1 Ch ng 1.1 NH NGH A T NG QUAN V T NG P N C Trong nhi u th p k qua, chuyên gia v môi tr ng tài nguyên n c th gi i ã tìm cách nh ngh a, mơ t c i m phân lo i “ t ng p n c” ( NN) Theo th i gian khái ni m, t “ t ng p n c” (wetland) c dùng ch vùng m l y, r ng sát, r ng ng p m n, vùng t tr ng ch a n c nh ao h , m phá, bãi m lún, vùng ng l , vùng t ch a than bùn, bãi t ng p ven sông, vùng t ven bi n ch u nh h ng th y tri u,… Tính ch t ng p n c, b t k t ngu n n c nào, làm cho t tr nên bão hòa ho c c n bão hòa theo th ng k ho c nh k c i m nh d ng t ng p n c Theo i u 1.1 c a Công c Ramsar v t ng p n c (the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands), công b n m 1971 t i thành ph Ramsar (Iran), ã nh ngh a t “ t ng p n c” nh sau: • “ n ho d t ng p n c vùng t c a m l y, mi n ng p l y, bãi than bùn ho c vùng c, b t k t nhiên ho c nhân t o, th ng k ho c t m th i, n c ng c ang ch y, n c ng t, n c l ho c m n, bao g m c vùng bi n nơi ! sâu i m c th y tri u th p khơng q m” • “ t ng p n vùng c có th k t h p vùng t ven sông vùng ven bi n li n k , o ho c vùng bi n có ! sâu d i m so v i m c n c tri u th p” Theo quan i m a lý sinh thái, Mitsch Gosselink (1986) cho r"ng m!t vùng t ng p n c m!t môi tr ng “giao ti p gi#a h sinh thái c n h th y sinh, c hai h th c s v n ã khác bi t g n nh hoàn toàn” Theo Liên oàn k$ s công binh M$ vùng t b ng p ho c bão hòa b i n c m c n thi t, theo tình hu ng thơng th lồi th c v t tiêu bi u thích nghi v i i (1987), t “ t ng p n c” có ngh a t n c ng m theo m!t t n s th i o n ng mà hình thành, có s hi n di n ph% bi n u ki n t bão hòa n c Theo hai nhà khoa h c n%i ti ng chuyên v t ng p n c, Kadlec Knight (1996), t ng p n c vùng n"m gi#a vùng t cao vùng n c Vùng t cao vùng t c hi u vùng t có cao ! cao i m m t t c a m c th y c p mùa l Vùng n c vùng t th p m c n c th p nh t, ho c nói cách khác ó i m n c ngồi c a m c th y c p mùa khơ Hình 1.1 Hình 1.2 minh h a cho khái ni m Theo Richardson Vepraskas (2001), ch# “ t ng p n c (wetland)” có th c&t ngh a ơn gi n g m t “s 'm t” (wetness) liên quan n y u t th y v n “ t” (land) liên quan n l p t th% nh (ng a hình phong c nh Hình 1.1 T%ng quan chung cho t ng p n c (Kadlec Knight, 1996) Hình 1.2 Minh h a c nh quan ki u hình t ng p n Dòng ch y theo ng m i tên 1.2 C I M Có c i m 1.2.1 Ngu n n t ng p n T NG P N c (Tinner, 1999) C ánh giá phân lo i t ng p n c: ngu n n c, th c v t t c c ph i có s hi n di n c a n c, b t k ngu n n c có t âu nh n c m a, n c t tan, n c ao h , m l y, sông su i, kênh m ơng, c)a bi n, vùng bi n c n, ho c n c ng m, n c ng t, n c l p th% nh (ng S có m t c a n c có th th ng xuyên ho c theo mùa ho c thay %i b t th ng tác !ng c a thiên nhiên ho c ng i t ng p n c có th ch a nhi u lo i n c có ch t l ng n c khác nh n c m n, n c ki m, n c chua, n c ng t, n c th i t sinh ho t, s n xu t công nghi p, nơng nghi p, th y s n, khai khống,… có ch a ch t vơ ho c h#u cơ, n c bùn,… Mô t c i m th y v n ngu n n c có l* m!t tiêu chí quan tr ng nh t cho vi c hình thành qu n lý lo i t ng p n c ti n trình t ng p n c (Mitsch Gosselink, 2000) Ngu n n c hi n di n vùng t ng p n c có th : (a) Vùng tr ng ch a n c m t (Hình 1.3a); (b) Vùng tr ng ch a n c ng m % vào (Hình 1.3b); (c) Vùng dịng ch y s n d c (Hình 1.3c); (d) Vùng t ng p l (Hình 1.3d) Ch y m t Ch y m t M a L p M a t không th m L pn Dòng ch y ng m c ng m (a) Vùng tr ng ch a n cm t Ch y m t (b) Vùng tr ng ch a n B c Ch y m t M a M a Ch y m t (su i) N Dòng ch y ng m (c) Vùng dòng ch y s c ng m nd c Sông cl L pn c ng m (d) Vùng ng p l ven sơng Hình 1.3 Các vùng hình thành t ng p n c (Ngu n: http://www.epa.gov/region1/students/pdfs/wetch1.pdf ) 1.2.2 Th c v t Do s hi n di n c a t n c, th c v t có th phát tri n vùng t ng p n c Th c v t vùng t ng p n c n n t ng c a chu+i th c ph'm y u t c a dịng n ng l ng tồn h th ng t ng p n c (Cronk Siobhan, 2001) S hi n di n loài th c v t khác vùng t ng p n c r t phong phú Nhi u tác gi ã li t kê mơ t lồi th c v t nh Sarah (1997), Cronk Siobham (2001), ph% bi n qua Internet trang web có a ch : http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/veg/Wetlands_I_Plants/ Các lo i th c v t s ng vùng t ng p n c c nhà th c v t h c g i b"ng tên a n c (Hydrophytes, ho c water loving plants), chúng thích nghi i u ki n 'm t, y m khí, bao g m kh n ng (US-EPA 2007): • Nhi u lồi có nh#ng túi khí c bi t g i mơ khí (aerenchyma) r, thân cho phép oxygen khu ch tán t nh#ng mô hô h p c a vào r, c a chúng • M!t s thân g+ bơm oxygen t (m!t s n ph'm c a quang h p) t i b! r, n"m t bão hịa n c Ti n trình cho phép t o ph n ng trao %i dinh d (ng c n thi t v i t chung quanh • M!t s phát h th ng r, c n, thân phình ho c b! r, m c t thân xõa m t t Các lo i a n c môi tr ng n c m n phát tri n nh#ng c n ng n ch n ho c ki m soát mu i t i m t r, nh#ng quan c bi t có kh n ng ti t mu i qua gân Th c v t t ng p n c cịn có th phân lo i d a vào s quan sát hình d ng c a chúng: • • Th c v t có thân lá, cành, hoa, trái v t m t n c (Emergent plants) i n hình c- i mèo (Cattails), cói (Rushes), th y trúc (Umbrella plant - Cyperus alternifolius) • Th c v t có tr i r!ng n%i m t n v t m t n c (Floating plants) bèo t m (duckweed) • Th c v t ng p chìm hồn tồn d nh lồi rong, t o • Cây b.i (Shrubs) • Cây thân g+ cao có th mét, có th m!t thân ho c m!t thân nhi u nhánh i n hình nh lo i tràm, c, b n, m&m, Nhóm th ng t o nên m!t qu n th th c v t t ng p n c r!ng l n d ng r ng 1.2.3 c, thân r, d i m t n c Hoa trái i n hình nh hoa súng (water lily), im tn c (Submergent plants) i n hình u th p, cho thân g+ m m v i nhi u cành nh- t t c nh ngh a nh m!t v t li u t nhiên không b n v#ng hi n di n m t t, tr ng ph n l n t n t i t t vùng t ng p n c (wetland soil) th ng c g i “ t có ch a n c” (hydric soil) c i m c a t n n m!t ch nh quan tr ng mô t th y v n t ng p n c Ph n l n t ng p n c t n t i nh#ng nơi t tr ng thái bão hòa ho c c n bão hòa ng p n c Các vùng t th ng nh#ng nơi t tr ng, t th p ho c nh#ng nơi có dịng ch y i qua ho c nơi mà n c ng m có th dâng trào, phún xu t làm cho t b s ng t, ng m n c ho c n c Do t b ngâm n c m!t th i gian dài, i u ki n y m khí nên t nguyên th y thành t ng p n c mà ó ch m!t s loài th c v t c bi t có th s ng c Có b n i u ki n t tr nên y m khí khu t ng p n c là: • t ph i b bão hịa n i m khơng th ti p nh p oxygen khơng khí; • t ph i ch a ngu n h#u có th b oxy hóa ho c phân h y • t ph i có ch a m!t s qu n th vi khu'n hơ h p c; có th oxy hóa ch t h#u cơ; N c t ph i b ng ho c di chuy n ch m Khi ánh giá t ng p n c c n l u ý mơ t c i m a hình, a m o, ! d c, tính ch t th% nh (ng, màu s&c c a n n t nh ví d hình 1.4 Các ch s v hình thái t c ng c s) d.ng nh n d ng t c a t ng p n c D i ây m!t s ch s t%ng quát: • • S tích t c a ch t h#u cơ; • Màu s&c c a • S hi n di n • S phân bi t ion s&t ho c mangan; • M c gi m sulphur carbon (ch/ng h n t theo t ng m, t; ng v"n t; t phèn) Vùng t ch a n c (Hydric soils) M cn ng m c Vùng oxy hóa Vùng mv n Vùng y m khí Tính tiêu n c 20 t tiêu ct t t tiêu n c trung bình Nâu en Nâu en Nâu Nâu n t tiêu n h n ch Nâu en Nâu xanh c m t tiêu n c khó en n t tiêu c r t khó H u mv n en Xám Xám 40 sâu 60 (cm) 80 Nâu vàng Nâu xanh Nâu vàng Nâu xám mv n 100 120 mv n Xám mv n Xám Hình 1.4 Mơ t s thay %i tính ch t t t vùng tiêu n c t t n vùng khó tiêu n (Ngu n: http://www.epa.gov/region1/students/pdfs/wetch1.pdf) c 1.3 PHÂN LO I T NG P N 1.3.1 Các h th ng phân lo i C t ng p n c Có nhi u h th ng phân lo i t ng p n c ã c gi i thi u toàn th gi i S phân lo i th ng c xây d ng s mô t c i m ngu n n c, tr ng t hi n di n ó B ng 1.1 li t kê h th ng phân lo i t ng p n c (Ngu n: http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/wetlandinfo/site/WetlandDefinitionstart/WetlandDefinitions/ WetlandClassification.html) B ng 1.1 Các h th ng phân lo i H phân lo i Công c Ramsar v t ng p n c Danh b vùng t ng p n c quan tr ng (Cowardin et al., 1979) (B&c M$) Th y a m o B&c M$ (Brinson, 1996; Brinson, 1993) Khuôn kh% New Zealand (Johnson Gerbeaux, 2004) Blackman (1992) (Queensland, d a theo Cowardin) t ng p n c qu c t - Châu i d ơng (Tây Nam Queensland) (Jaensch, 1999) Kingsford Porter (1999) (Sông Paroo) Timms (1999) (Currawinya, Qld) Casanova (1999) (Paroo Rivers, Qld) Timms Boulton, 2001 (Paroo River, Qld) t ng p n c Chi ti t 42 nhóm ph nh n d ng theo nhóm ( t ng p n c vùng ven bi n vùng bi n, t ng p n c n!i a, t ng p n c ng i t o nên) 42 nhóm ph nh n d ng theo nhóm ( t ng p n c vùng ven bi n vùng bi n, t ng p n c n!i a, t ng p n c ng i t o nên) ki u t ng p n c (bi n, c)a sông, ven sông, h , m l y) 56 ki u mô t phân lo i B% sung: ch ! n c, l p t n n, th c v t ki u t ng p n c: m l y B% sung: a m o, ngu n n c v n chuy n, th y !ng h c ki u t ng p n c: bi n, c)a sông, ven sông, h , m l y, t m n n!i a, plutonic (nh vôi), a nhi t nival (nh vùng núi Alphine) B% sung: ch ! n c, c u trúc th c v t, th c v t, l p t n n ki u t ng p n c (bi n, c)a sông, ven sông, h , m l y) B% sung: ch ! n c, l p t n n, th c v t ki u t ng p n c (ven sông, h , m l y) 20 ki u ph B% sung: ! m n (n c ng t n c m n), th c v t u th lo i t ng p n c B% sung: th c v t, a m o, ! m n, th y v n ki u t ng p n c B% sung: a m o, th y v n, ch t l ng n c, s ng n c, !ng v t không x ơng s ng, loài chim lo i t ng p n c B% sung: ch ! n c, th c v t ki u t ng p n c (bi n, c)a sông, ven sông, h , m l y) B% sung: d a vào th y sinh (bi n %i theo: ! m n, ! c, ch ! n c) Northern Territory (Duguid, 2002) NSW (Green, 1997) WA (Hill et al., 1996) Ch s i u ki n t ng p n c Victorian (Corrick Norman, 1980) 71 ki u t ng p n c theo m.c: l u v c (17 ki u), mi n t ph/ng (4 ki u), kênh d0n (21 ki u), su i (18 ki u), ch y ng m (1 ki u) nhân t o (10 ki u) 14 ki u t ng p n c theo m.c: vùng ven bi n, vùng cao nguyên, vùng n!i a B% sung: th y v n, th c v t 13 ki u t ng p n c B% sung: ! m n, th c v t ki u t ng p n c: ven sông, m l y 39 ki u ph B% sung: th c v t, th y v n, ! m n 1.3.2 Phân lo i theo Công c t ng p n c Ramsar Theo B ng thông tin c a Công c Ramsar (The Information Wetlands - RIS), phiên b n 2006 - 2008 h ng d0n, vi c phân lo i nhóm: nhóm t ng p n c ven bi n/ vùng bi n, nhóm t ng p n t ng p n c ng i t o nên Trong t ng nhóm, lo i t ng g i ký hi u (trong ngo c ơn) nh sau 1.3.2.1 Nhóm t ng p n Sheet for Ramsar t ng p n c theo c n!i a nhóm p n c u có tên c vùng ven bi n/ vùng bi n • Vùng bi n n c nông ng p th ng xuyên (ký hi u A, Permanent shallow marine waters): bao g m vùng n c sâu d i m lúc tri u th p, vùng k c v nh bi n eo bi n • Vùng n c áy d i tri u bi n (ký hi u B, Marine subtidal aquatic beds): bao g m vùng áy có t o b1, vùng áy c- bi n, bãi c- bi n vùng nhi t i • Vùng r ng san hơ (ký hi u C, Coral reefs) • Vùng bi n r ng (ký hi u D, Rocky marine shores): bao g m r ng vùng o ngồi khơi, vùng vách nhơ bi n • Vùng bi n có bãi cát, bãi cu i ho c bãi s i (ký hi u E, Sand, shingle or pebble shores): bao g m v a cát, o cát b cát ng m, h gi ng cát ven bi n d i n cát ch a n c • Vùng c a bi n (ký hi u F, Estuarine waters): bao g m vùng c)a bi n ng p th ng xuyên h c)a sông % bi n c a vùng châu th% • Các v a bùn vùng nh h ng tri u, v a cát ho c v a mu i (ký hi u G, Intertidal mud, sand or salt flats) • Vùng m l y ch u nh h ng tri u (ký hi u H, Intertidal marshes): bao g m vùng m l y n c m n, vùng m mu i, m nhi,m m n, t c c vùng m l y n c l n c ng t • Vùng t ng p n c có r ng ch u nh h ng tri u (ký hi u I, Intertidal forested wetlands): bao g m vùng m l y r ng sát, r ng (Nipah) vùng r ng n c l n c m n vùng tri u • c, r ng d a n c Vùng m phá n c m n/ l ven bi n (ký hi u J, Coastal brackish/saline lagoons): bao g m vùng m phá t m n sang l , có nh t m!t dòng ch y h1p n i thơng v i bi n • Vùng m phá n bao g m vùng c ng t ven bi n (ký hi u K, Coastal freshwater lagoons): m phá vùng châu th% n c ng t • Vùng vơi vùng có h sinh thái th y v n ng m khác (ký hi u Zk(a), Karst and other subterranean hydrological systems) c a vùng bi n, ven bi n 1.3.2.2 Nhóm t ng p n c n i a • Vùng châu th n i a th ng xuyên ng p (ký hi u K, Permanent inland deltas) • Vùng sơng, r ch, dịng ch y th ng xuyên (ký hi u M, Permanent rivers/streams/creeks): bao g m c thác n c • Vùng sơng, r ch, dịng ch y theo mùa/ gián o n/ b t th Seasonal/intermittent/irregular rivers/streams/creeks) • Vùng h! n c ng t th ng xuyên (Ký hi u O, Permanent freshwater lakes): vùng ph i r!ng ha, bao g m h hình “ách bị” (h hình cung) • Vùng h! n c m n/ n c l / n c ch"a mu i alkaline th hi u Q, Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline lakes) • Vùng h! tr ng n c m n/ n c l / n c ch"a mu i alkaline theo mùa/gián o n (Ký hi u R, Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/alkaline lakes and flats) • Vùng h!/ m n c m n/ n c l / n c ch"a mu i alkaline th (Ký hi u Sp, Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools) • Vùng h!/ m n c m n/ n c l / n c ch"a mu i alkaline theo mùa/ gián o n (Ký hi u Ss, Seasonal/intermittent saline/ brackish/ alkaline marshes/ pools) • Vùng h!/ m n c ng t th ng xuyên (Ký hi u Tp, Permanent freshwater marshes/pools): g m nh#ng h có di n tích d i ha, m l y vùng t vô cơ, v i tr ng m c n%i vùng n c ng nh t su t mùa t ng tr ng • Vùng h!/ m n c ng t theo mùa/ gián o n vùng t vô (Ký hi u Ts, Seasonal/intermittent freshwater marshes/pools on inorganic soils): g m v ng l y, h c n c, ng c- ng p l theo mùa, m lách • Vùng t than bùn khơng có r ng (Ký hi u U, Non-forested peatlands): bao g m bãi l y, m l y có b.i ho c tr ng ng (ký hi u N - ng xuyên (Ký ng xuyên • Vùng t ng p n c vùng núi Alpine (Ký hi u Va, Alpine wetlands): bao g m vùng n c l y núi Alpine, vùng n c t m th i hình thành t t tan • Vùng t ng p n c vùng Tundra (Ký hi u Va, Tundra wetlands): bao g m g m h n c vùng Tundra (nh#ng vùng B&c c c b óng b ng v nh c)u b"ng ph/ng r!ng l n c a châu Âu, Á B&c M$), vùng n c t m th i hình thành t t tan • Vùng t ng p n c có u th v b#i (Ký hi u W, Shrub-dominated wetlands): bao g m vùng m l y b.i, m n c ng t u th v b.i, b.i shurb-carr, s i (alder) m c dày t vơ • Vùng t ng p n c ng t, có u th v b#i (Ký hi u Xf, Shrubdominated wetlands): bao g m vùng m l y n c ng t, khu r ng ng p n c mùa l , m l y có r ng t vơ • Vùng t than bùn có r ng (Ký hi u Xp, Forested peatlands): bao g m khu r ng vùng m l y than bùn • Vùng su i n • Vùng c ng t, c t ng p n c o (Ký hi u Y, Freshwater springs, oases) a nhi t (Ký hi u Zg, Geothermal wetlands) • Vùng vơi vùng có h sinh thái th y v n ng m khác (ký hi u Zk(b), Karst and other subterranean hydrological systems) c a vùng n!i a L u ý d ng vùng ng b"ng ng p l (floodplain), th ng xuyên ho c theo mùa, u c xem vùng t ng p n c m c d u khái ni m t ng p n c ng l (floodplain wetlands) khơng có danh sách c a Công c Ramsar v t ng p n c 1.3.2.3 Nhóm t ng p n c nhân t o Các vùng t ng p n c nhân t o (Human-made wetlands) khơng có ký hi u riêng Các lo i t ng p n c bao g m: 10 • Ao h ni tr ng th y s n • Ao h nơng tr i, h tr# n • t tr ng có t • t nơng nghi p có t c, b ch a,… (th ng d i, bao g m c kênh th y l i cánh i theo mùa, nh t tr ng màu, • Các ru!ng mu i, cánh • Các vùng tr# n • Các vùng x i ( • Các vùng t dùng làm x) lý n c th i nh vùng th i n h oxy hóa, bãi th i n c th i khu dân c , … • Các d ng kênh tiêu, m ơng, rãnh n • Các h th ng ng m có ch a n i ha) ng lúa t tr ng c-, … ng làm mu i, … c, nh h ch a, ê l y p, b bao (th ng r!ng ha) t làm g ch ngói, khai khống, …) c, … c ng i t o c nông tr i, h l&ng, T m ch&n S y 5ng vào p t B l&ng S-i Hình 5.4 Các t m ch&n + C u trúc L p ch ng th m N n cát (# 60 cm) Ki m soát m cn c 5ng t m t n n cát u C u trúc u c a m!t khu t ng p n c ki n t o ch y ng m m!t y u t thi t k nơi nh n ngu n n c ã qua x) lý C u trúc u c n ph i xem xét l&p t c'n th n nh"m ki m soát chi u sâu l p n c bên h th ng, c bi t vào th i k m a l Rãnh ng c n có m!t k t c u có th i u ch nh c Trong mùa khô ki t th i k l u l ng vào nh-, van u có th c khóa l i gi# n c t ng r, c a khu t ng p n c ki n t o C u trúc u nên m!t ng ng có th i u ch nh c ! cao qua m!t p tràn thành m-ng ho c m!t ng tràn 5ng i u ch nh ! cao m c n c có th có c u trúc ơn gi n nh hình 5.5, bao g m m!t ng PVC theo chi u ng có rãnh tháo g&n vào m!t co khu u PVC C u trúc cho phép ki m soát m c n c khu t ng p n c ki n t o ch y ng m m c m m d6o tin c y cao nh t T t gi# m c n c kho ng – 10 cm d i m t t M c n c làm l p l c cát t t nh t, gi# cho s y phát tri n ki m soát m!t ph n c- d i tránh s ng n c rác ch t b'n, ng kính ng ph i r!ng, b"ng ho c l n 50 mm - 10 cm M c n c 50 cm 5ng ng có th v n tháo 5ng Cát S-i Hình 5.5 M!t c u trúc ơn gi n L p ch ng th m u c a t ng p n p t c ki n t o ch y ng m 83 + Thu ho ch c Vi c thu ho ch c- h"ng n m m!t vi c qu n lý tiêu bi u m!t khu t ng p n c ki n t o V i t ng p n c ki n t o có tr ng m c tr!i m t n c, vi c thu ho ch c- khơng ph i m!t ti n trình khó kh n cho vi c lo i b- liên t.c d (ng ch t nh h th ng tr ng m c n%i nh b! r, t v0n t n t i phát tri n Sau m+i mùa t ng tr ng, c- c n thu ho ch tránh kh n ng choán ch+ ch t i Th ng s y có th thu ho ch m+i tháng b"ng cách c&t b- ph n thân phía g c S y thu ho ch có th dùng nh ngu n ch t t un n u, nuôi gia súc ho c ngu n nguyên li u cho công nghi p gi y Trong su t k h i ph.c c a cây, ti n trình x) lý n c th i không b nh h ng h th ng r, v0n gi# nguyên l i + Làm hàng rào Hàng rào c n c xây d ng ng n c n tr6 gia súc xâm nh p vào khu t ng p n c ki n t o, c bi t xâm nh p vào khu v c dành cho giáo d.c ho c gi i trí (Hunter, 1995) Chi u cao hàng rào nên làm x p x kho ng mét bao quanh chu vi khu v c t ng p n c ki n t o Hàng rào làm b"ng c c bê-tông l i thép nên c ch n l a c u trúc ch&c ch&n giá thành th p 5.3.6 Giá thành qu n lý Giá xây d ng m!t khu t ng p n c ki n t o qu th c thay %i theo tính c thù t ng nơi khơng có m!t quy lu t chung cho vi c l p giá Giá thành th c t m!t khu t ng p n c ki n t o có th th p n u làm l p ch ng th m b"ng màng plastic so v i b"ng bê-tơng Các thành ph n chi phí ch y u c n xem xét g m kho n: + Phí l p k ho ch xin phép; + Phí ngu n t; + Phí xây d ng; + Phí làm ng vào; + Phí v n hành theo dõi; + Các chi phí khác Liên quan xem xét: n vi c qu n lý t ng p n c ki n t o, hai v n d i ây c n c i) V n úng ng p: sau m!t th i gian dài v n hành, ch t r&n khơng hịa tan r, ch t phân rã s* tích t d n d n v t li u l c làm gi m không gian r+ng i u gây nên s úng ng p L p l c h th ng nên c thay th nh t n m m!t l n ii) V n dòng ch y ch m: ch t r&n tích t h th ng phân ph i u vào làm dòng ch y vào b ch m l i tránh hi n t ng này, h th ng u vào c n có l i ch&n ph i c làm s ch nh k Sơ qu n lý có th tham kh o hình 5.6 b ng danh sách vi c ph i l u ý c n c • 84 B o d (ng b , vùng t bao quanh khu chi ti t hóa vi c v n hành - qu n lý, m!t t ra, bao g m: t ng p n c; • Ki m tra t c ! dòng ch y khu m c nh tính tốn thi t k hay khơng; • Lo i b- t t c rác gây ngh1t • Thay th tr ng c n thi t; • Lo i b- lo i c- d i khơng mong mu n phát tri n khu • Ki m tra sâu b nh tr ng • B o v chi u sâu m c n • Ng n ch n s xói mịn s.t • Ki m tra ng n ch n d u hi u s ch y tràn m t thoáng n c ki n t o ch y ng m • t ng p n c ki n t o xem coi cịn cơng trình c u trúc u vào u ra; t ng p n c; iv i t ng p Ng n c n d u hi u k6 l m t, tr6 con, gia súc, xâm nh p vào khu n c ki n t o t ng p t ng p n c; c kh ng ch ; t; QU0N LÝ 1T NG2P N%3C KI4N T5O V@N HÀNH Bơm vào tháo n c h th ng, ki m soát t c ! 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International Forum on Water Environmental Governance in Asia, Beppu, Oita, Japan 93 M6C L6C LDI M4 EU iii TÓM TAT iv ABSTRACT v Các t vi t t&t ký hi u vi Danh sách hình ix Danh sách b ng xii Ch ơng T2NG QUAN VF 8T NG@P N7GC 1.1 nh ngh a 1.2 c i m t ng p n c 1.2.1 Ngu n n c 1.2.2 Th c v t 1.2.3 t 1.3 Phân lo i t ng p n c 1.3.1 Các h th ng phân lo i t ng p n c 1.3.2 Phân lo i theo Công c t ng p n c Ramsar 1.3.2.1 Nhóm t ng p n c vùng ven bi n/vùng bi n 1.3.2.2 Nhóm t ng p n c n!i a 1.3.2.3 Nhóm t ng p n c nhân t o 10 1.4 Ch c n ng giá tr c a t ng p n c 11 1.4.1 Chu trình th y v n bi n %i b n 12 1.4.2 i u ti t dòng ch y l b% sung n c ng m 12 1.4.3 Gi# l i ph n t) h t t o ngu n nguyên li u thô 12 1.4.4 Môi tr ng s ng cho th y th c v t !ng v t hoang dã 12 1.4.5 Giá tr giáo d.c khoa h c 12 1.5 t ng p n c c b o t n h l u sông Mekong Vi t Nam 13 1.6 Các nguy i v i h sinh thái t ng p n c 14 1.6.1 S thay %i c a i u ki n thu v n 15 1.6.2 S xâm chi m c a sinh v t ngo i lai 15 1.6.3 S thay %i khí h u toàn c u 16 Ch ơng 2: 8T NG@P N7GC KIHN TIO 17 2.1 Khái ni m 17 2.1.1 X) lý n c th i b"ng t ng p n c 17 2.1.2 nh ngh a t ng p n c ki n t o 17 94 2.1.3 L ch s) nghiên c u t ng p n c ki n t o 18 2.2 Phân lo i t ng p n c ki n t o 20 2.2.1 t ng p n c ki n t o ch y m t 21 2.2.2 t ng p n c ki n t o ch y ng m 21 2.2.3 So sánh t ng p n c ki n t o ch y m t ch y ng m 23 2.2.4 t ng p n c ki n t o ki u lai 25 2.3 H th ng x) lý n c th i qua t - tr ng a c p 26 2.4 ánh giá tính kinh t s) d.ng t ng p n c ki n t o x) lý n c th i so v i k$ thu t khác 27 Ch ơng MJT S5 THKC V@T PHÁT TRIBN 8T NG@P N7GC VÙNG LNG BMNG SÔNG CNU LONG 29 3.1 nh ngh a 29 3.2 Vai trò c a th c v t x) lý n c th i 30 3.3 Các nhóm th c v t t ng p n c 31 3.3.1 Th c v t n%i 31 3.3.2 Th c v t chìm 32 3.3.3 Các th c v t có n%i m t n c 33 3.3.4 Các th c v t trôi n%i 33 3.4 Các i u ki n môi tr ng s phát tri n c a th c v t t ng p n c 34 3.4.1 Nơi sinh s ng c a th c v t t ng p n c 34 3.4.2 9nh h ng ch ! th y v n lên th c v t t ng p n c 35 3.4.2.1 9nh h ng n n ng su t s n xu t sơ c p 35 3.4.2.2 9nh h ng n phân b c a loài th c v t 36 3.4.2.3 9nh h ng c a vi c dao !ng m c n c n s a d ng c a qu n th th c v t t ng p n c 38 3.4.2.4 9nh h ng dòng ch y n khu t ng p n c ven sông 38 3.4.3 i u ki n sinh tr ng c a th c v t t ng p n c 39 3.4.3.1 Tr m tích y m khí 39 3.4.3.2 L ng d (ng ch t khu v c t ng p n c 41 3.4.3.3 Các !c t i v i th c v t khu t ng p n c 41 3.4.4 Ch t n n nh#ng khu t ng p n c m n 41 3.4.5 i u ki n ch t n n nh#ng khu v c than bùn 42 3.4.6 i u ki n sinh tr ng c a th c v t chìm 44 Ch ơng 4: LÝ THUYHT VF CƠ CHH CHUYBN V@N CH8T Ô NHIPM TRONG 8T NG@P N7GC 46 4.1 T%ng quát vi c lo i b- ch t ô nhi,m n c th i 46 95 4.2 c tr ng dòng ch y t 47 4.2.1 Kích th c h t 47 4.2.2 ! r+ng c a t 47 4.2.3 ! d0n th y l c 48 4.2.4 nh lu t Darcy 49 4.2.5 S Reynold 51 4.2.6 Khái ni m vi t m v t m dòng ch y ng m 52 4.2.7 Dòng u th 52 4.3 Th y v n n c ng m 53 4.3.1 Ti n trình th y v n n c ng m 53 4.3.2 Mơ hình khái qt cân b"ng kh i 54 4.3.3 Ph ơng trình dịng ch y ng m theo ph ơng ngang 55 4.4 Lý thuy t c a ti n trình chuy n v n ch t ô nhi,m 56 4.4.1 Chuy n v n i l u 57 4.4.2 Chuy n v n s phân tán th y !ng l c h c 57 4.4.3 Chuy n v n s phân tán h c 57 4.4.4 Chuy n v n s khu ch tán phân t) 60 4.5 Cơ ch lo i b- ch t r&n lơ l)ng 61 4.6 Cơ ch lo i b- nitrogen 62 4.7 Cơ ch lo i b- phosphorus 64 4.8 Cơ ch lo i b- m m b nh 64 4.9 Cơ ch lo i b- kim lo i n ng 65 Ch ơng 5: CÁC THÔNG S5 THIHT KH 8T NG@P N7GC KIHN TIO 66 5.1 T%ng quát 66 5.2 L c kh o thi t k t ng p n c ki n t o 67 5.3 Các ti p c n thi t k t ng p n c ki n t o 69 5.3.1 M.c tiêu thi t k ý mu n x) lý 70 5.3.2 Ch n n cơng trình 73 5.3.3 Các tr s thi t k 75 5.3.4 Các áp d.ng th c v t th y sinh 79 5.3.5 Các y u t thi t k v t lý 80 5.3.6 Giá thành qu n lý 84 Tài li u tham kh o 86 96 E ! 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