MONITORING, CONTROL AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION Edited by Andrzej G. Chmielewski Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution Edited by Andrzej G. Chmielewski Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Lorkovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright SimonasP, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution, Edited by Andrzej G. Chmielewski p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-526-6 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Emission and Transformation of Air Pollutants 1 Chapter 1 Generation and Dispersion of Total Suspended Particulate Matter Due to Mining Activities in an Indian Opencast Coal Project 3 Ratnesh Trivedi, M. K. Chakraborty and B. K. Tewary Chapter 2 Secondary Acidification 15 Mizuo Kajino and Hiromasa Ueda Part 2 Air Pollution Monitoring and Modelling 39 Chapter 3 Gas Sensors for Monitoring Air Pollution 41 Kwang Soo Yoo Chapter 4 Development of Low-Cost Network of Sensors for Extensive In-Situ and Continuous Atmospheric CO2 Monitoring 59 Kuo-Ying Wang, Hui-Chen Chien and Jia-Lin Wang Chapter 5 Aerosol Optical Thickness and PM10 Study by Using a Handheld Spectroradiometer Over Penang 73 Tan Fuyi, Lim Hwee San, Mohd. Zubir Mat Jafri and K. Abdullah Chapter 6 Remote Sensing of PM2.5 Over Penang Island from Satellite Measurements 81 Sim Chong Keat, Lim Hwee San, Khiruddin Abdullah and Mohd. Zubir Mat Jafri Chapter 7 Photoacoustic Measurements of Black Carbon Light Absorption/Scattering Coefficients and Visibility Degradation in Jordan During 2007/2008 93 Khadeejeh M. Hamasha VI Contents Chapter 8 PM 2.5 Source Apportionment Applying Material Balance and Receptor Models in the MAMC 103 V. Mugica, R. Vallesa, J. Aguilar, J. Figueroa and F. Mugica Part 3 Air Pollution in Office and Public Transport Vehicles 119 Chapter 9 Emission and Formation of Fine Particles from Hardcopy Devices: the Cause of Indoor Air Pollution 121 David D. Massey and Ajay Taneja Chapter 10 In-Office Dispersion and Exposure to Contaminants Originating from an Unfolded Letter 135 Alfred D. Eisner, Russell W. Wiener and Jacky Rosati Part 4 Effect of Air Pollutants on Historical Objects 151 Chapter 11 Air Pollution and Cultural Heritage: Searching for “The Relation Between Cause and Effect” 153 Eleni Metaxa Chapter 12 Effect of Air Pollution on Archaeological Buildings in Cairo 179 Mohamed Kamal Khallaf Chapter 13 Influence of Air Pollution on Degradation of Historic Buildings at the Urban Tropical Atmosphere of San Francisco de Campeche City, México 201 Javier Reyes, Francisco Corvo, Yolanda Espinosa-Morales, Brisvey Dzul, Tezozomoc Perez, Cecilia Valdes, Daniel Aguilar and Patricia Quintana Part 5 Plasma Technologies for Air Pollution Control 227 Chapter 14 Plasma-Based Depollution of Exhausts: Principles, State of the Art and Future Prospects 229 Ronny Brandenburg, Hana Barankova, Ladislav Bardos, Andrzej G. Chmielewski, Miroslaw Dors, Helge Grosch, Marcin Hołub, Indrek Jõgi, Matti Laan, Jerzy Mizeraczyk, Andrzej Pawelec and Eugen Stamate Preface The municipal and industrial activities of the man affects human health, leads to degradation of the environment and even degradation of the objects built by himself or his predecessors. The pollutants are emitted to the atmosphere with off-gases from industry, power stations, residential heating systems and vehicles, some additional emissions come from the natural sources as volcanoes as well. Fossil fuels, which include coal, natural gas, petroleum, shale oil and bitumen are the main source of heat, electrical energy and are the basic duels for the engines of the transport vehicles. All these fuels contain beside major constituents (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) other materials as metal, sulfur and nitrogen compounds. During the combustion process different pollutants as fly ash, sulfur oxides ( SO x = SO2 and SO3), nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO2 + NO) and volatile organic compounds are emitted. Fly ash contains different trace elements (heavy metals). Gross emission of pollutants is tremendous all over the world. These pollutants are present in the atmosphere in such conditions that they can affect man and his environment. The books addresses the subjects related to the selected aspects of pollutants emission, monitoring and their effects. The most of recent publications concentrated on the review of the pollutants emissions from industry, especially power sector. In this one emissions from opencast mining and transport are addressed as well. Beside of SO x and NOx emissions, small particles and other pollutants (e.g. VOC, ammonia) have adverse effect on environment and human being. The natural emissions (e.g. from volcanoes) has contribution to the pollutants concentration and atmospheric chemistry governs speciation of pollutants, as in the case of secondary acidification. The methods of ambient air pollution monitoring based on modern instrumentation allow the verification of dispersion models and balancing of mass emissions. The comfort of everyday human’s activity is influenced by indoor and public transport vehicles interior air contamination, which is effected even by the professional appliances operation. The outdoor pollution leads to cultural heritage objects deterioration, the mechanism are studied and the methods of rehabilitation developed. However to prevent emissions the new technologies are being developed, the new class of these technologies are plasma processes, which are briefly reviewed at the final part of the book. Prof. Andrzej G. Chmielewski Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology Warsaw, Poland [...]... m 13 40 17 58 12 33 525 2 .1 14 8 12 34 16 60 11 08 552 2.4 14 8 Unit Value g/s g/s 0.3877 0.4659 16 48 19 63 2 015 11 95 2092 2498 2605 16 05 13 77 13 36 13 87 942 715 11 62 12 18 663 2 .1 3 .1 3 .1 1.9 14 14 14 18 8 8 8 12 g/s g/ms g/ms g/s 0.5 218 0. 012 7 0. 013 2 0.8544 14 38 10 30 18 97 13 87 11 35 10 02 762 385 2.0 2.5 14 24 8 16 g/s g/m2s 0.5360 0.0000363 14 82 10 62 10 15 18 72 14 78 13 57 10 27 10 40 985 845 438 372 1. 8 1. 7 1. 0... reduce air 4 Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution quality and this ultimately affects people, flora and fauna in and around mining areas (Crabbe et al., 2000, Wheeler et al., 2000) Implementation of effective air quality control measures by the mining company are needed and green belts development can be devised wherever necessary (Kapoor and Gupta, 19 84, Sharma and Roy, 19 97, Shannigrahi and. .. because of their lengths and nature of mining operations This very fact again confirms that the vehicle and haul road intersection is the major source of dust in opencast mines (Muleski and Cowherd, 19 87, Sinha and Banerjee, 19 97, Ghose and Majee, 2002) Emission rate for whole mine is found 0.000 010 8 gm per sq meter per second 10 Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution With the help of FDM,... PM10 Measurement arrangement (Av Flow rate not < 1. 1 m3/min) (Source: Central Pollution Control Board Notification, 19 94 ) Table 1 Air Pollutant Analysis Methods: Coal Mine Standards Sl No Sample Site 1 2 3 4 5 Filter Plant SAM Office Kitadi Village Padampur Village Manager Office Sec-IV TSPM (µg/ m3) mean S.D 294.30 21. 67 6 31. 72 58.44 390.30 32.20 654.38 54.55 10 78 .10 75.56 PM10 (µg/ m3) mean S.D 12 0.34... evaluated in terms of downwind distance x, m (as shown in Fig 2); σz, Standard deviation of vertical plumes concentration, evaluated in terms of downwind distance x, m (as shown in Fig 3) Generation and Dispersion of Total Suspended Particulate Matter Due to Mining Activities in an Indian Opencast Coal Project 7 Lateral Diffusion Co-Efficient ,m 10 000 A 10 00 B 10 0 C D 10 E F 1 100 10 00 10 000 10 0000 Downwind... data of TSPM and PM10 are shown in Table 2 along with the arithmetic mean and standard deviation (S.D.) of the measured data Para meter TSPM PM10 Time weighted Avg Annual 24 hours Concentration in Ambient Air 430 µg/ m3 600 µg/ m3 Method Instruments IS- 518 2 Part XIV Annual 24 hours 215 µg/ m3 300 µg/ m3 IS- 518 2 Part XIV High Volume Sampler with PM10 Measurement arrangement (Av Flow rate not < 1. 1 m3/min)... in Table 1 Other air qualities parameters are not considered because of their concentrations are found much below the threshold value in the study area The existing status of air environment was assessed through a systematic air quality surveillance program in which five ambient air quality stations have been selected to know 6 Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution the air quality of the area... producing as much as 70% of total dust emitted from surface coal mines (Muleski and Cowherd, 19 87, Sinha and Banerjee, 19 97, Ghose and Majee, 2002), while it was accounted to be 80-90% of the PM10 emission (Cole and Zapert, 19 95) Maximal concentrations of particulate matter are generally occurred during winter and minimal in the rainy season.(Ghose and Majee, 2000, Tayanc, 2000, Reddy and Ruj, 2003) However,.. .Part 1 Emission and Transformation of Air Pollutants 1 Generation and Dispersion of Total Suspended Particulate Matter Due to Mining Activities in an Indian Opencast Coal Project Ratnesh Trivedi, M K Chakraborty and B K Tewary Scientists, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, India 1 Introduction The knowledge of ambient air quality plays an important role... during August and September and is about 15 -20% during summer Wind rose diagram during the study period is illustrated in Fig .1 Fig 1 Wind Rose Diagram of Padampur OCP 2.2 Ambient air quality monitoring The ambient air quality status in the impact zone was assessed through a network of ambient air quality monitoring locations The studies on air environment include identification of specific air pollutants . Drilling 13 40 17 58 12 33 525 2 .1 14 8 g/s 0.3877 Overburden Loading 12 34 16 60 11 08 552 2.4 14 8 g/s 0.4659 Coal Loading 16 48 2092 13 77 715 2 .1 14 8 g/s 0.5 218 Haul Road 19 63 2498 13 36 11 62 3 .1 14. 3 .1 14 8 g/ms 0. 012 7 Transport Road 2 015 2605 13 87 12 18 3 .1 14 8 g/ms 0. 013 2 Overburden Unloading 11 95 16 05 942 663 1. 9 18 12 g/s 0.8544 Coal Unloading 14 38 18 97 11 35 762 2.0 14 8 g/s 0.5360. 10 30 13 87 10 02 385 2.5 24 16 g/m 2 s 0.0000363 Stockyard 14 82 18 72 10 27 845 1. 8 14 8 g/m 2 s 0.00 019 81 Workshop 10 62 14 78 10 40 438 1. 7 25 15 g/m 2 s 0.0000878 Exposed pit surface 10 15 13 57