Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development Vietnam-Australia Goat Improvement Program (Card Program 009/VIE05 2006-2009) Workshop Training Manual Technologies for improving goat housing and hygiene in the central provinces of Vietnam PGS Dr Dinh van Binh Dr Nguyen Thi Mui MSc Khuc Thi Hue Ha Tay, November 21, 2008 PART I Housing technology in goat production Principles • • • • • • • Goat houses are required to be clean, clear, dry and convenient for taking care of goats Housing floor is 60-80 cm from ground Housing place is required to be away from rain, wind and sunlight directly shinning to goats Housing place should be with good drainage, dry place and in large tree shade Along with goat houses should be a yard for managing, breeding, testing, feeding, trading and treating goats Inside the cage and yard is required to be a feed trough for goats Vietnam’s climate is a tropical monsoon, with high temperature and humidity Therefore, goat housing should be in east south direction for avoiding east north wind in winter and receiving east south wind in summer Materials for goat housing Materials for goat housing can be wood, steel nets, or bamboo House stands are made of brick Two-roof house One roof house Goat housing technology 3.1 House frame Support pillar made of wood • • Two-roof house structure House frame is made of wood or bamboo It is the best way if the frame is made of wood because it is the big stand for the cage The support pillar can be made of wood or brick with 50-70 cm height, the top should be covered with solid wooden girders 3.2 House roofing Roofs are made of white corrugated iron • • Roofs are made of fibro cement The roof is from the ground enough to avoid wind, and slopping for good drainage, and at least 60 cm from the wall to keep away from sunshine and rain Roof is made of bamboo, wood, or corrugated iron, or fibro cement 3.3 House walls House wall covered by B40 net House wall made of bamboo/wood Squares made of bamboo for keeping baby goats before gazing House walls made of bamboo • • • • • • House walls are for keeping goats at the height of 1.5-1.8 m Walls are made of bamboo, wood, or B40 iron net The distance of bamboo lines is about 6-10 cm in order to let goats not go out Walls are required to be strong, and without small iron hooks which can hurt goats Walls should be arranged by panels to avoid sticking goat legs Inside cages should be small panels for baby goats 3.4 House door • The door is required to be larger than the goat’s body size (about 60-80 cm) for be easy to go out and in, especially for pregnant goats • Materials for goat cage door should be bamboo, wood or plastic • Cage door can be designed as the barrier and as stairs for goats to go in and out the cage Door made of wood and corrugated iron Stair made of bricks Doors made of bamboo, wood or B40 net Stair made of wood 3.5 House floor Floor at 30-35oc slope • • Floor made of cement House floor should be built at the slope of 30-35o backward for being more convenient to clean the cage The house floor at best is made of cement or solid soil Pit for manure at the back of cage • • • Drain for compost At the back of the cage should be drains or holes for composting This is a good way of preventing pollution in the house and from disease infection Goat manure should be compost for at least month before manuring the trees In front of the house underneath should be the fence for keeping goats from going inside or to the back Fence in front of the cage underneath 3.6 House floor This is the important part of the goat cage • The floor should be made of wood with size of 2.5 x cm, assembled into lines with a space of 1-1,5 cm in between that is large enough for manure, but goat leg to drop down Floor made of bamboo • • Floor made of wood If the floor is made of bamboo, the bamboo sticks are required to be straight so that goat leg can not be dropped in the space between bamboo sticks, and bamboo splints should be directed above, which will not in turns create stagnant water and manure on the floor Goat cage floor should be flat and at 50-70 cm away from the ground Floor is about 0.5m from the ground 3.7 Feeding trough • Feeding trough of green and raw feed should be made in front and outside the cage Holes should be made for goats to leave their heads to eat feeds These holes should be at 40-60 cm from the ground, at the size of 25-30 cm • Feeding troughs should be made of wood or bamboo or plastic with the size of 30 x 50 x 25cm Green feeding trough inside • • Green feeding trough outside Feeding troughs of pure feeds can be made of wood, bamboo, or plastics and outside the cage, at 50-60 cm from the floor, which is easy for raisers to clean the house and put feed in the troughs The size of the troughs should be 30 x15 x10 cm Water troughs are made of plastic or pottery or cement Water troughs can be put outside in the ground and should be at 50 cm from the ground so that goats can not step on Feeding trough put on the wall Watering goats with aluminum pots 3.8 Yard For good management of breeding, it is required to be a yard around the cage • The yards is put in front of the cage with required area of 1.5 m2 per goat • Yard should be made of cement or soils and with fence around it • Fences are required to be made of bamboo, or wood, or B40 net Yards with fence made of B40 net Standard area for goat house Depending on the purpose of raising goats for meats or milk, the structure of goat houses are designed to be different If raising goats for milk, goats should be kept individually But for meat, goats should be kept in groups Areas of the goat houses should be calculated as follows: Types of goats Reproductive goats Breeding billy goats Goats of 07-12 months old Below 6-month old goats Individual 0.8 -1.0 1.0 – 1.2 0.6 – 0.8 0.3 – 0.5 In groups 1.0 – 1.2 1.4 – 1.6 0.8 – 1.0 0.4 – 0.6 PART Process of raising and taking care of goats at different ages Taking care of goats by their mother 1.1 From birth to the age of 15 day old After delivered from their mother, baby goats are cleaned and placenta be cut, they are put in a straw pallet beside their mother 20-30 minutes right after delivery, baby goats should be breast –fed In the first 3-7 days, mother goats’ milk is rich in nutrition which is a good for baby goats to grow up and prevent from diseases In case of weak newly-born goats, it is required to assist baby goats to be breast-fed or feed them with bottles of breast milk 3-4 times a day If the mother goat does not allow her baby to be breast –fed, it is required to keep tightly the mother goat and leave baby goats to be breast-fed many times until when the mother let her baby to be fed directly In the 3-4 first days, the weak newly-born goat needs to assist to be breast-fed from the both nipples If the baby is only breast-fed from one breast, the other breast will in turns be swollen and can be led to mastitis and no milk left for baby to be fed A newly-born goat is kept warm in a straw pallet In the period of 15 days-45 days after delivery In this period of time, keep the baby from his/her mother As usual, milk twice a day for goats with daily milk production of more than litter After milking, let the baby goat to be breast fed in order to take all milk from his/her mother Then let the baby goats to be fed 300-350 ml more (2-3 times per day) To identify the amount of milk for baby goats, it is required to weigh baby goats before and after being breast-fed, and then you can know how much bottle milk to provide more for baby goats Crop season: Can be planted in rainy season: from May to September in a year Step2: Planting Stylo • Stylo grass should be planted is 8-10 kg seeds/ha With stem cutting 2.5-3 tonnes per • Stylo seeds stroring months after harvesting for planting is not necessary treating If planting after harvesting < 3months need to be treated The treating method is simple: Just shoak the seeds into warm water 60-70 about 3-5 minuts then take out for sowing • The seeds harvested need to be dried and cleaned, the mixed with Basurin, Furan in the rate 100g for kg seeds, put into the plastic bags and keeping it in the cool, dry conditions • When planting: the soil should be plated, making row, supplying the manure in to the soil before sowing seeds then bury one thin layer of soil, after that sowing seeds the continue to bury other thin soil layer 1-2 cm, then spray water or making moisture soil before sowing seeds is the best After palnting 2-3 days if having slight rainon will be good condition When sowing seeds it cabe mixed seeds with Ash from rice straw for preventing the attacting by the ans or the crickets • Planting by stem cuttings: at July or August in the good platation of Stylo (no weeds, no diseases) It can be cut the gree-mature stems about 25-30 cm length and planting in the soild prepared carefully with enough moisture and not so sun sight conditions Step 3: Take care of grass • • After 15-20 days of planting the checking should pay attention: checking the germination rate of seeds or stem cuttings, if not density need to be replanting orsowing After that need to make for soft soil and clean weeds The stylo plantation need to be weeded at least 2-3 times from planting to the first cutting 23 • Supplying urea (20-30 kg/ha) when seedling is about 5-10 cm (time when the seedling are not able to nitrogen fixation through the roots) Step 4: Harvest and use • • • • First cutting when stylo is about 3-4 month after palnting and fully corvered index and the height of plantation is about 50-70cm Regrowth cutting times need to be 60-80 days and the height of plantation is about 4555cm (for harvesting forages) or 35-40cm for grazing goats Only let the animal grazed when stylo plantation after cuttings The height of plant stumps left for regrowed should be about 20-25 cm Stylo could be used as direct feed or dry feed and then made into powder for cattle Use stylo grass as supplemented feed for cattle and the portion use should be 25-30% of dry material in green feed for cattle in a day 24 Process of making nutritive feed block Supplementing with by-products in dry season Step 1: Preparing ingredients and tools Salt, cement, clay, maize powder and minerals Powdered lime, urea, molasses Other materials rich in fibre (corn stalks, peanut hulls, rice polishings) Mixing bowls 25 Step 2: Techique of making blocks Weigh materials as required Ingredients for 100 kg product Urea Molasses Lime powder Cement Clay Salt Maize powder Fibre materials Minerals: 10 kg 45-50 kg kg kg kg 0.5 kg kg 20-30 kg 1.5 kg Mixing materials Mix urea, molass, salt, and minerals into a mixture Mix the remain materials and additives into the mixture Mix the two above mixtures Keep the mixture for 1-2 hours and then make it into blocks Making nutritive blocks Use pattern for making blocks Use pestle to press tightly Canbe sue hands 26 Step : Use and preserve • • • • • Keep them in dry place for 5-7 days Feed cows and buffaloes with 400- 600g per head per day Feed goats with 40-60g per head per day Do not dissolve them into water Can be preserved in 2- months 27 Process of using hays Step1: Harvesting forage Harvesting grass at the optimized stage of growth Step 2: Cutting grass Cutting grass by machines or knifes in small pieces of 5-10 cm long and dry it Step 3: Drying forage 28 Hays with the water content of 13% (87% of dry material) Dry hays in sucessive days without rain Step 4: Use and preserve hays Using plastic bag for keeping hays Keep hays in dry place Mix hays with molasses to feed cattle 29 Process of silaging urea straw Step 1: Materials and tools • Dry straw, nitrogenous urea, lime and salt Nylon bag (diameter of 90 - 110cm, height of 220cm) Step 2: Technique of silage Materials for silaging 100 kg straw : Dry straw 100kg Urea 2,5kg Lime powder 0,5kg Salt 0,5kg Water 50 l 30 Pool of - m3 for silage straw Digging a hole with a depth of 1-1,5 m and as wide as straw capacity Dry straw cut in small piecies of - 10cm Urea and salt dissolved in water is applied to straw Put straw in pool and keep the cover tightly After 10 days, it can be used 31 Step 3: Preserve and use 32 Put straw in nilon bags and tie tightly After 10 days, silage straw can be used for cattle Cattle should be fed little by little and then with a volume of 4-6 kg per head 33 Process of ensiling grass Step 1: Prepare materials Elephant grass Leucaena foliages Forage materials cut in small pieces of 3-5-7 cm Cutting forage by wheel- machines 34 Other materials for silage 100 kg of green grass: Bran: 1-2 kg, Molasses 1-2 kg, Salt: 1kg, Urea nitrogen: 0.5- 1kg Molasses dissolved in water for silage 35 Put in to plastic bags and firmly compress Using salt to protect silage products 36 Protect silage products by soils o o o o o Notes: Keep the cover tightly No water pour inside After 21 days, the products can be used Use as much as possible, Keep the cover tightly after use 37 ... temperature and humidity Therefore, goat housing should be in east south direction for avoiding east north wind in winter and receiving east south wind in summer Materials for goat housing Materials for. .. accounts for 27.5% (12.3% for the Central Highlands, 8.9% for the Central Coast, and 2.1-3% for the Southeastern and the Southwestern) Goats in the Northern moutainous areas make up 48% of the country,... adaptability and high productivity, and thus improve goat raising industry Goat raising in Vietnam Total number of goats in Vietnam in 2006 is over 850,000; in which the North accounts for 72.5% and the