to the edges either, unless you are looking for a radical look One of the traditional approaches is to put the main elements a third of the way in from one of the horizontal and vertical edges; this provides four key points for putting the main subject >» Towards the edge: The blue flower pot with green plant in Figure 4.30 was purposely arranged so that the main focal point is the mid-left corner of the frame, creating a rather unusual, nonsymmetrical, and off-balance image Figure 4.30: Into the Edge > Hanging off-center: It is quite tempting to frame the subjects tightly in the middle, but giving a visual imbalance creates great shots The parachutist in Figure 3.31 is placed off-center Figure 4.31: Hanging Off-center > The rule of thirds: It's a ‘thumb rule’ or guideline for composing images such as designs, films, paintings, and photographs It proposes that a picture should be imagined as divided into nine equal parts by two equally spaced vertical and horizontal lines (Refer to Figure 4.32 (a)), and that the subject should be placed along these lines or their intersections As said by many, that aligning a subject with these points creates more energy, tension and interest in the composition than just simply centring the subject Figure 4.32 (b) demonstrates the application of the rule of thirds The horizon sits at the horizontal line dividing the lower third of the photo from the upper two-thirds The lighthouse sits at the intersection of two lines, sometimes called a power point or a crash point Figure 4.32 (a): Rule of Thirds: Grid View Figure 4.32 (b): Rule of Thirds: Application 4.2.4 Framing However, how much you zoom in, you will often realize that large areas of the picture are mostly waste Architectural pictures may include too much sky, while landscape shots may have striking foregrounds, and so on A simple solution lies in finding something that will fill this unused gap Just by changing the viewpoint, something as simple as an electric pole can be used to fill up the dull area — effectively drawing a border around the image This technique can be further expanded for providing a complete frame within the viewfinder Doorways, window frames, and arches can be brought into service, just by moving back so that they are in the view This trick is not just helpful in hiding unwanted elements in an image, but it can also be a good way of adding some visual interest to the picture, especially if the framing element has a bold, strong shape By adding an interesting foreground in the frame, you can also create a greater sense of depth as you look through the frame to look the image beyond > Framing the bridge: Sometimes, the frame can be as interesting as the subject itself can While shooting the bridge (Refer to Figure 4.33), the photographer thought to include the green mountains to create an interesting shot and to fill-up the frame Figure 4.33: Framing the Bridge > Filling excess sky: A wide-angle low-level view of the church in Figure 4.34 allowed the photographer to frame the church tower with picturesque neighboring buildings However, on the first vantage point, there was too much sky The simple solution was to take a few steps backwards and use the round white column in the left to fill the empty space Figure 4.34: Filling Excess Sky > From the foliage: Sometimes, a gap in the fencerow can be useful for framing landscapes It works well in almost all weathers In Figure 4.35, the frame of autumnal branches helps to set the scene for the lake beyond Figure 4.35: From the Foliage 4.3 Summary In this session, Composition Techniques — Part 2, you learned that: v > The feeling of depth in the landscape is solely based on the assumption that all the trees in the composition are approximately of same height Perspective is one of the most vital properties of a picture that you can always manipulate for creating a stronger feeling of depth Depth of field is a useful tool for giving a 3-D effect Diminishing size of the subject is a by-product of linear perspective v The more distant things are from the camera, the less distinct they appear The easiest way to control the depth of field is to vary the aperture setting v Adjusting the depth of field settings can be used to change the emphasis in a picture Scaling is not important with most of the subjects Composition is the one of the best ways to improve your picture Posed portraits, especially in the studio gives the photographer composition because you can ask the model to move as you wish more control over the v For cropping in tight into the subject, you need to make full use of the zoom Diagonals are everywhere around you, and can be placed in areas where there are not obvious just by varying the camera viewpoint 4.4 Exercise 1: is one of the most vital properties of a picture that you can always manipulate for creating a stronger feeling of depth a Composition b Light c Character d Perspective One of the main ways to alter a picture using camera controls alone is by varying the a Brightness b Darkness c Depth of field d Shadows A a Top-angle b Low-angle c Side-angle d shooting position can be used to create a dynamic, 3-Dimensional image Front-angle For cropping in tight into the subject, you need to make full use of the a Zoom b Angles c Depth d Framing Answers ®&@ 1w to Exercise Perspective Depth of field Low-angle Zoom Answers to Quick Test Quick Test 4.1 True False Quick Test 4.2 True True