-hja ha I lawy n Habik e 1 f FUNDAMENTALS AND TECHNOLOGY OF COMBUSTION Elsevier Science Internet Homepage: httD://www.elsevier.com Elsevier Energy Internet Homepage: httD:/Ewww .eneravinfo.net Consult Energylnfo.net for full catalogue information on all books, journals, newsletters, magazines and electronic products within the energy and power field. Elsevier Titles of Related Interest ISHll Advanced Pulverized Coal Injection Technology and Blast Furnace Operation ISBN: 048-043651-X TOMITA Elsevier Energy Compendia: Emission Reduction: NOJSO, Suppression ISBN: 0-08-044089-4 Related Journals Combustion and Flame Fuel Fuel and Energy Abstracts Fuel Processing Technology International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer Progress in Energy and Combustion Science Fueifirst (httD://www.fuelfirs t.cam) To Contact the Publisher Elsevier Science welcomes enquiries concerning publishing proposals: books, journal special issues, conference proceedings, etc. All formats and media can be considered. Should you have a publishing proposal you wish to discuss, without obligation, please visit Energyinfo.net /httD:/lwww.eneravinfo.net) for further information or contact the Publisher directly: Victoria Thame Publishing Editor Elsevier Science Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB UK Phone: +44 1865 843402 Fax: +44 1865 843920 Email: v.thame@elsevier.com General enquiries including placing orders, should be directed to Elsevier's Regional Sales Offices - please access the Elsevier homepage for full contact details (homepage at the top of this page). FU N DAM ENTALS AND TECHNOLOGY OF COMBUSTION FAWZY EL-MAHALLAWY Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt SAAD EL-DIN HABIK Faculty of Engineering of Port-Said, Suez Canal University, Egypt 2002 ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM - BOSTON - LONDON - NEW YORK - OXFORD - PARIS SAN DIEGO - SAN FRANCISCO - SINGAPORE - SYDNEY -TOKYO ELSEVlER SCIENCE Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Kidlington. Oxford OX5 IGB. 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Except as outlined above, no part of this work may be reproduced, stored In a rehieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic. mechanical, photocopying, recanling 01 otherwise, without prior written permission ofthe Publisher. Address permissions requests to: Elsevier Science Global Rights Department, at the mail, fax and e-mail addresses noted above. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury andlor damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. First edition 2002 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record from the Library of Congress has been appHed for. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record from the British Library has been applied for. ISBN: 0-08-044106-8 8 The paper used In this publication meets the requirements of ANSVNISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in The Netherlands. To Mrs. El-Mahallawy, Fatma El-Awady, and Mrs. Habik, Samira El-Sheriffor their morale support during the preparation of this book Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge their indebtedness to all research workers who worked with them, and to some of their colleagues. Special thanks are due to Professors Derek Bradley and Graham Dixon-Lewis from Leeds University in England, with whom Professors Saad Habik and Samira El-Sherif have worked during their period of research at both Departments of Mechanical Engineering, and Fuel and Energy. This period was a rare privilege, and it is visible throughout chapters 1, 2 and part of chapter 3 as a special spirit generated by Professors Bradley and Dixon-Lewis. Special gratitude is also due to Professor Samira El-Sherif, Faculty of Engineering of El-Mataria, Helwan University, for her co-operation in editing chapters 1 and 2. Her contribution is significant and is highly appreciated. Special thanks also go to Professor Abd El-Razek Abd El-Fattah, the former president of Helwan University, and Professor Nassif Rafat, the former Professor of heat engines, Cairo University, due to their continuous encouragement during the preparation of this book. Finally, the authors are very grateful to their colleague Dr. Ayman Rezk, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, for his valuable assistance during the preparation of the manuscript. Fawzy El-Mahallawy Saad Habik . Related Journals Combustion and Flame Fuel Fuel and Energy Abstracts Fuel Processing Technology International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. Offices - please access the Elsevier homepage for full contact details (homepage at the top of this page). FU N DAM ENTALS AND TECHNOLOGY OF COMBUSTION FAWZY EL-MAHALLAWY Faculty of. Departments of Mechanical Engineering, and Fuel and Energy. This period was a rare privilege, and it is visible throughout chapters 1, 2 and part of chapter 3 as a special spirit generated by Professors