Collaboration for Agriculture and Rur al Development (CARD) Program 44 IMPROVEMENT OF EXPORT AND DOMESTIC MARKETS FOR VIETNAMESE FRUIT THROUGH IMPROVED POST - HARVEST AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Pr oject title: Improvement of export and domestic markets for Vietnamese fruit through improved post - harvest and supply chain management Project code : CARD 050/04 VIE Authors: Nguyen Duy Duc 1 , R. J. Nissen 3 , Nguyen Minh Chau 2 , Nguyen Ngu 1 , Vu Cong Khanh 1 , San Tram Anh 1 , Ngo Van Binh 1 , Tran Thi Kim Oanh 1 Project Implementing organisations: 1 Sub - Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Post - Harvest Technology (SIAEP) 2 Southern Fruit Research Institute (SOFRI) 3 Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (DPI & F) 1. Introduction The fruit industry in Vietnam has a great potential and plays an important role in agricultural production. In 2003, Vietnam exported US$43 million of high value fruit to high - income countries and imported US$14 million of fruit and vegetables. Vietnam is experiencing difficulties in competing with other Asian nations in export markets and its own domestic market, especially with China and Thailand. Ford et al., (2003), suggested the competitiveness of Vietnamese fruit industries were failing due to poor, unstable product quality, no quality standards, poor post harvest technologies and pre - harvest practices, lack of group co - operative marketing structures and little information about supply chains, prices and cus tomers needs. This suggests that Vietnam’s horticultural industries require substantial development to be globally competitive. This project will address constraints by engaging with key Vietnamese stakeholders from research institutes (SIAEP and SOFRI) a nd local farmers in the mango and pomelo industries in Southern Vietnam. This project will take total supply chain network into account. This project focused on where significant benefits are to be gained in the pre - harvest, post - harvest and marketing s ectors. This project will alleviate weaknesses in the supply chain and improve the capacity of stakeholders involved in pre - and post - harvest technologies affecting product quality consistency. Highly – specialised, targeted training programs, appropriate f or institutions and industry stakeholders will be provided in supply chain management and planning, pre - and post - harvest technologies. 2. Research contents and methodology 2.1 Contents  Cat Hoa Loc mango, Cat Chu mango, Nam Roi pomelo and Da Xanh pomelo w ere selected to conduct research.  A strategic analysis of the mango and pomelo horticultural industries supply chains in Vietnam  Mapping and identifying strengths and weaknesses in existing domestic and export chains for mango and pomelo, with particular e mphasis on determining consumer preferences and needs, and feeding results back to farmers  Selection of the key stakeholders and identification of key pre - and post - harvest and cultural constraints  Developing improved export and domestic supply chains for m ango and pomelo CARD 050/04 VIE – Market improvement for Vietnamese fruits 45  Setting up of new supply chains, improved farmer groups/organisations for marketing mango and pomelo  Pre and post - harvest capacity building of mango and pomelo farmers. 2.2 Methodology 2.2.1 Manuals developed 2.2.2 Pomelo study 2.2.3 Mango study a) Hot water dip treatment b) Control low temperature in all supply chains c) Set up three different value/supply chains. This was done to demonstrate to the CARD project participants (farmers to retailers) the affects each supply chain product fl ows had on fruit quality. Three different value/supply chains were trialled. These were: • Traditional supply chain (no change in technology or supply chain practices) • New supply chain (new improved pre - and post - harvest technologies and hot water treatment ) • Metro Cash and Carry cool supply chain (New improved pre - and post harvest technologies, hot water treatment and cool supply chain): For the Metro Cool Supply Chain fruit were transported from the pack house in Cai Be, Tien Giang Province by air conditi oned van (20 - 25 o C) to Metro warehouse where the fruit were temporary placed in the Metro warehouse cool room at 5 - 10 o C for 6 - 8 hours. The fruit were then transported to the supermarkets by a cold truck before 6:00 am of the next day, and displayed for sal e at 20 - 25 o C. Fruits were collected from the supermarkets and placed in a cool room (20 o C) at SIAEP laboratory until fruit ripened d) Mango ripening by using ethylene • Ripening chamber structure: The dimension of repining chamber is Length x Width x Heigh t = 2800 x 2500 x 2600 mm; volume of 18,2m 3 with tight - close door. There is one fan at upper ceiling to blow the air inside the chamber. The floor of ripening chamber is covered by pallet • Operation principle of ripening chamber; - Washing: mango after h arvest were transported direct to the laboratory in the same day. Use clean water 0,2% hypochlorite sodium to wash mango before treatment. - Mango then was put into plastic tray in the order and kept a clearance enough to allow a fan blow ethylene air contact equally with the mango fruit surface. - During treatment, the repining door must be tightly closed to avoid the air leakage - Repining treatment is about 24 hours and temperature should be maintained about 28 0 C. - Check the content of CO 2 by C O 2 measurement apparatus. In case its content is increased over 5%, slowly open the door chamber within 10 - 15 minutes, then close it again. Normally open the door once every 12 hours. - Use Ethylene 100ppm dosage for ripening process by using ethylene r egulator. The selection of mango with the similarly weight, size is advised to get uniform color after treatment. - After repining, open the door chamber, mango were transferred to other room to storage at temperature of 28 0 C within 24 hours before distr ibution. e) Compare the effective of bagging and non - bagging methods N .D Du c , R. J. Nissen, N.M Chau, Nguyen Ngu, V.C Khanh, S.T Anh , N.V Binh & T.T Kim Oanh 46 2.2.4 Pre - and post - harvest capacity building of mango and pomelo farmers  Orchard layout and design for mango and pomelo  Canopy management for pomelo and mango  Pest and disease control f or mango and pomelo 2.2.5 Post - harvest capacity building of mango and pomelo farmers  Development of harvesting poles  Maturity indicators 2.2.6 Training activities 3. Research results and discussions 3.1 Manuals developed 3.3.1 Developed technical and fie ld guide pre - harvest manuals based on GAP These manuals were written in Vietnamese for Vietnamese farmers. Specific subjects covered were:  Mango Cultivation Handbook  Mango Pest Control Handbook  Mango Disease Control Handbook  Pomelo Cultivation Pest and Disease Control Handbook. Manuals covering pre - harvest training and were provided:  Best practice manual for mango (Mango Information Kit)  Mango and citrus orchard design  Citrus training and pruning manual  Farmer citrus training and pruning manual  Using che micals (A chemical handling and safety manual)  Citrus pest and disease manual  Integrated pest and disease management (IPDM) system for pomelo  Mango pest management manual  Improving mango harvest systems Manuals covering post - harvest training covered:  Opti mising harvest quality in mangoes  Mango postharvest manual  Cat Hoa Loc mango quality guide, Cat Chu mango quality guide, Nam Roi pomelo quality guide and Da Xanh pomelo quality guide  Ripening room design Manuals covering supply/value chain development and improvement covered:  Introduction to value supply chains  Developing food value supply chains  Understanding and monitoring quality flows  Principles of supply/value chains  Supply/value chian analysis  Developing supply/value chains  Developing strategic plans  Developing action plans  Developing new improved horticultural supply/value chains  Supply/value chain management of fresh product quality and food safety  Understand supply/value chain and product quality  Processes used to manage fresh product quality and fo od safety  Handling and transporting of fresh produce along a supply chain to maintain produce quality and CARD 050/04 VIE – Market improvement for Vietnamese fruits 47 deliver safe produce to the consumer  Marketing and focus group training  Designing Training Workshops for mango and pomelo growers in Vietnam  Socio - eco nomic analysis of mango and pomelo supply chains in Vietnam All manuals were provided to farmers, collectors, traders, wholesalers, retailers and exporters who attended the CARD Project training workshops. These manuals are one measure to ensure sustainabi lity of this project. These manuals are a way of ensuring long - term project impacts. Manuals are of then used a source of reference material for SOFRI and SIAEP staff as well as the local mango and pomelo farmers. On several of the farm visits in the Me kong Delta, farmers would bring out their manuals, proudly displaying them and discuss various aspects they have read or need help with in trying to implement on their farms. 3.2 Pomelo outcomes Results from experiments indicated that fruit treated with C itra Shine Special Wax had an increased the shelf life. The increase was about 2 weeks compared to the control and Vacuum Wrapping treated fruit. The change from green to yellow was about one week later for the Citra Shine Special Wax and Vacuum Wrapped treated fruit compared to the Control treated fruit. This delay in colour change may have some effect on the supply chains operating in the Mekong River Delta in southern Vietnam by allowing traders, collectors, packing agents and wholesalers to hold frui t back from marketing for about a week. Vacuum wrapping and moisture condensation inside the wrapping also played a significant role in increasing the incidence of disease. Fruit that are vacuumed wrapped, or have a special anti - transparent applied must have no physical damage to the surface of the skin. Fruit must also be sanitised thoroughly to eliminate any possible disease infection before applying postharvest treatments. This is especially critical for fruit destined for export due to quarantine r equirements of importing countries and developing a reliable trade mark and reputation for Vietnamese pomelo fruit. Day 1 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 Percentage moisture loss (%) 0 10 20 30 40 Control Citra Shine Special Vacuum Wrapping Days 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 Taste evaluation (hedonic scale 1-9) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Control Citra Shine Special Wax Vacuum Wrapping Figure 1. Comparison of percentage moisture loss in Nam Roi P omelo fruit between control, Citra Shine Special Wax and Vacuum Wrap treatments Figure 2. Comparison of the average taste evaluations for the Control, Citra Shine Special Wax and Vacuum Wrapping Treatments for Nam Roi Pomelo N .D Du c , R. J. Nissen, N.M Chau, Nguyen Ngu, V.C Khanh, S.T Anh , N.V Binh & T.T Kim Oanh 48 3.3 Mango outcomes 3.3.1 Hot dip treatment and low temperature control Keeping mango fruit cool along the supply chain in the high humidity and high temperature conditions in Southern Vietnam significantly reduces fruit weight loss by 35% to 61% and extended shelf life by a minimu m of 4 days. Combinations of new fibreboard packaging, hot water dip treatment, plastic crate packaging and cooling the fruit along the supply chain significantly reduced disease infestation by 55% to 93% respectively. As with most fruit, mangoes are best ripened at the wholesale market end of the chain. This will allow the fruit to travel along the chain in a hard green state reducing handling damage and disease development. Mangoes should be ripened at 18 o C to 22 o C as these temperatures will allow the f ruit to develop maximum colour, flavour, texture, taste, and limit the loss of Vitamins. If these temperatures are maintained along the supply chain, fruit will still be in a high quality state and capable of being sold at the highest market prices. Days 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Weight loss (%) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Traditional New Metro Days 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Percentage (%) of fruit sample affected by disease 0 20 40 60 80 100 Traditional supply chain New supply chain Metro cool supply chain Figure 3. Comparison of the percentage of fruit weigh loss rate in for the Traditional, New and Metro Cool Supply Chains Figure 4. Comparison of the percentage of the fruit affected b y disease for the Traditional Supply Chain, New Supply Chain and the Metro Cool Supply Chain Development of new cool supply chain systems, packaging and disease control methods to extend shelf life of Cat Hoa Loc mango in Southern Vietnam must be a key initiative of Government and Institutes to ensure farmers in the Mekong Delta remain economically viable. 3.3.2 Mango ripening by using ethylene  Colour: the colour of samples used ethylene treatment were more yellow after two days ripening than controlled samples, which looked still green after 4 days storage.  Hardness: the hardness of controlled samples are still rather high (3,47 - 4,5 Kg/ cm2) while the hardness of treated samples are reduced significantly (1,02 Kg/ cm2).  Degrees Brix: Brix level of ethy lene treated samples was increased (from 40 - 80% after 3 - 4 days of treatment) compared controlled samples. CARD 050/04 VIE – Market improvement for Vietnamese fruits 49 3.3.3 Compare the effective of bagging and non - bagging methods Bagged fruit were only sprayed once with pesticides (before bagging), while non - bagg ed fruit were sprayed a further seven times. This bagging method provides to consumers a chemical free, safe product. An 87% reduction pesticides costs was achieved using fruit bagging. Table 1 below show 10% to 20% increase in fruit quality achieved us ing fruit bags across all fruit grades. Table 2 below, show the price received in VND/kg for each fruit grade for bagged and non - bagged fruit. Table 1. Comparison of fruit grades, bagged fruit versus non - bagged fruit. Grade Fruit Bagging (%) Non - Fruit Bagging (%) % change Class 1 60 40 20 Class 2 30 40 10 Class 3 10 20 10 Table 2. Comparison of prices per fruit grade for bagged fruit versus non - bagged fruit. Grade Fruit Bagging (VND/kg) Non - Fruit Bagging (VND/kg) % change Class 1 35 000 30 000 17 Class 2 25 000 20 000 25 Class 3 10 000 7 000 43 Comparing production costs of fruit bagging on one Cat Hoa Loc mango tree to one tree that was not bagged was 231 200 VND vs. 128 000 VND. Comparison of income from one Cat Hoa Loc mango tree with bag ged fruit versus one tree where the fruit were not bagged was 2 573 000 VND vs. 1 824 800 VND. Profit earned from one Cat Hoa Loc mango tree that was bagged was 2 341 800 VND compared to a non - bagged tree of Cat Hoa Loc 1 696 800 VND. These studies foun d that fruit bagging during the May to August period could significantly increase incomes by 27%, lifting socio - economic standings. 3.3 Pre - harvest capacity building of mango and pomelo farmers 3.3.1 Orchard layout and design for mango and pomelo How to ch ange from a mixed farming system orchard to a monoculture blocks of trees (trees of the same species) planted together within the total farm orchard received excellent support from all the groups. This process is in line with GAP processes in Vietnam. Due to economics of doing such redesign of their orchards; it will take considerable time to implement, as farmers still have to generate a living from their farms. Two forms of change were highly acceptable to the farmers. These are:  gradual tree removal a nd replacement planting to an GAP system orchard design  gradual lopping of large trees (reducing tree height). The implementation of canopy management and pruning practices to increase fruit quality by allowing: o greater light penetration into the canopy o b etter spray penetration (This will give greater control of pests and N .D Du c , R. J. Nissen, N.M Chau, Nguyen Ngu, V.C Khanh, S.T Anh , N.V Binh & T.T Kim Oanh 50 diseases thereby reducing effects on fruit quality and help reduce chemical costs and application costs) o all the crop to be harvested (reducing pests and disease pressures) Many pomelo an d mango farmers are now planting monoculture blocks of trees to ensure they can obtain GAP accreditation. For example, Hoang Gia Company has planted monoculture blocks of pomelo (about 600 trees) in the Binh Minh District. The Viet Hung Company has also planted about 180 hectares of mango. Mr. Hung an orchardist and director of the Viet Hung Company has about 15000 m 2 of orchard or 480 mango trees planted at a spacing of about 6 m x 6m. About 50% of the area is the mango variety Cat Hoa Loc, 40% Cat Chu , and the remaining 10% others varieties Keow Savoey of Thailand, Kensington of Australia, and the Taiwanese variety Tuong - elephant and Thom of Vietnam. Trees are kept to a manageable height of less than 4 metres via canopy management techniques such a pr uning and training, tree lopping and top - working trees to new varieties. 3.3.2 Canopy management for pomelo and mango Correct canopy management procedures for pomelo is difficult to achieve in Vietnam due to farmers having to constantly remove branches and limbs due to infestation of Huanglongbing (greening disease). It is hoped that newly established orchards trees will be pruned to the desired tree shape to facilitate the effectiveness of sprays for pests and diseases and improve light interception and u ltimately fruit quality following GAP for Vietnam. For mango, the very large, old trees with a single stem would also prove difficult to prune, but discussions held at SOFRI with staff and farmers devised a system for gradual pruning and training of trees. Many growers are still very hesitant or uncertain about the effects of pruning very old and large mango trees. This is a cultural factor that has to be addressed in Vietnam. Other projects conducted by the Australian team in northern Vietnam have found that farmers of stone fruit trees (peach and plum) and persimmon trees will not prune their trees because they fear they will die. It has taken over 6 years and many demonstrations to convince these farmers that trees can be lopped, stumped or pruned with out dying. Many farmers are not easily convinced unless they see it demonstrated on their own orchards. The demonstration orchard set up by EMU Vietnam at Cam Rang in Khanh Hoa Province have been successfully topped and pruned for several years. Also Mr. Hung’s orchard at the My Xuong commune, Cao Lanh district, Dong Thap Province also demonstrates that mango trees can be managed by topping, pruning and training to increase light interception and improve fruit quality. 3.3.3 Pest and disease control for m ango and pomelo Best practice systems and implementation of GAP are based on good IPM and IDM strategies to reduce chemical usage and contaminants, enabling the producer to provide a quality assured product for his customers and finally the consumers. For example: The main diseases affecting mangoes during the postharvest phase, develop from infections that occur in the field and then remain latent until the fruit ripen. Disease may also develop as a result of wound infections that occur during the harvest ing and postharvest handling of the fruit. Applying chemicals at late fruit development stages in field or during the postharvest phase increase the risks of chemical contamination and may void quality assurance standards. Therefore, correctly identifyin g the disease and the chemical that will control the disease and correct application (rate and timing) early in the field is the safest, avoiding contamination, health and safety issues and voiding quality assurance standards. Anthracnose is a fungus that affects most parts of the mango tree. It grows on leaves, young shoots, flowers and fruit. The fungus spreads CARD 050/04 VIE – Market improvement for Vietnamese fruits 51 from spores that are produced on dead twigs, branches and leaves. These spores are spread by water splash onto new growth. Infection on the fl owers and young fruit can cause severe flower and fruit drop, but on larger fruit the infection can lie dormant until the fruit starts to ripen, when the fungus develops into large black areas. Infection can be controlled by protectant sprays during flowe ring. This limits the control measures that may have to be taken during the postharvest phase. This GAP practice also significantly reduces production costs. An example for citrus is the monitoring of pests and diseases. By correctly designing and openi ng up orchards, not planting too close, increasing light interception and carrying out canopy management will significantly assist in the management of diseases as phytophthora and huanglongbing (citrus greening disease). Opening up the orchard provides l ess favourable conditions for the psyllids which spread the disease. Discussions with huanglongbing disease specialists indicated that inter - planting with guava may reduce the incidence of huanglongbing disease and prolong the tree life by disrupting the psyllids movements due to volatiles released from the guava trees. Where pomelo fruit hang together on the tree and mature, they usually develop disease where they touch each other. It was proposed to farmers, where fruit hang in doubles that one fruit be removed early to avoid diseases building up on the fruit. This process will increase the number of marketable fruit per tree thereby increasing yield and farm gate returns. 3.4 Postharvest capacity building for mango and pomelo farmers After training, Ma ngo groups have initiated new harvesting procedures and process to ensure quality standards and GAP are adhered to. For example: o Mango fruit are harvested in the morning, but on occasions when rain or other crop management factors intervene, fruit may be harvested at any time of day. o Harvesting poles are used to harvest the fruit from the ground and from high up in the tree canopy. o All fruit are harvested with long stems (up to 10 cm if possible) and placed into paper - lined baskets. o Paper is also placed between each layer of fruit in the baskets to protect fruit from sap burn or rub marks. o Harvested fruit stems are usually cut to 2 cm in length and placed on wire trays with stem down to allow sap to ooze. o Fruit are left on the ground for approximately 2 h ours then wrapped in newspaper and placed into 20 kg baskets. o Mango branches, paper or banana leaves are used to cover fruit in these baskets whilst in the field. 3.4.1 Development of harvesting poles Harvesting poles have scissors and are used to cut fr uit from the branches and a soft cloth bag attached to catch the fruit (Figure 5). All fruit are now harvested with long stem 15 to 20 cm in length if possible. This system replaces the old harvesting pole with cutter blade (Figure 6) with a net to catch fruit. Another earlier method used was a picking pole with a looped wire to pull or snap the fruit from tree branches (Figure 7). Fruit were caught in a cloth bag suspended underneath the picking pole. The last two systems were reported to increase the incidence of sap burn, downgrading fruit from class 1 to class 3. Growers reported that net bags are too rough and damage the skin of the fruit. Soft bags also have problems, sap adheres to the material, builds up, and causes sap burn and abrasion damage on the skin of the fruit. Collaboration for Agriculture and Rur al Development (CARD) Program 52 Figure 5. New mango harvesting system using scissors to cut the fruit from the tree. Figure 6. Old system that uses blades to cut mango fruit from trees whilst catching fruit in a net. Figure 7. Old system where fr uit is pulled from tree branches and caught in a cloth bag suspended underneath. Figure 8. New mango harvesting systems, cutting fruit from trees branches using scissors and cloth bag to catch fruit. 3.4.2 Maturity indicators Fruit are harvested when:  length of time from flowering to harvest maturity, 84 days  fruit change from a dark green colour to light green colour  fruit shape is full  shoulders of the fruit are full and fruit beak has filled out  no visible line down the centre of the fruit. 3.5 Trai ning activities Sixty three workshops were conducted during this project, to train 677 farmers and 124 collectors and wholesalers (not included other participants in supply chains). In - field, participatory action learning workshops provided a better under standing of how improvements to the mango and pomelo supply/value chains operating in Southern Vietnam. Forty four manuals and workbooks were developed and used in the CARD Project and 24 reports which10 papers published in international journals and wor kshops were produced covering. 4. Conclusions A strategic analysis of the mango and pomelo supply/value chains operating in southern Vietnam was completed by SIAEP and SOFRI staff, farmers, collectors, traders, wholesalers, exporters and retailers. This strategic analysis process, in manual form was provided to both SIAEP and SOFRI staff to use for development of future fruit and vegetable supply/value chains. Strategic plans workshops were also held in villages with CARD 050/04 VIE – Market improvement for Vietnamese fruits 53 mango and pomelo growers and with co llectors to discuss supply chain maps, the SWOT analysis and strategic plans developed at previous workshops and to adjust and obtain input from a wider cross section of farmer/growers. Action plans were also developed based on the agreed vision, goals an d future direction for both the mango and pomelo CARD project participants. New supply chains were developed with Metro Cash & Carry and various high value retailers in TP Ho Chi Minh City for mango and pomelo. This project was not involved in the busin ess to business negotiations but assisted in developing good agricultural practices (GAP) and quality assurance systems. In 2008, the Cat Hoa Loc Mango Group sold about 700kg to 1 tonne of Cat Hoa Loc grade 1 fruit to Metro Cash & Carry Vietnam Ltd., as a trial shipment using a new developed supply/value chain. This fruit sold from 55,000 to 75,000 VND/kg. This is about double to triple the normal price. At the end of the CARD Project, a contract was signed with Metro Cash & Carry to supply 5 tonne of f ruit. They also supply about 70 tonnes of mango in 2009 and 100 tonnes of mango in 2010 for processor in Ho Chi Minh city to Japan market. They use the ripening procedure developed by this project and their main products is frozen fresh - cut to supply Japa nese company. References 1. Nguy ễ n Duy Đ ứ c, R. J. Nissen , Nguy ễ n Minh Châu and et. Final report of 050/04 VIE Project, period from 2006 - 2009. 2. Nguyen Huu Hinh. 2007. Flooding in Mekong River Delta, Viet Nam. Human Development Report 2007/2008, Fight ing climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world. Human Development Report Office, Occasional Paper. Available: - http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr20 07 - 2008/papers/Nguyen_Huu%20Ninh.pdf Date 19/03/2009. 3. Mekong Delta Economic Cooperation (MD EC). 2008. The Mekong delta News, Suggesting Solutions on developing skilled workforce in the Mekong Delta. Available : http://www.mdec.vn/index.php?cgi===Aaz lGbn5WZ9ATb. Date December 2008.l 4. Oxfam. 2008. Viet Nam, Climate Change, Adaptation and Poor P eople. Report for Oxfam October 2008. Available: http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2008. nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/COT - 7LKJ38 - full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf. Date: 19/03/2009. 5. Population Reference Bureau (PRB). 2009. Vietnam Statistics. Avai lable: - http://www.prb.org/ Countries/Vietnam.aspx. Date; - 12/03/2009 6. Robert L. S; Bernhard B. 2000. Fruit and Vegetable Quality. CRC Press. 7. Ross C. B; Suresh D. P; Timothy D. P, 2004. Preharvest and Postharvest Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Fut ure Direction. Blackwell Publishing. 8. Thompson, A.K; Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage, 2003. Blackwell Publishing. 9. Van Mele, P, Nguyen Thi Thu Cuc, and Van Huis, A. 2001. Farmers’ knowledge, perceptions and practices in mango pest m anagement in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. International Journal of Pest Management, 2001, 47(1) 7± 16. 10. United Nations Family planning Association (UNFPA). 2009. Vietnam Population 2007. Available: - http://vietnam.unfpa.org/documents/2008/B ien%20dong%20dan %20so_UNFPA_eng.p df. Date: - 12/03/2009. 11. United Nations Family planning Association (UNFPA). 2007. Internal Migration in Vietnam, The Current Situation. UNFPA Hanoi. June 2007. Available: - http://vietnam.unfpa.org /documents/2008/Internal%20Migration_C u rrent%20situation_e.pdf. Date: - 12/03/2009 [...]... Department of State 2009 Background Note: Vietnam US Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs March 2009 Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Publication Office Available:http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4130.htm Date:- 16/03/2009 13 Van Mele, P, Nguyen Thi Thu Cuc, and Van Huis, A 2001 Farmers’ knowledge, perceptions and practices in mango pest management. .. Date:- 16/03/2009 13 Van Mele, P, Nguyen Thi Thu Cuc, and Van Huis, A 2001 Farmers’ knowledge, perceptions and practices in mango pest management in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam International Journal of Pest Management, 2001, 47(1) 7± 16 54 . Collaboration for Agriculture and Rur al Development (CARD) Program 44 IMPROVEMENT OF EXPORT AND DOMESTIC MARKETS FOR VIETNAMESE FRUIT THROUGH IMPROVED POST - HARVEST AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Pr oject. AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Pr oject title: Improvement of export and domestic markets for Vietnamese fruit through improved post - harvest and supply chain management Project code : CARD 050/04 VIE Authors: Nguyen. Traditional, New and Metro Cool Supply Chains Figure 4. Comparison of the percentage of the fruit affected b y disease for the Traditional Supply Chain, New Supply Chain and the Metro Cool Supply Chain Development