Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Difference Equations Volume 2009, Article ID 907368, 16 pages doi:10.1155/2009/907368 Research Article Existence of Weak Solutions for Second-Order Boundary Value Problem of Impulsive Dynamic Equations on Time Scales Hongbo Duan and Hui Fang Department of Applied Mathematics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China Correspondence should be addressed to Hui Fang, kmustfanghui@hotmail.com Received 9 April 2009; Accepted 28 June 2009 Recommended by Victoria Otero-Espinar We study the existence of weak solutions for second-order boundary value problem of impulsive dynamic equations on time scales by employing critical point theory. Copyright q 2009 H. Duan and H. Fang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1. Introduction Consider the following boundary value problem: −u ΔΔ  t   f  σ  t  ,u σ  t  ,t∈  0,T  T ,t /  t j ,j 1, 2, ,p, 1.1 u  t  j  − u  t − j   A j u  t − j  ,j 1, 2, ,p, 1.2 u Δ  t  j  − u Δ  t − j   B j u Δ  t − j   I j  u  t − j  ,j 1, 2, ,p, 1.3 u  0   0  u  T  , 1.4 where T is a time scale, 0,T T :0,T ∩ T,σ00andσTT, f : 0,T T × R → R is a given function, I j ∈ CR, R, {A j }, {B j } are real sequences with B j 1  A j  −1 − 1and  p k1 |A k | < 1, the impulsive points t j ∈ 0,T T are right-dense and 0  t 0 <t 1 < ··· <t p < t p1  T, lim h → 0  u Δ t j  h and lim h → 0  u Δ t j − h represent the right and left limits of u Δ t at t  t j in the sense of the time scale, that is, in terms of h>0 for which t j  h, t j − h ∈ 0,T T , whereas if t j is left-scattered, we interpret u Δ t − j u Δ t j  and ut − j ut j . 2 Advances in Difference Equations The theory of time scales, which unifies continuous and discrete analysis, was first introduced by Hilger 1. The study of boundary value problems for dynamic equations on time scales has recently received a lot of attention, see 2–16. At the same time, there have been significant developments in impulsive differential equations, see the monographs of Lakshmikantham et al. 17 and Samo ˘ ılenko and Perestyuk 18. Recently, Benchohra and Ntouyas 19 obtained some existence results for second-order boundary value problem of impulsive differential equations on time scales by using Schaefer’s fixed point theorem and nonlinear alternative of Leray-Schauder type. However, to the best of our knowledge, few papers have been published on the existence of solutions for second-order boundary value problem of impulsive dynamic equations on time scales via critical point theory. Inspired and motivated by Jiang and Zhou 10, Nieto and O’Regan 20, and Zhang and Li 21,westudy the existence of weak solutions for boundary value problems of impulsive dynamic equations on time scales 1.1–1.4 via critical point theory. This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present some preliminary results concerning the time scales calculus and Sobolev’s spaces on time scales. In Section 3,we construct a variational framework for 1.1–1.4 and present some basic notation and results. Finally, Section 4 is devoted to the main results and their proof. 2. Preliminaries about Time Scales In this section, we briefly present some fundamental definitions and results from the calculus on time scales and Sobolev’s spaces on time scales so that the paper is self-contained. For more details, one can see 22–25. Definition 2.1. A time scale T is an arbitrary nonempty closed subset of R, equipped with the topology induced from the standard topology on R. For a, b ∈ T,a<b,a, b T :a, b ∩ T, a, b T :a, b ∩ T. Definition 2.2. One defines the forward jump operator σ : T → T, the backward jump operator ρ : T → T, and the graininess μ : T → R  0, ∞ by σ  t  : inf { s ∈ T : s>t } ,ρ  t  : sup { s ∈ T : s<t } ,μ  t   σ  t  − t for t ∈ T, 2.1 respectively. If σtt, then t is called right-dense otherwise: right-scattered,andifρtt, then t is called left-dense otherwise: left-scattered. Denote y σ tyσt. Definition 2.3. Assume f : T → R is a function and let t ∈ T. Then one defines f Δ t to be the number provided it exists with the property t hat given any ε>0, there is a neighborhood U of t i.e., U t − δ, t  δ ∩ T for some δ>0 such that     f  σ  t  − f  s   − f Δ  t  σ  t  − s     ≤ ε | σ  t  − s | ∀s ∈ U. 2.2 In this case, f Δ t is called the delta or Hilger derivative of f at t. Moreover, f is said to be delta or Hilger differentiable on T if f Δ t exists for all t ∈ T. Advances in Difference Equations 3 Definition 2.4. A function f : T → R is said to be rd-continuous if it is continuous at right- dense points in T and its left-sided limits exist finite at left-dense points in T. The set of rd-continuous functions f : T → R will be denoted by C rd T. As mentioned in 24, the Lebesgue μ Δ -measure can be characterized as follows: μ Δ  λ   i∈I  σ  t i  − t i  δ t i , 2.3 where λ is the Lebesgue measure on R, and {t i } i∈I is the at most countable set of all right-scattered points of T. A f unction f which is measurable with respect to μ Δ is called Δ-measurable, and the Lebesgue integral over a, b T is denoted by  b a f  t  Δt :   a,b  T f  t  dμ Δ . 2.4 The Lebesgue integral associated with the measure μ Δ on T is called the Lebesgue delta integral. Lemma 2.5 see 24, Theorem 2.11. If f, g : a, b T → R are absolutely continuous functions on a, b T ,thenf · g is absolutely continuous on a, b T and the following equality is valid:   a,b  T f  t  g Δ  t  Δt   f  t  g  t     b a −   a,b  T f Δ  t  g σ  t  Δt. 2.5 For 1 <p<∞, the Banach space L p Δ may be defined in the standard way, namely, L p Δ  a, b  T  :  f :  a, b  T −→ R | f is Δ-measurable and  b a   f  t    p Δt<∞  , 2.6 equipped with the norm   f   L p Δ :   b a   f  t    p Δt  1/p . 2.7 Let H 1 Δ a, b T  be the space of the form H 1 Δ  a, b  T  : W 1,2 Δ  a, b  T  :  f :  0,T  T −→ R | f is absolutely continuous on  a, b  T ,f Δ ∈ L 2 Δ  a, b  T   2.8 4 Advances in Difference Equations its norm is induced by the inner product given by  f, g  H 1 Δ :  b a f Δ  t  g Δ  t  Δt   b a f  t  g  t  Δt, 2.9 for all f, g ∈ H 1 Δ a, b T . Let Ca, b T  denote the linear space of all continuous function f : a, b T → R with the maximum norm f C  max t∈a,b T |ft|. Lemma 2.6 see 24, Corollary 3.8. Let {x m }⊂H 1 Δ a, b T , and x ∈ H 1 Δ a, b T . If {x m } converges weakly in H 1 Δ a, b T  to x,then{x m } converges strongly in Ca, b T  to x. Lemma 2.7 H ¨ older inequality 25, Theorem 3.1. Let f, g ∈ C rd a, b,p>1 and q be the conjugate number of p. Then  b a   f  t  g  t    Δt ≤   b a   f  t    p Δt  1/p   b a   g  t    q Δt  1/q . 2.10 When p  q  2, we obtain the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. For more basic properties of Sobolev’s spaces on time scales, one may refer to Agarwal et al. 24. 3. Variational Framework In this section, we will establish the corresponding variational framework for problem 1.1– 1.4. Let Γ j t j ,t j1  T , and f Γ j  t  : ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ f  t  ,t∈  t j ,t j1  T , f  t  j  ,t t j , 3.1 for j  0, 1, ,p. Now we consider the following space: H :  f :  0,T  T −→ R | f is continuous from left at each t j ,f  t  j  exists, f Γ j is absolutely continuous on Γ j , the delta derivative of f Γ j ∈ L 2 Δ  t j ,t j1  T  , f satisfies the condition  1.2  for all j  0, 1, ,p, f  0   f  T   0  , 3.2 Advances in Difference Equations 5 its norm is induced by the inner product given by  f, g  H : p  j0  t j1 t j f Δ Γ j  t  g Δ Γ j  t  Δt, ∀f, g ∈ H. 3.3 That is   f   H  ⎛ ⎝ p  j0  t j1 t j    f Δ Γ j  t     2 Δt ⎞ ⎠ 1/2 , 3.4 for any f ∈ H. First, we give some lemmas which are useful in the proof of theorems. Lemma 3.1. If  p k1 |A k | < 1, then for any x ∈ H, sup t∈0,T T |xt|≤R 0 x H , where R 0  T 1/2 /1 −  p k1 |A k |. Proof. For any x ∈ H and t ∈ t j ,t j1  T ,j 0, 1, ,p,we have | x  t  |     x  t  − x  t  j   x  t  j  −···−x  t  1   x  t  1  − x  t 0           x  t  − x  t  j   j−1  k0  x  t − k1  − x  t  k   j−1  k0 A k1 x  t − k1              t t j x Δ Γ k  s  Δs  j−1  k0  t k1 t k x Δ Γ k  s  Δs  j−1  k0 A k1 x  t − k1       ≤  t t j    x Δ Γ j  s     Δs  j−1  k0  t k1 t k    x Δ Γ k  s     Δs  j−1  k0 | A k1 |   x  t − k1    ≤ p  k0  t k1 t k    x Δ Γ k  s     Δs  j−1  k0 | A k1 |   x  t − k1    ≤ T 1/2  x  H  p  k1 | A k | sup t∈0,T T | x  t  | , 3.5 which implies that sup t∈0,T T | x  t  | ≤ R 0  x  H , ∀x ∈ H. 3.6 Lemma 3.2. H is a Hilbert space. 6 Advances in Difference Equations Proof. Let {u k } ∞ k1 be a Cauchy sequence in H. By Lemma 3.1, we have   f   H 1 Δ t j ,t j1  T     t j1 t j    f Δ Γ j  t     2 Δt   t j1 t j    f Γ j  t     2 Δt  1/2 ≤   t j1 t j    f Δ Γ j  t     2 Δt  R 2 0  t j1 − t j    f   2 H  1/2 ≤  1  R 2 0 T  1/2   f   H . 3.7 Set u j k  t  :  u k  Γ j : ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ u k  t  ,t∈  t j ,t j1  T , u k  t  j  ,t t j , 3.8 for j  0, 1, ,p, k  1, 2, Then {u j k } ∞ k1 be a Cauchy sequence in H 1 Δ t j ,t j1  T , for j  0, 1, ,p.Therefore, there exists a u j ∈ H 1 Δ t j ,t j1  T , such that {u j k } converges to u j in H 1 Δ t j ,t j1  T ,j 0, 1, ,p.It follows from Lemma 2.6 that {u j k } converges strongly to u j in Ct j ,t j1  T ,thatis,u j k − u j  Ct j ,t j1  T  → 0ask → ∞ for all j  0, 1, ,p.Hence, we have lim k → ∞ u j k  t j   u j  t j  , lim k → ∞ u j−1 k  t j   u j−1  t j  . 3.9 Noting that lim k → ∞ u j k  t j   lim k → ∞ u k  t  j   lim k → ∞  1  A j  u k  t − j   lim k → ∞  1  A j  u k  t j    1  A j  lim k → ∞ u j−1 k  t j    1  A j  u j−1  t j  , 3.10 we have u j  t j    1  A j  u j−1  t j  ,j 0, 1, ,p. 3.11 Set u  t  : ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ u j  t  ,t∈  t j ,t j1  T ,j 0, 1, ,p, u j−1  t j  ,t t j ,j 0, 1, ,p. 3.12 Advances in Difference Equations 7 Then we have u  t  j   u j  t  j   u j  t j    1  A j  u j−1  t j    1  A j  u  t j    1  A j  u  t − j  , u Γ j  u j ,j 0, 1, ,p. 3.13 Thus u ∈ H. Noting that  u k − u  H  ⎡ ⎣ p  j0  t j1 t j    u j k  Δ t − u Δ Γ j  t     2 Δt ⎤ ⎦ 1/2 ≤ ⎡ ⎣ p  j0    u j k − u j    2 H 1 Δ t j ,t j1  T  ⎤ ⎦ 1/2 , 3.14 we have u k converges to u in H as k → ∞. The proof is complete. Lemma 3.3. If  p k1 |A k | < 1, then for any u ∈ H, p  j0  t j1 t j    u σ Γ j  t     2 Δt ≤ R 2 0 T  u  2 H , 3.15 where R 0 is given in Lemma 3.1. Proof. For any u ∈ H, t ∈ t j ,t j1  T , by Lemma 3.1, we have    u σ Γ j  t     ≤ R 0  u  H ,j 0, 1, ,p, 3.16 which implies that p  j0  t j1 t j    u σ Γ j  t     2 Δt ≤ R 2 0 T  u  2 H . 3.17 The proof is complete. For any u ∈ H satisfying 1.1–1.4, take v ∈ H and multiply 1.1 by v σ Γ j , then integrate it between t j and t j1 : −  t j1 t j u ΔΔ  t  v σ Γ j  t  Δt   t j1 t j f  σ  t  ,u σ  t  v σ Γ j  t  Δt. 3.18 8 Advances in Difference Equations The first term is now  t j1 t j u ΔΔ  t  v σ Γ j  t  Δt  u Δ  t − j1  v Γ j  t − j1  − u Δ  t  j  v Γ j  t  j  −  t j1 t j u Δ  t  v Δ Γ j  t  Δt. 3.19 Hence, one gets − p  j0  t j1 t j u ΔΔ  t  v σ Γ j  t  Δt  p  j0  u Δ  t  j  v Γ j  t  j  − u Δ  t − j1  v Γ j  t − j1   p  j0  t j1 t j u Δ  t  v Δ Γ j  t  Δt  p  j1  u Δ  t  j  v  t  j  − u Δ  t − j  v  t − j   p  j0  t j1 t j u Δ  t  v Δ Γ j  t  Δt  p  j1   1  A j  u Δ  t  j  − u Δ  t − j  v  t − j   p  j0  t j1 t j u Δ  t  v Δ Γ j  t  Δt  p  j1  1  A j  I j  u  t − j  v  t − j   p  j0  t j1 t j u Δ  t  v Δ Γ j  t  Δt, 3.20 for all u, v ∈ H. Then we have p  j0  t j1 t j u Δ  t  v Δ Γ j  t  Δt − p  j0  t j1 t j f  σ  t  ,u σ  t  v σ Γ j  t  Δt  p  j1  1  A j  I j  u  t − j  v  t − j   0, 3.21 for all u, v ∈ H. This suggests that one defines ϕ : H → R, by ϕ  u   1 2 p  j0  t j1 t j    u Δ Γ j  t     2 Δt − p  j0  t j1 t j F  σ  t  ,u σ Γ j  t   Δt  p  j1  ut j  0 I j  s  ds, 3.22 where Ft, x  x 0 ft, sds, and I j 1  A j I j , ∀j  1, 2, ,p. Advances in Difference Equations 9 By a standard argument, one can prove that the functional ϕ is continuously differentiable at any u ∈ H and  ϕ   u  ,v   p  j0  t j1 t j u Δ Γ j  t  v Δ Γ j  t  Δt − p  j0  t j1 t j f  σ  t  ,u σ Γ j  t   v σ Γ j  t  Δt  p  j1 I j  u  t j  v  t j  , 3.23 for all u, v ∈ H. We call such critical points weak solutions of problem 1.1–1.4. Let E be a Banach space, ϕ ∈ C 1 E, R, which means that ϕ is a continuously Fr ´ echet- differentiable functional on E. ϕ is said to satisfy the Palais-Smale condition P-S condition if any sequence {x n }⊂E such that {ϕx n } is bounded and ϕ  x n  → 0asn →∞, has a convergent subsequence in E. Lemma 3.4 Mountain pass theorem 26, Theorem 2.2, 27. Let E be a real Hilbert space. Suppose ϕ ∈ C 1 E, R, satisfies the P-S condition and the following assumptions: l 1  there exist constants ρ>0 and a>0 such that ϕx ≥ a for all x ∈ ∂B ρ , where B ρ  {x ∈ E |x E <ρ} which will be the open ball in E with radius ρ and centered at 0; l 2  ϕ0 ≤ 0 and there exists x 0 / ∈ B ρ such that ϕx 0  ≤ 0. Then ϕ possesses a critical value c ≥ a. Moreover, c can be characterized as c  inf h∈Γ max s∈0,1 ϕ  h  s  , 3.24 where Γ { h ∈ C  0, 1  ; E  | h  0   0,h  1   x 0 } . 3.25 4. Main Results Now we introduce some assumptions, which are used hereafter: H1 the function f : 0,T T × R → R is continuous; H2 lim x → 0 ft, x/x0 holds uniformly for t ∈ 0,T T ; H3 there exist constants μ>2andL>0 such that 0 <μF  t, x  ≤ xf  t, x  , ∀ | x | ≥ L; 4.1 H4 there exist constants M j , with 0 < M<min{1/2R 2 0 , μ − 2/R 2 0 μ  2} such that    1  A j  I j  x    ≤ M j | x | , ∀x ∈ R,j 1, 2, ,p, 4.2 where M   p j1 M j , and R 0  T 1/2 /1 −  p k1 |A k |. 10 Advances in Difference Equations Remark 4.1. H3 is the well-known Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz condition from the paper 27. Lemma 4.2. Suppose that the conditions (H1)–(H4) are satisfied, then ϕ satisfies the Palais-Smale condition. Proof. Let {u k } be the sequence in H satisfying that {ϕu k } is bounded and ϕ  u k  → 0as k →∞. Then there exists a constant β>0 such that   ϕ  u k    ≤ β, 4.3 for every k ∈ N. By H3, we know that there exist constants c 1 > 0,c 2 > 0 such that F  t, x  ≥ c 1 | x | μ − c 2 , 4.4 for all x ∈ R.ByH4 and Lemma 3.1, we have p  j1  ut j  0 I j  s  ds ≥− p  j1  max{0,ut j } min{0,ut j }    I j  s     ds ≥− 1 2 p  j1 M j   u  t j    2 ≥− 1 2 MR 2 0  u  2 H , 4.5 p  j1 I j  u  t j  u  t j  ≤ p  j1    I j  u  t j       u  t j    ≤ p  j1 M j   u  t j    2 ≤ MR 2 0  u  2 H , 4.6 for all u ∈ H. 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However, to the best of our knowledge, few papers have been published on the existence of solutions for second-order boundary value problem of impulsive dynamic equations on time scales via critical. 2009 Recommended by Victoria Otero-Espinar We study the existence of weak solutions for second-order boundary value problem of impulsive dynamic equations on time scales by employing critical point theory. Copyright