Tai Lieu Chat Luong ‘Stephen Oppenheimer is the supreme genetic detective fishing for evidence in the gene-pools of history.’ Professor Clive Gamble, University of London ‘He upends some of the most deeply rooted notions of where the British people come from, and does so in a clear, painstaking and detailed way The result is both fascinating and unexpected.’ Geographical ‘The historians’ account is wrong in almost every detail In Dr Oppenheimer’s reconstruction of events, the principal ancestors of today’s British and Irish populations arrived from Spain about 16,000 years ago.’ New York Times ‘Particularly illuminating … The author carefully lays out the genetic data that show how three-quarters of Britishness dates to the repopulation after the northern ice sheets last retreated, and takes us through a fascinating investigation of what this means for some cherished notions of Britishness.’ Nature ‘Comes to clear and provocative conclusions, offering an intellectual feast to anyone interested in British identity.’ Financial Times ‘Oppenheimer’s fascinating thesis helps to answer one of the most vexing questions of dark-age British history: why is there so little trace of Celtic culture in England and in the English language?’ Prospect ‘The most heavyweight of recent books devoted to British origins A fascinating, if at times controversial, read.’ Current Archaeology By the same author Eden in the East: The Drowned Continent of Southeast Asia Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World Constable & Robinson Ltd 55–56 Russell Square London WC1B 4HP www.constablerobinson.com First published in the UK by Constable, an imprint of Constable & Robinson Ltd, 2006 Copyright © Stephen Oppenheimer, 2006, 2007 The right of Stephen Oppenheimer to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs & Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser A copy of the British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available from the British Library ISBN 978–1–84529–482–3 eISBN 978-1-78033-767-8 Printed and bound in the EU 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 southern England few Anglo-Saxon matches 439–40 Mesolithic in 160 Neolithic intrusions 308 post-Roman illiteracy 380–1 Spain celtic in 34 Celts in 63, 64, 65 Irish link 87, 90, 101 metal industries 111 Welsh link 69 ‘staged parallel mixing’ 417 Stone Age cultures within 125 types of 55 stone circles 255–8 stone monuments 199 stone tool typology 55 stone tools Cresswellian 120 flint blades 159 flint spear/arrow points 125 Ice Age finds 117 microliths 156 perforated axes 260 polished axes 199 Stonehenge 162, 256, 258, 267–9 Strabo on appearance of people from England 11, 311 on Celts 40–1, 43–4, 49, 65 STRs (single tandem repeat sequences) 138–9, 140–1, 419, 443 Suessiones 317, 320, 322 Sutton Hoo 394–6, 445 Sweden 393 T1 mtDNA group 212, 218, 219 Tacitus on Belgic/Germanic tribes 318, 320 on British 11–12, 311–13 on British-Belgic language 313 on common language 12 on Welsh–Spanish link 67, 69 West German division 343 Tambets, Kristiina 182 teeth, evidence from 268 Thames, River 448 Thierry, Amédée 51–2 timber circles 256, 258–9 tin 36, 41, 69, 104, 273 Torroni, Antonio 182 Toth, Alfred 110, 299–300 trade England–Continent 16 and La Coruña 76 Neolithic 104 and Scandinavia 264 stone materials 161 tin 36, 41, 69, 104, 273 Trans-Alpine Gaul 61 Trans-Caucasus 126, 188 transport 255 TRB see funnel-necked-beakers; Trichterbecherkultur (TRB) pottery Treveri 318, 320, 322 Tribal Hidage 396–7 Trichterbecherkultur (TRB) pottery 253 Trondheim 195, 437, 455 Tuatha Dé Danann 101 Turkey 5, 212 U mtDNA group 126 U3 mtDNA group 212, 218, 219 Ukraine 117, 183, 189 Umbrian dialect 89 United States 72 Upper Palaeolithic 164 Ussher, Bishop 51 V mtDNA group 124 Vasconic language 249 Venerable Bede on ‘Angle invasion’ 10 Veneti 48 Venneman, Thomas 39–40, 84, 369–71 Vennemann, Thomas 249–51 Vera (Pre-V) mtDNA group 126, 127–9, 181–2 Viereck, Wolfgang 407, 409, 410 Vikings Danish 195, 450–1, 480 established colony links 480 genocide theory 461 invasions of Britain 195, 233 migration levels 485–6 naming of 444–5 Norman link 467 Norwegian 446–8, 455–6, 480 Shetland re-expansion 456–61 Volcae Tectosages 48 Vortigern, King 365, 468 Wales celtic language in 59, 80, 109 English–Welsh divide 4, 69, 301, 405–7, 413–16 Iberian influence 12, 270–1, 308, 437, 473–4, 476 metal mining 104, 111, 268–70 Neolithic intrusion 474, 476 post-LGM colonization 144 Watchfield 373–4 Watkin, Morgan 406, 417 ‘wave of advance theory’ 288–9 Weale, Michael 413–16, 430, 437 weapons Armorican bronze axes 273 Ballintober swords 273, 276 Carp’s tongue swords 273 ‘Celtic’ assumption 54–5 flint spear/arrow points 125 Grundlingen swords 276 Hemigkofen swords 276 Iron Age 7 Welch, David 97, 293 Welsh language as Brythonic 70, 96 Cumbric link 71, 72 Gaulish link 87, 89, 98 as P-celtic 89 Welsh (Silures) 12, 69 Welsh tribes 80, 81 Wessex Bronze Age cultures 248, 271 cultural continuity 404 henges/grooved ware 258–60 Neolithic 272 West Germanic languages 341–3 Western Europe language vs gene flow 296–7 recolonization 124 Western Isles 461, 480 wheeled vehicles 255 William, Duke of Normandy 464, 468 Wilson, Jim 418 Winchester MS 393 Woden/Odin cult of 390–1 descendants of 389 king list convergence 386–7, 390 Wuffa, king 393–4 Y chromosome Anglo-Saxon intrusions 15, 438–9 Atlantic Celts 5–7 Basque founding genes 141 Basque–Celtic similarities 418 British colonization 140 Bronze Age intrusions 308–9, 455–6 Danish intrusions 450–1 Frisian–English similarities 411–12 Iberian migrations 139–40, 165–75 indigenous continuity evidence 418, 476 indigenous Shetland Vikings 456–7 Indo-European languages 293, 296–7 Iron Age intrusions 309 LUP expansion 122, 137 Mesolithic migrations 165–75, 188–93, 195–6 Neolithic intrusions 221–2, 228–33, 262–4 Neolithic re-expansions 221–9 Norwegian intrusions 454–6 Scandinavian input 179–83 STR testing 138–9, 140–1 total N European intrusions 437–8 Viking intrusions 450–1, 461 Welsh Bronze Age 269–71 York 195, 420, 455 Younger Dryas Event (YD) British survivors 115, 148 climate changes 141–2, 151–5 human activity 153 Scandinavia 177–8 Also available from Constable & Robinson OUT OF EDEN – THE PEOPLING OF THE WORLD Stephen Oppenheimer In a brilliant synthesis of genetic, archaeological and climatic evidence, Stephen Oppenheimer shows for the first time that all modern non-Africans sprang from a single exodus out of Africa, rather than multiple waves of migration ‘I can put my finger on a map and say that is where my people came from – research by Dr Oppenheimer and others has now given us all the right to say that.’ Economist ‘The thrill of this book lies in the vast reaches of time and space that one is deftly guided through.’ Sunday Telegraph ‘Telling the tale of humanity’s takeover of the world over the last 100,000 years means synthesizing fragments of evidence from many disciplines, and Oppenheimer is a master synthesizer To discover the real daughters of Eve, read on.’ Martin Richards, University of Huddersfield ‘Oppenheimer strongly argues for a single movement out of Africa He tells his story with pace and authority, combining the personal and the scientific.’ Times Literary Supplement ISBN 1 84119 894 3 £8.99