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PRESENTATION OUTLINE I. INTRODUCTION Good morning, everyone, we are group 4. Today we are very happy to be here to present our topic. There are six members in our group: Nguyen Thu Ngan, Tran Mai Ngan, Than Khanh Ly, Nguyen Thi Nga, Nguyen Thi Tra My, and Le Thi Kim Ngan. With life growing faster and faster today, there are a lot of means of transport invented to meet human demand such as commuting from house to school, traveling over the world, ... Generally, they are often attached to daily activities in our lives, so today we introduce some popular vehicles on the globe. The topic is about Transport around the world. Our presentation includes five parts. The first part is about Bicycle. The second part looks at Motorcycles. The third part discusses Bus. The fourth part deals with Aeroplanes. The fifth part addresses Subway. The final part mentions Animals.
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THƯƠNG MẠI DISCUSSION SUBJECT: ENGLISH Title: TRANSPORT AROUND THE WORLD Group: 04 Class: 231ENTH141103 Lecturer: Phạm Thùy Giang Ha Noi - 2023 THUONGMAI UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH GROUP DISCUSSION ENGLISH Topic 5: Different types of transport/ Transport around the world Group: Class: 231_ENTH1411_03 Teacher: Phạm Thuỳ Giang Group preparation assessment: Presentation assessment: List of students (in the order of presenting) No Name (for students) Nguyễn Thị Ngà Nguyễn Thị Trà My Thân Khánh Ly Nguyễn Thu Ngân Lê Thị Kim Ngân Trần Mai Ngân Comments only) (for teacher Mark MEETING MINUTES - GROUP: Stage Time: from 9:00 PM to 10:00 PM Place: Google Meet Participants: Numerical Full name order 18 Thân Khánh Ly 19 Nguyễn Thị Trà My 20 Nguyễn Thị Ngà 21 Lê Thị Kim Ngân 22 Nguyễn Thu Ngân 23 Trần Mai Ngân Contents for discussing: Position Member Member Member Member Member Leader - The members work together to develop an outline for the discussion Team leader assigns specific tasks to members Conclusion: - Accomplish meeting objectives, complete discussion outlines, and assign tasks to participants Duties for participants: Numerical order 18 19 20 21 22 23 Full name Work Thân Khánh Ly Nguyễn Thị Trà My Nguyễn Thị Ngà Lê Thị Kim Ngân Nguyễn Thu Ngân Trần Mai Ngân 3.Bus 2.Motorbike 1.Bicycle 5.Aeroplane 4.Subway 6.Animals Leader Minute-Taker (Signature and name) (Signature and name) Trần Mai Ngân Thân Khánh Ly MEETING MINUTES - GROUP: Stage Time: from 9:00 PM to 10:00 PM Place: Google Meet Participants: Numerical Full name order 18 Thân Khánh Ly 19 Nguyễn Thị Trà My 20 Nguyễn Thị Ngà 21 Lê Thị Kim Ngân 22 Nguyễn Thu Ngân 23 Trần Mai Ngân Contents for discussing: Position Secretary Member Member Member Member Leader - Test presentation - Members give comments and learn from experiences - The group leader summarizes opinions and evaluates the working attitudes of group members Conclusion: - Meeting is very good, everybody participates actively - The group has completed the project Duties for participants: Numerical order 18 19 20 21 22 23 Leader Full name Thân Khánh Ly Nguyễn Thị Trà My Nguyễn Thị Ngà Lê Thị Kim Ngân Nguyễn Thu Ngân Trần Mai Ngân Work Secretary Game/Question Word Powerpoint Introduction/Conlusion Powerpoint Minute-Taker Trần Mai Ngân Thân Khánh Ly PEER ASSESSMENT No Full name Duties Assessment Mark Student ’s ID Bus 18 Thân Khánh Ly 19 Nguyễn My 20 Nguyễn Thị Ngà 21 Lê Thị Kim Ngân 22 Nguyễn Thu Ngân 23 Trần Mai Ngân Thị Secretary Trà Motorbike Game/Question Bicycle Word Aeroplane Powerpoint Subway Introduction/Conclusion Animals Powerpoint TABLE OF CONTENTS MEETING MINUTES - GROUP: MEETING MINUTES - GROUP: PEER ASSESSMENT PRESENTATION OUTLINE I INTRODUCTION II BODY/ DEVELOPMENT .7 1.Bicycle .7 Motorcycle .10 Bus 12 Subway 14 Aeroplane .16 Animals 18 III CONCLUSION 21 IV GAMES/ QUESTIONS 22 REFERENCES 24 PRESENTATION OUTLINE I INTRODUCTION Good morning, everyone, we are group Today we are very happy to be here to present our topic There are six members in our group: Nguyen Thu Ngan, Tran Mai Ngan, Than Khanh Ly, Nguyen Thi Nga, Nguyen Thi Tra My, and Le Thi Kim Ngan With life growing faster and faster today, there are a lot of means of transport invented to meet human demand such as commuting from house to school, traveling over the world, Generally, they are often attached to daily activities in our lives, so today we introduce some popular vehicles on the globe The topic is about Transport around the world Our presentation includes five parts The first part is about Bicycle The second part looks at Motorcycles The third part discusses Bus The fourth part deals with Aeroplanes The fifth part addresses Subway The final part mentions Animals We hope that our presentation will help students expand their knowledge about the transport area In the process of studying, our presentation may still have several faults, we look forward to receiving the comments of the teacher and other students in order to complete this presentation better II BODY/ DEVELOPMENT 1.Bicycle In the present era, there are many new means of transport, but the bicycle is still one of my favorite means of transport Many people think that bicycles are one of the best means of transport in Viet Nam Not only young people but also the old can use bicycles Most especially, bicycles are also used to go to school students every day a) The history of formation and development: Bicycles have an amazing history It started in 1817, when Karl Drais, a German, invented the first "foot-powered bicycle" Over many years of development, today's bicycles have been improved with many modern technologies , from the powertrain, brakes, and lights to the chassis and materials used Bicycles are not only a convenient means of transportation but also a great way to take advantage of the landscape and exercise In the late 1800s, the safety bicycle was introduced, which featured equal-sized wheels and a diamond-shaped frame This design made it much easier and safer to ride, and it quickly gained popularity among both men and women The safety bicycle also allowed for the use of gears, making it easier to climb hills and travel long distances During the early 20th century, bicycles became an essential mode of transportation for many people, especially in urban areas They were used for commuting to work, running errands, and even for leisurely rides However, bicycles had their limitations when it came to carrying heavy loads or transporting large items b) Advantages of bicycles: Environmentally friendly: Bicycles are a sustainable mode of transportation as they not produce any emissions or contribute to air pollution Choosing bicycles over cars can help reduce carbon footprint and combat climate change Cost-effective: Bicycles are much more affordable than cars, both in terms of upfront costs and ongoing expenses They require minimal maintenance, no fuel costs, and no parking fees This makes them an economical choice for commuting and short-distance travel Health benefits: Cycling is a great form of exercise that helps improve cardiovascular health, build muscles, and increase overall fitness Regular cycling can reduce the risk of obesity, heart disease, and other lifestyle-related health issues Convenience and accessibility: Bicycles are highly maneuverable and can navigate through congested areas and narrow streets where cars may struggle They also provide easy access to areas where parking is limited or expensive, allowing for quicker and more convenient travel Reduced traffic congestion: With more people opting for bicycles, there will be fewer cars on the road, resulting in reduced traffic congestion This can lead to smoother traffic flow, shorter flexibility and freedom: Bicycles offer the freedom to choose your route and explore various paths that may not be accessible by cars You can easily navigate through parks, bike lanes, and pedestrian-only areas, providing a more enjoyable and scenic travel experience Improved mental well-being: Cycling has been proven to have positive effects on mental health It can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, and improve overall mood and well-being The combination of physical exercise and being outdoors can have a rejuvenating effect on the mind Improved community connection: Bicycles promote a sense of community and connection Cyclists often interact with each other on the road, forming a supportive and friendly network Additionally, bicycles allow for easier social interactions and engagement with the local community, as they are more likely to stop and interact with others compared to car users Reduced noise pollution: Unlike cars or motorcycles, bicycles are virtually silent, contributing to a quieter and more peaceful environment This reduction in noise pollution can have a positive impact on the quality of life in urban areas Efficient use of space: Bicycles require significantly less space than cars, both on the road and for parking This makes them a practical solution for densely populated areas where space is limited It also helps to reduce the need for large parking lots and garages, freeing up space for other purposes Reduced reliance on fossil fuels: By choosing bicycles as a mode of transportation, individuals can reduce their dependence on fossil fuels and help conserve natural resources This can contribute to a more sustainable and energy-efficient future In short, traveling by bicycle not only brings benefits to personal health but also has a positive impact on the environment and personal finances c) In addition to the advantages, bicycles also have the following disadvantages: Limited carrying capacity: Bicycles have limited space for carrying items, making it challenging to transport large or heavy loads This can be a drawback when it comes to grocery shopping, moving furniture, or carrying bulky items Weather dependence: Cycling can be significantly affected by weather conditions Rain, snow, extreme heat, or strong winds can make cycling uncomfortable, unsafe, or even impossible This reliance on favorable weather may limit the practicality of using bicycles as a primary mode of transportation Safety concerns: Bicycles are more vulnerable to accidents and collisions compared to cars Sharing the road with larger vehicles can pose risks, especially in areas with inadequate cycling infrastructure or where drivers may not be accustomed to sharing the road with cyclists Accidents involving bicycles can result in serious injuries or fatalities Limited speed: Bicycles are generally slower than cars or motorcycles, especially on longer distances or uphill routes This can make cycling less time-efficient for certain journeys, particularly when time is a critical factor Limited accessibility: Not everyone can comfortably or safely ride a bicycle Individuals with physical disabilities, elderly people, or those who are not physically fit may find it challenging or impossible to use bicycles as a mode of transportation This can limit the inclusivity and accessibility of cycling as a transportation option Limited storage and security: Bicycles can be susceptible to theft, especially when parked in public areas They require secure storage facilities, such as bike racks or indoor parking spaces, to prevent theft or damage Lack of proper storage options may discourage individuals from using bicycles or increase the risk of theft Limited range: Bicycles are suitable for shorter distances, but they may not be practical for longer commutes or journeys This limited range can be a disadvantage for individuals who need to travel longer distances or who live in areas with inadequate cycling infrastructure Overall, biking is my preferred mode of transportation because it offers so many benefits both for my physical health and the environment It's a simple and enjoyable way to get around that I would recommend to anyone Motorcycle In the fast-paced modern world, motorcycles have become an indispensable part of modern transportation With their sleek design, powerful engines, and maneuverability, motorcycles offer an exciting and efficient means of travel a) The history of formation and development: The history of motorcycles dates back to the late 19th century when inventors began experimenting with motorized bicycles In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach developed a gasoline-powered motorcycle, marking a significant milestone in the evolution of these two-wheeled machines Since then, motorcycles have undergone technological advancements, leading to the creation of diverse models catering to different riding preferences b) Advantages of motorcycles: The first, cost-effectiveness: Motorcycles are known for their cost-effectiveness They are generally more affordable to purchase, insure, and maintain compared to cars The initial cost of buying a motorcycle is typically lower than that of a car, and insurance premiums for motorcycles are often cheaper as well Additionally, motorcycles tend to have better fuel efficiency, which means lower fuel costs and overall savings in the long run With rising fuel prices, motorcycles offer a more economical mode of transportation The second, maneuverability: One of the key advantages of motorcycles is their superior maneuverability Due to their smaller size and lighter weight, motorcycles can easily navigate through traffic congestion and tight spaces They have the ability to weave through cars and take advantage of gaps in traffic, resulting in quicker travel times, especially in urban areas where traffic congestion is a common issue This maneuverability also allows riders to explore alternative routes or shortcuts that may not be accessible to larger vehicles, further saving time and avoiding delays The third, parking convenience: Another advantage of motorcycles is their parking convenience They require significantly less space to park compared to cars, making it easier to find parking spots, particularly in crowded urban areas where parking can be a challenge Motorcycles can fit into small spaces, such as gaps between cars or designated motorcycle 10 parking areas Some cities even offer free or discounted parking for motorcycles, further enhancing their convenience The four, environmental friendliness: Motorcycles have relatively lower carbon emissions compared to cars, contributing to their environmental friendliness The smaller engines and lighter weight of motorcycles result in reduced fuel consumption and lower greenhouse gas emissions This helps to mitigate air pollution and minimize the environmental impact of transportation Additionally, the emergence of electric motorcycles further enhances their environmental friendliness by offering zero tailpipe emissions Finally, fun and freedom: Riding a motorcycle provides a sense of freedom, adventure, and enjoyment for many riders The open-air experience, the connection with the road, and the thrill of maneuvering a two-wheeled vehicle can be exhilarating Motorcycling is often seen as a recreational activity as well, with riders exploring scenic routes, participating in group rides, or simply enjoying the freedom of the open road The joy and sense of liberation associated with motorcycles add to their overall appeal c) In addition to the advantages, motorcycles also have the following disadvantages: The first, limited carrying capacity: Motorcycles generally have limited carrying capacity compared to cars They have limited storage space and are not designed for transporting large or bulky items This can be a disadvantage when you need to carry groceries, luggage, or other sizable loads While there are options like adding storage accessories or using saddlebags, the overall capacity remains significantly lower than that of a car The second, exposure to weather and road conditions: Riding a motorcycle can be challenging and uncomfortable in adverse weather conditions Rain, strong winds, and extreme temperatures can significantly affect the rider's comfort and safety Wet roads can reduce traction, increasing the risk of skidding and accidents Unlike car drivers who are shielded from the elements, motorcyclists have to contend with the direct impact of weather conditions, which can make riding more dangerous and less enjoyable The third, higher risk of accidents and injuries: Motorcycles are more vulnerable on the road compared to cars They offer less stability and protection in the event of a collision or accident Motorcyclists are at a higher risk of severe injuries or fatalities due to their lack of external safety features and the potential for being thrown off the bike Finally, noise and emissions: Some motorcycles, particularly those with louder exhaust systems, can contribute to noise pollution This can be disruptive to both riders and the surrounding community Additionally, older motorcycles or those with poorly maintained 11 engines may emit higher levels of exhaust emissions, contributing to air pollution However, advancements in emission control technology have helped reduce the environmental impact of motorcycles in recent years In summary, motorcycles offer advantages such as fuel efficiency, maneuverability, and lower costs However, it is important to consider the disadvantages, including traffic safety concerns, limited comfort for long rides, seating and cargo limitations, and vulnerability to adverse weather conditions Motorcycle riders should adhere to traffic regulations, prioritize safety gear, and exercise caution on the road to ensure their own safety and the safety of others Bus The bus, a vital mode of transportation in many parts of the world, has a rich and diverse history From its humble beginnings to the present day, buses have played a significant role in connecting communities, facilitating travel, and shaping urban landscapes a) The history of formation and development: In the early 1800s, horse-drawn buses were introduced as a form of public transportation These buses consisted of a carriage pulled by horses and provided a means for people to travel within cities By the mid-19th century, steam-powered buses made their appearance These buses utilized steam engines for propulsion, offering a more efficient mode of transportation compared to horse-drawn vehicles In the late 19th century and early 20th century, electric trolleybuses emerged as an alternative to steam and horse-drawn buses These buses were powered by electricity supplied through overhead lines, providing a cleaner and quieter method of transport The development of the internal combustion engine in the late 19th century revolutionized the bus industry Motorized buses, initially running on gasoline, later transitioning to diesel fuel, became the dominant form of public transportation They offered increased speed, reliability, and passenger capacity Throughout the 20th century, buses underwent continual modernization and expansion Improved designs, features, and technologies were introduced, including larger seating capacities, better suspensions, heating and air conditioning systems, and accessibility accommodations In the mid-20th century, articulated buses with a flexible joint connecting two sections were introduced These buses provided increased passenger capacity while maintaining maneuverability on city streets b) Advantages of buses: 12 Firstly, one of the major advantages of using the bus as a mode of transportation is its cost-effectiveness Bus fares are generally lower compared to the expenses associated with owning and maintaining a private vehicle By opting for bus travel, you can save money on fuel costs, parking fees, tolls, maintenance, and insurance Secondly, buses are considered a more environmentally friendly option compared to individual cars When a large number of people commute by bus instead of driving their own vehicles, it significantly reduces carbon emissions and helps to combat air pollution This collective effort in choosing public transportation contributes to a greener and healthier environment Thirdly, the use of buses plays a significant role in reducing traffic congestion on busy roads By encouraging people to utilize public transportation, the number of cars on the road decreases, leading to smoother traffic flow and less time wasted in traffic jams This not only benefits bus commuters but also improves overall traffic conditions for everyone Finally, taking the bus allows you to relax and leave the driving responsibilities to the bus operator Instead of dealing with the stress of navigating through traffic or finding parking spaces, you can sit back, read a book, listen to music, or even catch up on work during your journey This provides a much-needed break and reduces the overall stress associated with commuting c) In addition to the advantages, buses also have the following disadvantages: Firstly, buses generally operate on fixed routes and schedules This lack of flexibility may not suit individuals with specific time constraints or those requiring direct transportation to their exact destinations Passengers may need to plan their journeys around bus timetables, which may not always align with their preferred travel times Secondly, during peak hours, buses can become crowded, especially in urban areas Standing room only or cramped seating conditions may be uncomfortable for passengers Additionally, overcrowding can lead to longer boarding and alighting times, potentially causing delays and increasing travel time Thirdly, buses are public spaces, and passengers may have limited personal space or privacy during their journey This lack of privacy can make it difficult to engage in activities that require concentration or confidentiality Finally, while buses are generally safe, instances of theft or petty crime can occur, especially in crowded or poorly monitored areas It is important for passengers to remain vigilant and take necessary precautions to ensure their belongings are secure 13 In conclusion, although the bus has many advantages and disadvantages, it still plays an important role in the public transportation system of many cities and remains a popular choice for daily commuting for many people Subway a) The history of formation and development: Regarding the subway’s definition, Subway, also called underground, tube, or métro, underground railway system used to transport large numbers of passengers within urban and suburban areas Subways are usually built under city streets for ease of construction, but they may take shortcuts and sometimes must pass under rivers Outlying sections of a system usually emerge aboveground, becoming conventional railways or elevated transit lines Subway trains are usually made up of a number of cars operated on the multiple-unit system In terms of the origin of the subway, the first subway system was proposed for London by Charles Pearson, a city solicitor, as part of a city-improvement plan shortly after the opening of the Thames Tunnel in 1843 After 10 years of discussion, Parliament authorized the construction of 3.75 miles (6 km) of underground railway between Farringdon Street and Bishop’s Road, Paddington Work on the Metropolitan Railway began in 1860 by cut-andcover methods On January 10, 1863, the line was a success from its opening, carrying 9.5 million passengers in the first year of its existence Many other cities followed London’s lead For example: In Budapest a 2.5-mile (4-km) electric subway was opened in 1896, using single cars with trolley poles; it was the first subway on the European continent In the United States, the first practical subway line was constructed in Boston between 1895 and 1897 It was 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long and at first used trolley streetcars, or tramcars In Canada Toronto opened a subway in 1954; a second system was constructed in Montreal during the 1960s using Paris-type rubber-tired cars The well-known subway systems such as Seoul Metro (Seoul’s nine-line subway system really wows with its high-tech features and creature comforts) London Underground Railway (The world’s oldest underground railway, the Tube, which dates back to 1863, rewards riders who have interests in history, design, and architecture (including 272 stations and 250 miles of track gets about million people from point A to point B every single day) Tokyo Metro (With more than 100 stations covering an expanse of nearly 200 miles, the Tokyo Metro can feel bewilderingly vast) et cetera b) Advantages of subways: 14 Obviously, when using a car, we take into account car repairs, fuel, loan payments, parking fees, insurance, taxes, and licensing, so we spend a large amount of money on them According to AAA reports, the average automobile driver spent over $9,000 in 2009 (over $24 per day), and that was before car loans were considered On the other hand, subway transportation is economical Many subway systems offer an unlimited monthly pass for a reasonable rate (Boston’s MBTA offers such a pass for only $59 in 2010) Some employees, such as federal workers in Washington D.C., can be reimbursed for their subway transit costs In cities where congestion is an issue, subway travel is much quicker than other modes of transportation In this respect, subways even have the edge over public buses, as they can avoid any street congestion by literally going underneath it Subway travel also has other conveniences For instance, you won’t have to worry about auto maintenance or buses breaking down Although subway accidents make for sensational news stories, they are actually quite safe According to publictransportation.org, ditching the car and taking public transit saves 200,000 deaths every year If you are worried about subways becoming potential terror targets, many subway systems now feature state-of-the-art cameras and chemical sensors for your safety Subway travel is extremely green Not only is it more environmentally friendly than automobile travel, but it also has the advantage over public bus systems, as subways not emit harmful exhaust fumes into the air c) In addition to the advantages, subways also have the following disadvantages: Subway trains make a lot of noise, not only when they are arriving and departing but also when they are idling on the tracks as passengers get on and off In addition, passengers are exposed to dangerously high decibel levels during their ride, which in some cases can be even louder than the sounds they're exposed to on the platforms For example, researchers at Columbia University in 2006 found that passengers in New York subways had routine exposure to sounds in excess of 80 decibels Over an extended period of time, this noise has the potential to permanently damage hearing In most cities, subway systems are used by tens of thousands of people every day and crowding is a real issue especially at peak times People who get nervous or anxious when crowded in a tight space may prefer other forms of transportation, and overcrowded subway platforms create a major public danger Researchers at the China Academy of Safety Science and Technology showed in a 2009 study that evacuation times for subway stations were dangerously high and that an emergency situation could lead to a high human death toll 15 Pickpocketing, muggings, and assaults occur in subway systems around the world While closed-circuit cameras, security guards and a heavier police presence can combat these problems, the resources not exist to outfit every subway station in a municipal system with these safeguards, leaving passengers vulnerable to these threats In some major cities around the world, crime in subways continues to trend up, with many municipalities lacking the resources to beef up security and policing in their city's subway stations Being in close proximity to other people and touching surfaces that thousands of other people touch during the course of a day can lead to the spread of bacteria and viruses You can mitigate these risks by practicing proper hand sanitation, but even the most careful passenger can still pick up an infectious disease on the subway A controlled Columbia University study in 2005 showed that people who travel in automobiles have a much lower risk of contracting an infectious disease than people who regularly take the subway Aeroplane a) The history of formation and development: The Wright Brothers were two American brothers, including Orville Wright (August 19, 1871 - January 30, 1948) and Wilbur Wright (April 16, 1867 - May 30, 1912), who were early experimenters a successful first for airplane flight The Wright brothers co-founded the Wright Flyer, a one of a kind aircraft in history made on December 17, 1903 at Kill Devil Hill, Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA Each brother made two trips that day Orville's first attempt lasted 12 seconds and reached about 36.5 meters (120 ft) Wilbur's final attempt lasted 59 seconds and covered 296 meters.[1] The plane at that time was called Flyer I It had a wing of about 12 meters and weighed more than 300 kg, with a 12 horsepower engine It is currently preserved at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C … Although the plane could not take off on its own and had to rely on a heavy material launcher to fall and when it took off, the right wing moved in the direction of the wind, this event caused a stir very big argument The genius of the two Wright brothers turned the ancient dream of humanity into reality The Wright brothers founded an aircraft company But then there was fierce competition with other aircraft dealers, plus Wilbur got sick and passed away, so Orville sold the Wright aircraft manufacturer for the lowest price b) Advantages of aeroplanes: 16 Besides trucks, motorbikes - common means of transporting goods, airplanes are one of the outstanding forms of delivery with many advantages Specifically: High speed: The first plus point is the super fast delivery speed Airplanes are a means of transport with a speed of about 800 – 1000 km/h - many times higher than other means of transportation High safety: Extremely strict cargo transportation and delivery procedures help ensure maximum safety In addition, the risk of air travel is extremely low Therefore, transporting goods by plane ensures maximum safety Minimize unwanted losses: Incidents such as breakage, damage or theft will rarely occur when delivering by plane On-time service: Fast delivery speed helps ensure the progress of goods Therefore, transporting goods by plane is often quick and on time Low transportation insurance premiums: Because aircraft have few risks, insurance costs are also lower Transporting goods by plane is a modern form of transporting goods This is a fast shipping service but at the same time the cost is quite high An important point to note when using this service is that not all items can be transported by plane The following items are commonly transported by plane: Air mail, express mail, Live animals and remains, Perishable goods (food, fresh flowers, goods marinated in dry ice), Valuable items (gold, diamonds ) c) In addition to the advantages, aeroplanes also have the following disadvantages: Although there are many outstanding priorities, transporting goods by air also has the most restrictive regimes With this unit, businesses also encounter many difficulties such as: High costs: when an order chooses to transport goods by air, businesses need to bear costs such as airline fees, airport fees, customs clearance fees, etc Therefore, costs will often be high than other means Capacity limit: although the aircraft has a large capacity, the formula has limitations on the aircraft's maximum capacity, cargo tank size, and where it can be mounted on the aircraft Therefore, goods will be limited in volume and size to ensure safety during the conversion process Complex procedures and customs: using air freight services Requires meeting complex international customs procedures depending on the country such as goods registration, goods inspection, packaging, etc put into warehouse, Time and cost to complete these procedures are also cheap 17 Depends on weather factors: if weather conditions are unfavorable, it can lead to flight delays or cancellations, affecting the production and business processes of businesses Some products are restricted due to specificity: certain types of goods such as banned substances, explosives, toxic substances, etc will be prohibited from being transported by air for security and safety reasons for passengers and other goods Therefore, you need to refer to the list of prohibited goods to avoid being fined and affecting the reputation of your business Animals a) The history of formation and development: As you know, transportation with the help of animals of human beings and luggage has been used extensively since the dawn of human history The first form of transport was, of course, the human foot! However, people eventually learned to use animals for transportation They are also called pack animals Donkeys and horses were probably domesticated between 4,000 and 3,000 BC (obviously the exact date is not known) Camels were domesticated slightly later between 3,000 and 2,000 BC Moreover, from the beginning of the sixteenth century, a new type of body—a box slung on wheels, or coach—was invented, but it was not popular at that time because of the rough roads Until before the 1830s, walking remained the most common mode of human transportation, but throughout the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries people increasingly used animals to carry goods and themselves over land They are also used for agriculture, and even in military missions Horses and other animals were used to pull wheeled vehicles, chariots, carts, wagons and horses were increasingly used for riding in the Near East In 1832, people invented horsecar, street carriage on rails, pulled by horse or mule, and it held 30 passengers In the last hundred years, the use of fuel-powered vehicles for transportation purposes has been increased, pack animals have now been replaced by motorized vehicles or bicycles in most areas However, using animals for transport are still appropriate in some specific contexts, such as: where there are no abilities or skill to repair motor vehicles or where the terrain does not permit motorized vehicles - especially very rough terrain, narrow mountain tracks or regions of the desert, snowy areas b) Advantages of animals: To start with advantages, pack animals can be used in largely inaccessible areas where they are more agile than motorized vehicles The horse, donkey, Llama, for example, is used 18 in mountainous areas with narrow and meandering paths and steep cliffs The camel is well adapted for deserts The sled dog is used in areas where are always covered with snow Second, animals are cheap to maintain They attract very little maintenance costs since only feeding costs are incurred While motorized vehicles are costly to maintain as they require fuel which can be in the form of diesel, gas, or biofuel so that they keep running On the other hand, most of animals only need water and grass supply for making them move with your baggage Third, animals are safe as accidents are rare probably because they not speed For example, the average speed of a camel is around 3-5 miles per hour A donkey will keep a pace of about to miles per hour when carrying weight So it is very difficult to have an accident Last but not least, animals help to maintain the ecological balance since they not interfere with the environment Currently, we almost use motorized vehicles which cause a negative influence on the environment Motor vehicles release nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide into the atmosphere Nitrogen dioxide is a cause of acid rain and increases the growth of algae Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas capable of causing death in large doses and headaches, loss of breath and nausea is smaller doses Carbon dioxide is a major contributor to global warming However, animal transport is absolutely friendly with environment c) In addition to the advantages, animals also have the following disadvantages: To start with disadvantages, people can depend on animals as your means of transportation Animal transport is slow and tedious It is true that animals need food and drink along the way, they also need to rest when they get tired For example, donkeys are stubborn when they are tired and heavily loaded Second, some animals might carry diseases and it is important to regularly check their health condition They also may be attacked by wild animals, disease-causing insects such as tsetse-flies… Next, the kind of animals for transportation sometimes depends on the climatic conditions Exactly, we can’t transport goods in bad weather such as rainy, stormy, typhoon, … Therefore, goods and supplies which were carried by animals can easily go bad In addition to that, animal transport’s movement is limited during the day only and cannot be used at night Because there is not enough light for animals to see the way Last but not least, animals can only carry a very small load compared to vehicles A matured donkey can carry around 60 kilograms, or about 20% of it’s body weight Camels 19 have a max weight load of nearly 500 kilograms Meanwhile, a truck can load thousands of tons of goods Therefore, motorized vehicles can load much more goods than animals III CONCLUSION We’ve just talked about popular means of transport all over the world, including Bicycle, Motorcycle, Bus, Subway, Aeroplanes, Animals When speaking of a transport, we analyze carefully types of transport around the world, following different aspects such as cost, impacts on environment, … et cetera Through our presentation, you can broaden the knowledge about the transports We’ve finished our presentation Do you have any questions about our topic? All comments are welcome 20