Edited by Maartje Abbenhuis, Neill Atkinson, Kingsley Baird and Gail Romano THE MYRIAD LEGACIES OF 1917 A Year of War and Revolution Tai Lieu Chat Luong The Myriad Legacies of 1917 Maartje Abbenhuis  •  Neill Atkinson Kingsley Baird  •  Gail Romano Editors The Myriad Legacies of 1917 A Year of War and Revolution Editors Maartje Abbenhuis School of Humanities The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand Kingsley Baird College of Creative Arts Massey University Wellington, New Zealand Neill Atkinson Manatu Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage Wellington, New Zealand Gail Romano Auckland War Memorial Museum Auckland, New Zealand ISBN 978-3-319-73684-6    ISBN 978-3-319-73685-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73685-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018930120 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover illustration: © Giuseppe Ramos / Alamy Stock Vector Designed by Akihiro Nakayama Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgements All the contributions in this collection are drawn from the ‘The Myriad Faces of War: 1917 and its Legacy’ symposium held at Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wellington in April 2017 The editors are particularly grateful to the other members of the organising committee without whom the symposium and this collection would not have been realised: Linda Baxter, Catherine Foley, Glyn Harper, Rebecca Johns, Tessa Lyons, David Reeves, and Euan Robertson We would like to acknowledge the following institutions for organising and supporting the symposium and in doing so, enabling the genesis of the volume: the organisers of the symposium WHAM (War History Heritage Art and Memory) Research Network, Auckland War Memorial Museum, Massey University, Manatu Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage, The University of Auckland, and, in concept planning stages, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa In addition to symposium sponsorship from the above organisations we are indebted to the funding support of the British High Commission (Wellington), Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany (Wellington), Bundeswehr (German Federal Armed Forces), Militähistorisches Museum der Bundeswehr (German Federal Armed Forces’ Military History Museum), Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Embassy of the United States of America (Wellington), New Zealand India Research Institute, Embassy of the Kingdom of Belgium (Canberra), New Zealand High Commission (Canberra), Australian High Commission (Wellington) and Monash University v vi   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are delighted to be publishing this edited volume with such a well-­ regarded publishing house as Palgrave Macmillan and are very grateful to Carmel Kennedy and Emily Russell who have gently and helpfully guided us through the various stages leading to publication Our thanks also go to the Palgrave Macmillan design team who created the cover which so well abstractly conveys notions of war and revolution as well as the myriad legacies of 1917 We are grateful to Jeremy Macey for his translation assistance Finally, the editors are indebted to the authors who contributed to this volume We are honoured to have contributions from some of the leading scholars of the First World War We wish to acknowledge the expertise, generosity, and diligence of Maartje Abbenhuis, Annette Becker, Piet Chielens, Glyn Harper, Michael Neiberg, Gorch Pieken, Jock Phillips, Galina Rylkova, Thomas Schmutz, Radhika Singha, Monty Soutar, Peter Stanley, and Jay Winter —Maartje Abbenhuis, Neill Atkinson, Kingsley Baird, and Gail Romano Contents 1 Introduction: Death’s Carnival: The Myriad Legacies of 1917   1 Maartje Abbenhuis 2 War and Anxiety in 1917  13 Jay Winter 3 American Entry into the First World War as an Historiographical Problem  35 Michael S Neiberg 4 The Maori War Effort at Home and Abroad in 1917  55 Monty Soutar 5 India’s Silver Bullets: War Loans and War Propaganda, 1917–18  77 Radhika Singha 6 Artists and Writers Between Tragedy and Camouflage 103 Annette Becker vii viii   CONTENTS 7 From Cursed Days to ‘Sunstroke’: The Authenticity of Ivan Bunin’s Recollections of the Bolshevik Revolution in the 1920s 125 Galina Rylkova 8 Temporary Sahibs: Terriers in India in 1917 151 Peter Stanley 9 The German-Ottoman Alliance, the Caucasus, and the Impact of the Russian Revolutions of 1917 169 Thomas Schmutz 10 New Zealand and ‘The Catastrophic Year 1917’ 193 Glyn Harper 11 1917 in Flanders Fields: The Seeds for the Commemorative War Landscape in Belgian Flanders 221 Piet Chielens 12 Passchendaele: Remembering and Forgetting in New Zealand 245 Jock Phillips 13 The Forgotten Break in History: The First World War and the Year 1917 in German Commemorative Culture 269 Gorch Pieken Index 291 Notes on Contributors Maartje  Abbenhuis is Associate Professor in history at the University of Auckland Her research interests include the history of war, peace, neutrality, and internationalism, particularly in the 1815–1818 period Her publications include The Art of Staying Neutral: The Netherlands in the First World War (2006) and An Age of Neutrals: Great Power Politics 1815–1914 (2014), which won a CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title award She is the recipient of two Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden grants Her new book, The Hague Conferences and International Politics 1898–1915, will be published in 2018 Neill  Atkinson  is chief historian and manager of heritage content at Manatu Taonga—Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington He is the author of six books, mainly focusing on New Zealand political, labour, and transport history He has been actively involved in the development of the Ministry’s suite of history and reference websites, including NZHistory, 28th Maori Battalion, and Te Ara— Encyclopedia of New Zealand, and has overseen the Ministry’s contribution to the New Zealand First World War Centenary History programme Kingsley Baird  is a visual artist whose research into memory and war commemoration—particularly of the First World War—is expressed through sculpture and the written word Commissioned works include: New Zealand Memorial (Canberra, 2001), Tomb of the Unknown Warrior (Wellington, 2004) and The Cloak of Peace (Nagasaki, 2006) Artists’ residencies and exhibitions include: In Flanders Fields Museum (Diary Dagboek, 2007), Historial de la Grande Guerre (Tomb, 2013); and Militärhistorisches Museum der Bundeswehr (Stela, 2014) Kingsley is Professor of fine arts, School of Art Whiti o Rehua, College of Creative Arts, Massey University, New Zealand ix x   NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Annette Becker  Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur (France), is a social and cultural historian of the First World War, Professor of contemporary history at Université Paris Ouest Nanterre and a senior member of the Institut Universitaire de France Annette has written extensively on the two world wars and the extreme violence they nurtured, with an emphasis on military occupations and the two genocides, against the Armenians and the Holocaust Her research interests include humanitarian politics, trauma, and memory, particularly in relation to the work of intellectuals and artists Piet Chielens  is Director of In Flanders Fields Museum in Ieper, Belgium From 1992 to 2007 he was artistic director of Peace Concerts Passendale He aims for a constant renewal of the memory of the Great War in Flanders and to give special attention to the ways in which micro- (personal, family) and macro-history (that of cultures, nations, and the world) can be linked In addition to numerous books in Dutch, Piet is co-author of two books in English: The Great War as Seen from the Air: In Flanders Fields 1914–1918 (2014) and Unquiet Graves: Execution Sites of the First World War in Flanders (2000) Glyn  Harper  is Professor of war studies at Massey University He is Massey’s Team Leader for the New Zealand First World War Centenary History ­programme and wrote one of its first volumes A former teacher, he joined the Australian Army in 1988 and after eight years transferred to the New Zealand Army, where he rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel Glyn was the army’s official historian for the deployment to East Timor and is the author of fourteen books for adults His most recent First World War publication is Johnny Enzed: The New Zealand Soldier in the First World War 1914–1918 (2015) Michael S. Neiberg  is Professor of history in the Department of National Security and Strategy at the United States Army War College He has published widely on the theme of war, especially in the era of the two world wars His most recent books include Path to War: How the First World War Created Modern America (2016) and Dance of the Furies: Europe and the Outbreak of World War I (2011), which was selected as one of Wall Street Journal’s five best books on the First World War in 2014 Jock Phillips  is a public historian based in Wellington He was New Zealand’s chief historian for 14 years (1989–2002) He became the general editor for Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand (2002–11), and then senior editor in charge of its content (2011–14) He has published extensively on various aspects of New Zealand’s history including its involvement in the First World War His books include A Man’s Country: The Image of the Pakeha Male (1987) and To the Memory: New Zealand’s War Memorials (2016), which won a best Non-Fiction Book prize at the Heritage Book and Writing Awards 284   G PIEKEN 13 Ibid., 239 14 Ibid., 276 15 Christine Beil, ‘Kriegsausstellungen während des Nationalsozialismus’, in Nationalsozialismus und Erster Weltkrieg, ed Gerd Krumeich (Essen: Klartext, 2010), 99 16 Ibid 17 Beil, Der ausgestellte Krieg, 327 18 Ibid., 215 19 Ibid., 229 20 Ibid., 300 21 Ibid., 334 22 Ibid., 349 23 Beil, ‘Kriegsausstellungen’, 104 24 Ibid 25 Thomas Thiemeyer, Fortsetzung des Krieges mit anderen Mitteln: Die beiden Weltkriege im Museum (Paderborn: Schöningh, 2010), 78 Ditto: Fabio Crivellari, ‘Die Medialität des Krieges: Der Erste Weltkrieg in der populären Erinnerungskultur nach 1945 am Beispiel populärer Geschichtsmagazine’ (Dissertation, Universität Konstanz, 2011), 24 26 Thiemeyer, Fortsetzung des Krieges, 98 27 Fritz Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht: Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914/18 (Düsseldorf: Droste, 1961), 97 28 Klaus Wiegrefe, ‘Der Marsch in die Barbarei’, Der Spiegel, August 2004, 78 29 Konrad H.  Jarausch, ‘Ein Buch wie ein Sprengsatz’, interview by Der Spiegel Der Spiegel, March 30, 2004 http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/ spiegelspecial/d-30300047.html 30 Thiemeyer, Fortsetzung des Krieges, 80 31 George F.  Kennan The Decline of Bismarck’s European Order: FrancoRussian Relations 1875–1890 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 32 Winston Churchill used this term, which Charles de Gaulle had already coined in 1941, in his book The Second World War, published in 1948: Thiemeyer, Fortsetzung des Krieges, 21 33 Ernst Nolte, Der europäische Bürgerkrieg 1917–1945: Nationalsoialismus und Bolschewismus (Frankfurt: Propyläen Verlag, 1987), 502 34 Ibid 35 Tobias Arand, ‘Epochenjahr 1917’, Geschichte und Geschehen, Sekundarstufe Themenheft (2007), 16 36 Frank Bösch and Jürgen Danyel, Zeitgeschichte: Konzepte und Methoden (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2012), 30ff   THE FORGOTTEN BREAK IN HISTORY: THE FIRST WORLD WAR…    285 37 Gerd Krumeich, ‘Der Erste Weltkrieg im Museum’, in Der Erste Weltkrieg in der populären Erinnerungskultur, eds Barbara Korte, Sylvia Paletschek and Wolfgang Hochbruck (Essen: Klartext, 2008), 59 38 Thiemeyer, Fortsetzung des Krieges, 100 39 Hermann Lübbe, Die Aufdringlichkeit der Geschichte: Herausforderung der Moderne vom Historismus bis zum Nationalsozialismus (Graz: Styria, 1989), 26 40 The situation is similar, for example, in Russia ‘It is noticeable that World War I has remained overshadowed by the 1917 Revolution and by World War II.  One of the textbooks used for teaching Russian history is well worth mentioning as an example in this regard, where the chapter on the subject of World War I is titled ‘On the way to the year 1917’.’ Nikolav Vlasov ‘Der Große Vergessene Krieg: der Erste Weltkrieg in modernen russischen Schulbüchern’ Gendenken und (k)ein Ende?, 99 41 Barbara Korte and Sylvia Paletschek, eds, History Goes Pop: Zur Repräsentation von Geschichte in populären Medien und Genres (Bielefeld: Transcript, 2009), 35 42 Thomas Schleper, ed., Erinnerung an die Zerstưrung Europas: Rückblick auf den Gren Krieg in Ausstellungen und anderen Medien (Essen: Klartext, 2016), 90 43 Bösch and Danyel, Zeitgeschichte, 122 44 Monika Fenn, ‘“Der Krieg, der fern war, ist jetzt nah”: Staatliches Erinnern an “1914” im Mega-Jubiläumsjahr 2014 in Deutschland’ in Auf dem Weg zur transnationalen Erinnerung?: Konvergenzen, Interferenzen und Differenzen der Erinnerung an den Ersten Weltkrieg im Jubiläumsjahr 2014, eds Monika Fenn and Christiane Kuller (Schwalbach: Wochen Schau, 2016), 69 45 Ibid 46 Franziska Dunkel, ‘“Es fehlt etwas”: Transnationales Erinnern an den Ersten Weltkrieg in Museen 2014’, Fenn and Kuller, transnationalen Erinnerung?, 207 47 Schleper, Erinnerung an die Zerstörung Europas, 31 48 Ibid 49 Ibid., 32 50 Christopher Clark, Die Schlafwandler: Wie Europa in den Ersten Weltkrieg zog, trans Norbert Juraschitz (Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2013), 651 51 Martin Sabrow, Die Zeit der Zeitgeschichte (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2012), 12 52 This led to a ‘barrage of remembrance’, as Nils Freytag wrote Nils Freytag, ‘Neuerscheinungen zum Ersten Weltkrieg’, Einführung, Sehepunkte 14, no 286   G PIEKEN 7/8 (2014), accessed Jan 6, 2017, http://www.sehepunkte.de/2014/07/ forum/neuerscheinungen-zum-1-weltkrieg-178/ Germans easily forget that ‘not for all nations which took part in the war was the year 2014 the dramatic break between war and peace Particularly the “latecomers” not necessarily give that year that special place in their national tradition of remembrance as countries in western and central Europe Not only Italy, but also Bulgaria, Romania and Greece—i.e the bulk of south-eastern Europe—fall into that category Countries such as Portugal, China, the United States and Brazil also tend to remember other years’ Bernhard Bachinger, Richard Lein, Verena Moritz, Julia Walleczek-Fritz, Stefan Wedrac, Markus Wurzer: Gedenken und (k)ein Ende? Eine Einleitung, in: dies (ed.): Gedenken und (k)ein Ende? Das Weltkriegs-Gedenken 1914/2014—Debatten, Zugänge, Ausblicke, 2016, Unpublished conference proceedings 53 For example: Der Große Krieg im Kleinformat Graphik- und Medaillenkunst zum Ersten Weltkrieg [The Great War in Small Format: Graphic and medal art for the First World War] (Ingolstadt: Bavarian Army Museum, 26.03.– 26.07.2015); Verdun—Ein Jahrhundert für den Frieden 19162016 [VerdunA century for peace 19162016] (Institut Franỗais), a photography exhibition shown for the first time in Paris on February 24, 2016, which afterwards toured several German cities, including Berlin, Stuttgart, and Tuebingen; and ‘(Her)ausgestellt—Verdun—100 Jahre’ [Exposed— Verdun—100 years], a photography exhibition at HTWK Leipzig, which opened on November 2, 2016 54 Christian Stachelbeck, introduction to ‘Materialschlachten 1916 Ereignis, Bedeutung, Erinnerung’, Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift (2017), 55 ‘Luther 2017: 500 Years of Reformation’, Stiftung Luthergedenkstätten in Sachsen-Anhalt, accessed September 2, 2017, https://www.luther2017 de/de/2017/termine-veranstaltungen/termine-veranstaltungen/ 56 So as not to forget the starting point of national unity and independence— the First World War with its nine million fallen soldiers—amidst the 100th anniversary fireworks, former East German foreign minister Markus Meckel has set up an action group in Germany to organise an international decade of peace in cooperation with political, cultural, scientific and church circles to mark the end of the war in 1918 57 This collection of essays mainly covers the German Rhineland region, but also refers to exhibitions in Berlin, Dresden, and various international cities 58 In 2018, however, a new regional museum dedicated to the First World War will be opening on a mountaintop in Alsace known as Hartmannsweiler Kopf (Hartmansweiler Head), where ferocious fighting took place during the war   THE FORGOTTEN BREAK IN HISTORY: THE FIRST WORLD WAR…    287 59 Dr Ansgar Reiß (director of the Bayerisches Armeemuseum), email to author, January 12, 2017 60 Tim B.  Müller and Adam Tooze, eds, Normalität und Fragilität Demokratie nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg, trans Jürgen Bauer and Edith Nerke (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2015), 20 61 Oleg Jurjew, ‘Verloren und vergessen’, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, June 14, 2014, https://www.nzz.ch/feuilleton/verloren-und-vergessen-1.18321629 62 Herfried Münkler, ‘Der Erste Weltkrieg hat Signalcharakter’, interview by Sarah Judith Hofmann Deutsche Welle, August 1, 2014 http://www dw.com/de/der-erste-weltkrieg-hat-signalcharakter/a-17460936 Bibliography Arand, Tobias Epochenjahr 1917 Geschichte und Geschehen, Sekundarstufe Themenheft Klett: Stuttgart, 2007 Bachinger, Bernhard, Richard Lein, Verena Moritz, Julia Walleczek-Fritz, Stefan Wedrac, and Markus Wurzer: Gedenken und (k)ein Ende? Eine Einleitung, in: dies (ed.): Gedenken und (k)ein Ende? Das Weltkriegs-Gedenken 1914/2014 – Debatten, Zugänge, Ausblicke, 2016 Unpublished conference proceedings Bauerkämper, Arnd ‘Gedächtnisschichten: Der Erste und Zweite Weltkrieg in den Erinnerungskulturen’ In Auf dem Weg zur transnationalen Erinnerungskultur? edited by Monika Fenn und Christiane Kuller, 37–65 Schwalbach: Wochenschau-Verlag, 2016 Beil, Christine Der ausgestellte Krieg: Präsentation des Ersten Weltkriegs 1914–1939 Tübingen: Tübinger Vereinigung für Volkskunde, 2004 Beil, Christine ‘Kriegsausstellungen während des Nationalsozialismus’ In Nationalsozialismus und Erster Weltkrieg, edited by Gerd Krumeich, 97–109 Essen: Klartext, 2010 Bösch, Frank, and Jürgen Danyel Zeitgeschichte: Konzepte und Methoden Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2012 Brandt, Susanne ‘The Memory Makers: Museums and Exhibitions of the First World War’ History and Memory 6, no (1994): 95–112 Crivellari, Fabio ‘Die Medialität des Krieges: Der Erste Weltkrieg in der populären Erinnerungskultur nach 1945 am Beispiel populärer Geschichtsmagazine’ Diss., Universität Konstanz, 2011 Clark, Christopher Die Schlafwandler: Wie Europa in den Ersten Weltkrieg zog Translated by Norbert Juraschitz Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2013 Dunkel, Franziska ‘“Es fehlt etwas”: Transnationales Erinnern an den Ersten Weltkrieg in Museen 2014’ In Auf dem Weg zur transnationalen Erinnerung?: Konvergenzen, Interferenzen und Differenzen der Erinnerung an den Ersten Weltkrieg im Jubiläumsjahr 2014, edited by Monika Fenn and Christiane Kuller, 206–23 Schwalbach: Wochen Schau, 2016 288   G PIEKEN Fenn, Monika ‘“Der Krieg, der fern war, ist jetzt nah”: Staatliches Erinnern an “1914” im Mega-Jubiläumsjahr 2014  in Deutschland’ In Auf dem Weg zur transnationalen Erinnerung?: Konvergenzen, Interferenzen und Differenzen der Erinnerung an den Ersten Weltkrieg im Jubiläumsjahr 2014, edited by Monika Fenn and Christiane Kuller, 66–96 Schwalbach: Wochen Schau, 2016 Fischer, Fritz Griff nach der Weltmacht: Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914/18 Düsseldorf: Droste, 1961 Freytag, Nils, ‘Neuerscheinungen zum Ersten Weltkrieg’, Einführung, Sehepunkte 14, no 7/8, 2014 ­http://www.sehepunkte.de/2014/07/forum/neuersche inungen-zum-1-weltkrieg-178/ Horne, John ‘Von Museen im Weltkrieg zu Weltkriegsmuseen’ In Mars und Museum: Europäische Museen im Ersten Weltkrieg, edited by Christina Kott and Bénédicte Savoy, 33–52 Köln: Böhlau Köln, 2016 Jarausch, Konrad H ‘Ein Buch wie ein Sprengsatz’ Interview by Der Spiegel Der Spiegel, March 30, 2004 http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/ d-30300047.html Johnson, Niall P.  A S and Juergen Mueller ‘Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918–1920 “Spanish” Influenza Pandemic’ Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 76, no 1, (Spring 2002): 105–115 https://muse.jhu edu/article/4826/pdf Jurjew, Oleg ‘Verloren und vergessen’ Neue Zürcher Zeitung, June 14, 2014 https://www.nzz.ch/feuilleton/verloren-und-vergessen-1.18321629 Kennan, George F The Decline of Bismarck‘s European Order: Franco-Russian Relations 1875–1890 Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979 Korte, Barbara and Sylvia Paletschek, eds History Goes Pop: Zur Repräsentation von Geschichte in populären Medien und Genres Bielefeld: Transcript, 2009 Krumeich, Gerd ‘Der Erste Weltkrieg im Museum’ In Der Erste Weltkrieg in der populären Erinnerungskultur, edited by Barbara Korte, Sylvia Paletschek and Wolfgang Hochbruck, 59–71 Essen: Klartext, 2008 Lübbe, Hermann Die Aufdringlichkeit der Geschichte: Herausforderung der Moderne vom Historismus bis zum Nationalsozialismus Graz: Styria, 1989 Müller, Tim B and Adam Tooze, eds Normalität und Fragilität Demokratie nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg Translated by Jürgen Bauer and Edith Nerke Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2015 Münkler, Herfried ‘Der Erste Weltkrieg hat Signalcharakter’ Interview by Sarah Judith Hofmann Deutsche Welle, August 1, 2014 http://www.dw.com/de/ der-erste-weltkrieg-hat-signalcharakter/a-17460936 Nolte, Ernst Der europäische Bürgerkrieg 1917–1945: Nationalsoialismus und Bolschewismus Frankfurt: Propyläen Verlag, 1987 Sabrow, Martin Die Zeit der Zeitgeschichte Göttingen: Wallstein, 2012 Schleper, Thomas, ed Erinnerung an die Zerstörung Europas: Rückblick auf den Großen Krieg in Ausstellungen und anderen Medien Essen: Klartext, 2016   THE FORGOTTEN BREAK IN HISTORY: THE FIRST WORLD WAR…    289 Stachelbeck, Christian Introduction to Materialschlachten 1916: Ereignis, Bedeutung, Erinnerung (Zeitalter der Weltkriege, 17), edited by Christian Stachelbeck, 1–16 Paderborn: Schöningh, 2017 Stiftung Luthergedenkstätten in Sachsen-Anhalt ‘Luther 2017: 500 Years of Reformation’ Accessed September 2, 2017 https://www.luther2017.de/ de/2017/termine-veranstaltungen/termine-veranstaltungen/ Thiemeyer, Thomas Fortsetzung des Krieges mit anderen Mitteln: Die beiden Weltkriege im Museum Paderborn: Schưningh, 2010 Vlasov, Nikolav ‘Der Gre Vergessene Krieg: der Erste Weltkrieg in modernen russischen Schulbüchern’ Gendenken und (k)ein Ende?, forthcoming, 93–105 Unpublished article Wiegrefe, Klaus ‘Der Marsch in die Barbarei Der Spiegel, August 2004 http:// www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-29968610.html Weißbrich, Thomas ‘Trophäen und Tribut: Das Kưnigliche Zeughaus zu Berlin während des Ersten Weltkriegs’ In Mars und Museum: Europäische Museen im Ersten Weltkrieg, edited by Christina Kott and Bénédicte Savoy, 53–68 Köln: Böhlau Köln, 2016 Index1 A Aden, 152, 155, 160, 165n5 Adorno, Theodore W., 128, 146n16 Afghanistan, 163, 175, 186n18 Aga Khan, 94, 100n118 Aitken, Charles, 233 Allen, James, 58, 68, 69, 71n1, 72n9–13, 75n61, 196, 212n17, 213n24, 257 Allenby, General Edmund, 207, 209 Allied powers, 13 Alsace-Lorraine, Amritsar, 162, 163, 166n22 Anti-Semitism, 46, 47 Anzac Day, 235, 253, 259, 262 Apollinaire, Guillaume, 103, 105, 112–114, 117, 121n1, 123n23, 123n29, 123n30 Armenian genocide, 186n19, 189n51 Armistice Day, 252 Art, 7, 84, 86, 103–108, 117, 128, 143, 271, 286 avant-garde, 103, 105, 107, 108, 111, 119, 121 Attia, Kader, 115 Australia, 104, 153, 224 Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), 9, 57, 228, 243n2, 249 Australian troops I Anzac Corps, 198, 200 II Anzac Corps, 196, 198, 200 4th Light Horse, 207 Australian War Memorial, 270 Austria-Hungary, 3, 37, 46, 47, 170, 181 Ayun Kara, 207–209 B Babel, Isaak, 140 Baghdad, 156, 172–174, 177 Baghdad railway project, 174 Baird, Kingsley, 120  Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes © The Author(s) 2018 M Abbenhuis et al (eds.), The Myriad Legacies of 1917, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73685-3 291 292   INDEX Baker, Herbert, 233 Balfour Declaration (1917), 47, 170 Balkan wars (1912–1913), 174, 189n51 Balla, Giacomo, 106 Barbusse, Henri, 16 Barlach, Ernst, 110 Bean, Charles, 249 Becker, Annette, 7, 30n11, 123n31, 185n5 Beckmann, Max, 110, 116 Beersheba, 207 Beil, Christine, 270, 283n3, 283n5, 283n7, 283n9, 283n12, 284n15, 284n17, 284n23 Belgian army, 223, 226–228 Belgium, 43, 47, 48, 58, 67, 117, 205, 211, 223–228, 231, 232, 234, 235, 238–240, 243n11, 256, 282 Bengal, 83, 92, 152 Benjamin, Walter, 107, 122n7 Berlin, 19, 27, 47, 48, 105, 173–175, 177–182, 187n36, 271–273, 280, 283n1, 286n53, 286n57 Bernstorff, Johann Heinrich von, 178, 180, 182, 187n31, 187n34, 187n35, 188n39, 189n48 Biddle, Stephen, 195, 212n14 Bolsheviks, 7, 16, 25, 26, 127, 130, 133, 134, 137, 142, 144, 145n7, 145n11, 147n43, 160, 177, 184, 276, 280, 282 propaganda posters, 133, 134 Bombay (Mumbai), 82, 83, 86–88, 90, 91, 100n108, 151, 153 Braithwaite, Brigadier-General William, 255 Brancusi, Constantin, 121 Brest-Litovsk peace agreement (1918), 173, 176, 181 Britain domestic politics, 14 Labour Party, 25 Liberal Party, 14 British army I Anzac Corps, 200 II Anzac Corps, 196, 200 25th Division, 196 29th Division, 153 49th Division, 201 66th Division, 200 Imperial Camel Corps, 205, 206 Second Army, 195, 200 British Territorial Force, 152 Broodseinde, Battle of, 198–200 Bryan, William Jennings, 38, 41 Bulgakov, Mikhail, 140 Bulgaria, 174, 182, 286n52 Bunin, Ivan, 7, 125–148 Burma, 81, 82, 153 Burton, Ormond, 255, 256, 265n49, 265n53 Busset, Maurice, 115, 116 Byrne, Arthur, 214n39, 255, 265n46 Byrne, James, 255 C Caillaux, Joseph, 14 Calcutta (Kolkata), 82, 83, 85, 86, 88, 90, 92, 154, 157 Camouflage, 7, 28, 103–123 Canada, 37, 160, 224 Canadian troops, 231 Caporetto, Battle of, Carroll, James, 58, 62, 72n16 Cartoons, 19–23, 25, 28, 105, 115 Caucasus, 8, 169–189 Cendrars, Blaise, 111, 112, 123n17, 123n20, 123n22 Central powers, 6, 13, 46, 170, 174–176, 183  INDEX     Cesare, Oscar, 115, 137 Chekhov, Anton, 127 Chelmsford, Lord (Viceroy of India), 79, 84, 97n42, 100n115 Chielens, Piet, 9, 244n13 China, 29, 46, 222, 224, 286n52 Clark, Christopher, 27, 32n42, 37, 50n7, 279, 285n50 Clemenceau, Georges, 14 Coates, Gordon, 254 Cocteau, Jean, 104, 121n3 Cold War, 10, 274, 275, 277, 278 Commemoration, 7, 9, 10, 114, 117, 118, 120, 210, 222, 227, 233, 238, 239, 269, 275, 279–281 Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC), 247, 263n4 memorials to the missing, 222, 233 Communism, 4, 40 Conscientious objection, Conscription, 2, 14, 55, 67–70, 83 Cooper, John Milton, 38, 51n17 Couperus, Louis, 2, 10n4 Czechoslovakia, 26 D Debs, Eugene, 14 Delaunay, Sonia, 112 Devambez, André, 118 Dinesen, Isak, 7, 104 Dix, Otto, 116 Djemal Pasha, 171, 173, 185n11 Dyer, Brigadier Reginald, 162, 163 E Eisenhower, Dwight, 49 Entente Cordiale, Enver Pasha, 171, 172, 177, 178 Erhard, Ludwig, 275 Executions, 127, 131, 235 Exile, 2, 3, 5, 293 F Fascism, 4, 40, 276 Felixmuller, Conrad, 113, 123n25 Ferguson, David, 255, 265n45 Ferguson, Niall, 32n41, 37, 51n10 Fergusson, Lord Charles, 256 Fischer, Fritz, 36, 50n5, 274–276, 284n27 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 38, 51n19 Flemish identity, 222 Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 194, 212n8 France domestic politics, 14 soldiers’ press, 17 France, Anatole, 18, 27 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 39 French army black soldiers, 22, 114 Chemin des Dames offensive, 15 mutinies, 15, 20 Freyberg, General Bernard, 262 Friedrich, Ernst, 272, 273 Fuller, Major-General J.F.C., 193, 194, 212n1, 212n4 G Gallipoli, 9, 57, 58, 71, 153, 160, 175, 178, 186n22, 205, 209, 210, 228, 243n2, 245, 247, 249, 251–257, 260, 262 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 161, 162 Garrison, William Lindley, 44 Garstin, William E., 235 Gas warfare, 103, 110, 207, 224 Gaza, 173, 207 Gender, 7, 19, 22, 40, 46, 115–116, 118 German army, 197, 200, 271 294   INDEX Germany Bavarian Army Museum, 277, 281, 283 Berlin Armoury, 270, 272, 273 commemorative culture, 269–287 domestic politics, 14 Foreign Office, 272, 274 German Democratic Republic (East Germany), 275 German Federal Armed Forces Centre of Military History and Social Sciences, 280 German Federal Republic (West Germany), 275, 278 German Historical Museum, Berlin, 277, 280, 283n1 German War Graves Commission, 229 Museum of Military History, Dresden, 280–282, 283n1 Reichstag, 14 Socialist Unity Party (SED), 275 submarine warfare, 42, 45, 50 Weimar Republic, 271, 277 Gerstenmaier, Eugen, 275 Gibbons, Floyd, 45 Gibbs, Philip, 249 Godley, Major-General Alexander, 57, 58, 72n9–13, 251, 261 Goll, Yvan, 1–5, 10n1 Göring, Hermann, 273 Gorky, Arshile, 116, 123n28 Gough, General Hubert, 198 Gould, Ashley, 67, 74n36, 75n38, 75n48, 75n52, 75n54 Graves, Robert, 259 Grief, 7, 9, 106, 109, 114, 117, 119, 222 H Haig, Field Marshal Douglas, 197, 198, 200, 201, 213n35, 228, 250, 251, 254, 261 Hardinge, Lord (Viceroy of India), 79 Harper, Glyn, 8, 9, 204, 212n7, 213n22, 213n27, 213n29, 213n31, 213n34, 214n38, 214n41, 214n44, 214n48, 214n52, 214n53, 214n55, 215n62, 215n65, 215n72–74, 215n79, 215n83, 247, 263n7, 264n10 Hart, Leonard, 202, 214n43, 245–248, 258, 263n2 Hartley, Marsden, 106 Henderson, Arthur, 24, 25 Hitler, Adolf, 26, 27, 273, 274 Hollande, Franỗois, 120, 123n32 Hospitals, 58, 109, 110, 112, 158, 248, 264n9 House, Edward, 38 Hugenberg, Alfred, 14 Hughes, Charles Evans, 44 Hyde, Robin, 261, 266n77 I Ieper, see Ypres Imperial War Graves Commission, see Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) Imperial War Museum, 97n37, 97n44, 270 India banks, 79–82, 84, 88, 89, 91–94, 97n42, 97n65, 99n104, 100n112 Hindus, 89, 97n27, 159 lotteries, 90–91 Muslims, 81, 88, 89, 159, 175 ‘mutiny’ (1857–1858), 152, 157 press, 93 railways, 77, 82, 83, 85, 92, 156 Sikhs, 85, 86, 163 war loans, 6, 7, 77–100 Indian troops, 159, 162, 164  INDEX     In Flanders Fields Museum (IFFM), 9, 222, 225, 229–231, 236, 238–240, 243n1 Inflation, 13, 14, 18, 27, 95n3 Influenza pandemic (1918), 282 Intellectuals, 2, 5, 7, 105, 106, 128, 226 Ireland, 14, 29, 46, 48, 224 Easter rising (1916), 48 Iriye, Akira, 4, 11n11 Italy, 3, 8, 29, 48, 282, 286n52 J Japan, 29, 45 Jazz music, 104 Jerusalem, 170, 173, 178, 209 Johnston, Napier, 201 Jünger, Ernst, 105, 121n5 K Kafka, Franz, 131, 147n27 Kemal, Mustafa, 178, 183 Kennan, George F., 275, 284n31 King, Michael, 211, 215n85 Kipling, Rudyard, 161, 235 Kitchener, Lord Herbert, 152–154, 156, 158, 163, 164 Kohere, Lieutenant Henare, 58, 73n28 Kollwitz, Käthe, 117 Kressenstein, Colonel Friedrich von, 207 Krumeich, Gerd, 279, 284n15, 285n37 Kut-al-Amara, siege of, 155 L La Baïonnette, 19–21, 24, 25, 28 Laconia, 45 Lapie, Christian, 114 295 League of Nations, 26 Lee, John A., 261, 262, 266n77 Léger, Fernand, 106, 108–111, 122n11, 122n13, 123n19 Le Naour, Jean-Yves, 3, 11n6 Lenin, Vladimir, 5, 11n12, 26, 170 Le Quesnoy, 253, 257 Liddell Hart, Basil, 166n17, 194 Link, Arthur, 38, 51n17 Literature, 28, 36, 104, 140–144, 166n17, 259, 279, 283 Lloyd George, David, 36, 37, 50n6, 84, 209, 251, 261, 266n73 Lübbe, Hermann, 278, 285n39 Lusitania, 6, 35, 36, 41–43, 45, 48 Lutyens, Edwin Landseer, 222, 233, 234 M Maori conscription of, 55, 67–70 fundraising, 59, 60, 63, 73n28 land confiscation, 56 Maori Soldiers’ Fund (MSF), 59, 61, 63, 64, 73n28 Ngati Porou tribe, 59, 60, 62 recruitment, 55, 57, 58, 61, 70 songs, 59, 60, 63, 73n28, 74n30 Taranaki tribes, 57, 68 Waikato tribe, 55, 57, 68–70 McMeekin, Sean, 37, 51n9 Menin Gate (Memorial to the Missing), 235–237 Mesopotamia, 152, 155, 156, 158, 160, 163, 170, 177, 205, 256 Messines, Battle of, 55, 195, 197, 224, 229, 252 Mexico, 45 Meyer, William, 79, 80 Middle East, 9, 10, 26, 46, 67, 169, 174, 175, 181, 182, 184, 210 Mikhalkov, Nikita, 127 296   INDEX Morgan, J.P., 38, 43, 51n19 Moscow, 127, 129, 144, 147n41, 177 Mundelein, Cardinal George, 49 Münkler, Herfried, 279, 282, 287n62 Murdoch, Keith, 249–251 Murray, General Archibald, 207 Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, N National Socialists (Nazis), 273 Neiberg, Michael S., 6, 52n23, 52n31, 52n34 Netherlands, the, 224, 277 Neutrality, 2, 5, 6, 37, 38, 41, 43, 48, 193, 223 Nevinson, Christopher, 106 New Zealand male stereotype, 245 Military Service Act 1916, 55, 67 National War Memorial, 247, 256 press, 201, 247, 257 soldiers’ land settlement, 65 Territorial Force, 56 war memorials, 211 New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) 2nd Brigade, 202 3rd (Rifle) Brigade, 201, 202 Auckland Infantry Battalion, 66 Entrenching Battalion, 234 Maori (Pioneer) Battalion, 55, 57–61, 65, 67, 69, 71 Maori Contingent, 56–58, 61, 67, 68, 71 Mounted Rifles Brigade, 194 Otago Infantry Regiment, 245 Otago Mounted Rifles, 58 Pioneer Battalion, 55, 57–61, 65, 67, 69, 71 Ngata, Apirana, 56, 58–63, 65, 68, 69, 71, 72n8, 73n28, 74n30, 75n60, 76n71 Nicholas II, Tsar, 13, 46, 47, 134, 147n42 Nivelle, General Robert, 15, 20 Nobel Prize in literature, 140–144 Nolte, Ernst, 275, 276, 284n33 O Odessa, 127, 130, 141, 145n11 Ostend, 223 Ottoman Empire call for jihad (1914), 172 Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), 171 Jews, 170, 175 Young Turks, 171–173, 178, 179, 182, 183, 187n36 P Pacific island troops, 58 Pacifism, 28, 272 Palestine, 8, 47, 155, 156, 158, 160, 163, 170, 172, 173, 175, 177, 181, 183, 187n32, 194, 205–209, 211, 256 Paris, 7, 16, 19, 21, 108, 116, 126, 144, 206, 286n53 Passchendaele (memorial locomotive), 256 Passchendaele, Battle of, 9, 67, 193, 194, 198, 200–204, 209, 211, 245–266 Pasternak, Boris, 140 Pershing, John, 49  INDEX     Phillips, Jock, 9, 263n1, 263n2, 265n53 Picasso, Pablo, 108 Pieken, Gorch, 10 Pilniak, Boris, 140 Pippin, Horace, 113 Plumer, General Herbert, 195, 198 Poetry, 1, 105, 112, 113, 117, 259 Poland, 26, 29, 47, 281, 282 Polderhoek, 229, 230 Pomare, Maui, 58, 64, 68, 69 Powles, Colonel Charles Guy, 208, 212n5, 214n54, 214n57, 215n61, 215n67, 215n71, 259 Prager, Robert, 14 Preston, Andrew, 39, 51n21, 51n22 Prior, Robin, 194, 212n6, 212n9, 212n10, 213n34, 214n50, 264n29 Profiteering, 15, 19 Prost, Philippe, 120 Punjab, 83, 88, 93, 96n26, 162, 163 R Race, 6, 7, 14, 22, 56, 66, 70, 71, 113–115 Race riots, 14 Railways, 43, 77, 82, 83, 85, 92, 156, 163, 174, 196, 234, 235, 245–247, 256 Rawlinson, General Henry, 195 Red Cross, 42, 235, 271 Religion, 118, 157, 161 Remarque, Erich, 259, 265n62 Returned Soldiers’ Association (RSA) (New Zealand), 59, 66, 259, 261 Rickenbacker, Eddie, 49 Riniker, Daniel, 131, 145n4, 146n24 Rolland, Romain, 2, 10n2 Roman Catholicism, Romania, 121, 286n52 297 Romanov dynasty, 3, 8, 169, 170 Roosevelt, Theodore, 43, 46 Ross, Malcolm, 196, 249, 251 Rothfels, Hans, 276 Royal Navy, 42 Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, 197, 200 Ruquoy, General Louis, 227 Russell, Major-General Andrew, 197, 201, 250, 255 Russia civil war, 145n7, 282 February 1917 revolution, 125, 282 October 1917 revolution, 139 press, 129 White Army, 127, 145n7, 147n43 withdrawal from war, 13 S Sabrow, Martin, 280, 285n51 St Petersburg, 25, 140, 141, 146n18 Sargent, John Singer, 109 Sassoon, Siegfried, 258, 259 Schleper, Thomas, 281, 285n42, 285n47 Seager, Samuel Hurst, 257 Second World War, 27, 52n33, 55, 64, 71, 113, 140, 239, 262, 274, 275, 277–279, 282 Serbia, 43 Severini, Gino, 106, 107 Sherriff, R.C., 259 Simkins, Peter, 210, 215n76 Sinai campaign, 205 Singha, Radhika, 6, Somme, Battle of the, 58, 210, 224, 252 Soutar, Monty, 6, 71n2, 72n7, 72n24, 76n69 Soviet Union, 3, 4, 125, 139, 140, 276 298   INDEX Spencer, Victor, 234–235, 239 Stein, Gertrude, 108, 122n9 Stewart, Colonel Hugh, 212n16, 254, 255, 265n42 Strikes, 14, 17, 23, 59, 154, 162 Suez Canal, 153 Switzerland, 2, 3, 5, 170 Sykes-Picot agreement (1917), 173 T Talaat Pasha, 171, 172, 177, 178, 180–182 Tannenberg, Battle of, 273 Tata, Dorabji, 90, 91 Taylor, A.J.P., 210, 215n75 Te Heuheu Tukino, Tureiti, 64 Te Rata, Maori King, 68 Thomas, Albert, 24, 25 Tirpitz, Admiral Alfred von, 14 Todman, Dan, 210, 215n77 Tolstoy, Aleksei, 140 Tolstoy, Leo, 127, 128, 143 Tomoana, Paraire, 62, 63, 73n28, 74n30 Total war, 3, 7, 17, 105, 116, 189n51 Trade unions, 14, 41 Treaty of Paris (1919), 27 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 271, 272 Trotsky, Leon, 25, 26, 173 Turkey, 29, 163, 189n51 U Ukraine, 26, 46, 47, 281 United Kingdom, see Britain United States of America army, 45 Congress, 36 Democratic Party, 38 entry into war, 5, 6, 9, 35–53, 282 German-Americans, 39, 42, 48, 49 German sabotage, 37, 43, 44 German submarine warfare, 45 Irish-Americans, 48 isolationism, Italian-Americans, 48 Jewish-Americans, 46, 47 National Guard neutrality press, 36 Unknown soldiers, repatriation of, 104 V Valensi, Henry, 107 Verdun, Battle of, 15, 18, 224 Villa, Pancho, 43 Villard, Oswald, 49 von Sanders, General Otto Liman, 173, 177, 178, 187n31, 187n32 W Walden, Herwarth, 105 Wallonia, 239 War loans, 6, 7, 77–100 Wawro, Geoffrey, 37, 50n8 Werefkin, Marianne von, Western front, 9, 13, 15, 26, 44, 57, 59, 71, 121, 152, 158, 163, 166n18, 169, 170, 173, 181, 193–195, 197, 198, 205, 209, 210, 221–224, 248, 252, 254, 260 West-Flanders, 9, 224, 233, 239, 240 West Indian troops, 221–222, 224 Wielemans, Lieutenant General Maximilien, 226, 227 Wilhelm I, Kaiser, 271  INDEX     Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 174 Wilson, President Woodrow, 6, 16, 26, 28, 36, 38, 41–50, 50n3, 180 Wilson, Trevor, 151, 194, 212n12 Wilton, Robert, 25 Winter, Jay, 5, 10, 30n10, 30n14, 32n38, 32n45, 211, 215n84 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 113 Wolff, Leon, 193, 194, 212n1, 212n2, 212n13 Women changing roles of, 116 employment of, 22, 116 war widows, 19, 21, 22 299 Y York, Duke and Duchess of, 256 Ypres First Battle of (1914), 223, 224 Second Battle of (1915), 224 Third Battle of (1917), 9, 193, 224, 228, 229, 231, 247, 253 Yser, Battle of, 223 Z Zadkine, Ossip, 109 Zeebrugge, 223 Zimmerman telegram, Zionism, 185n11