INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT – VOLUME II Edited by Er. Sunil Kumar Integrated Waste Management – Volume II Edited by Er. Sunil Kumar Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romina Krebel Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Hasloo Group Production Studio, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Integrated Waste Management – Volume II, Edited by Er. Sunil Kumar p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-447-4 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Planning and Social Perspectives Including Policy and Legal Issues 1 Chapter 1 Operationalising Municipal Solid Waste Management 3 Peterson Obara Magutu and Cliff Ouko Onsongo Chapter 2 Status of Waste Management 11 Dennis Iyeke Igbinomwanhia Chapter 3 Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries: Future Challenges and Possible Opportunities 35 Imad A. Khatib Chapter 4 International Practices in Solid Waste Management 49 Rafia Azmat Chapter 5 Key Areas in Waste Management: A South African Perspective 69 Mosidi Makgae Chapter 6 Exploring and Assessing Innovative Approaches to Utilizing Waste as a Resource: Toward Co-Benefits 83 Xudong Chen, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Yong Geng and Fengming Xi Chapter 7 Big Game Waste Production: Sanitary and Ecological Implications 97 Joaquín Vicente, Ricardo Carrasco, Pelayo Acevedo, Vidal Montoro and Christian Gortazar Part 2 Processing of Solid Waste 129 Chapter 8 Vermicomposting 131 Roohalah Rostami VI Contents Chapter 9 Animal Manure as Alternatives to Commercial Fertilizers in the Southern High Plains of the United States: How Oklahoma Can Manage Animal Waste 143 J.D. Vitale, C. Penn, S. Park, J. Payne, J. Hattey and J. Warren Chapter 10 Emerging Issues on Urban Mining in Automobile Recycling: Outlook on Resource Recycling in East Asia 165 Jeongsoo Yu, Jia Che, Michiaki Omura and Kevin Roy B. Serrona Chapter 11 Phosphorus in Water Quality and Waste Management 181 Helmut Kroiss, Helmut Rechberger and Lukas Egle Chapter 12 Anaerobic Processes for Waste Treatment and Energy Generation 215 Melanie Sattler Chapter 13 Management of Phosphorus Resources – Historical Perspective, Principal Problems and Sustainable Solutions 247 Yariv Cohen, Holger Kirchmann and Patrik Enfält Chapter 14 On-Farm Composting of Dead Stock 269 Kevin G Wilkinson Chapter 15 Recycling of Printed Circuit Boards 285 Maria Paola Luda Part 3 Industrial Solid Waste 299 Chapter 16 Recycling of Waste Paper Sludge in Cements: Characterization and Behavior of New Eco-Efficient Matrices 301 Moisés Frías, Iñigo Vegas, Raquel Vigil de la Villa and Rosario García Giménez Chapter 17 Agroindustrial Wastes as Substrates for Microbial Enzymes Production and Source of Sugar for Bioethanol Production 319 Daniela Alonso Bocchini Martins, Heloiza Ferreira Alves do Prado, Rodrigo Simões Ribeiro Leite, Henrique Ferreira, Márcia Maria de Souza Moretti, Roberto da Silva and Eleni Gomes Chapter 18 Are WEEE in Control? Rethinking Strategies for Managing Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 361 Francis O. Ongondo and Ian D. Williams Chapter 19 Preliminary Study of Treatment of Spent Test Tubes Used for Blood Tests by Acidic Electrolyzed Water 381 Masafumi Tateda, Tomoya Daito, Youngchul Kim and B.C. Liyanage Athapattu Contents VII Chapter 20 (Re-)constructing Nuclear Waste Management in Sweden: The Involvement of Concerned Groups, 1970–2010 401 Jonas Anshelm and Vasilis Galis Chapter 21 Assessment of the Vulnerability Potential for an Unconfined Aquifer in Konya Province, Turkey 431 M. Tahir Nalbantcilar Part 4 Leachate and Gas Management 439 Chapter 22 Sustained Carbon Emissions Reductions through Zero Waste Strategies for South African Municipalities 441 Cristina Trois and Rohini Jagath Chapter 23 Greenhouse Gas Emission from Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Asia 461 Tomonori Ishigaki, Osamu Hirata, Takefumi Oda, Komsilp Wangyao, Chart Chiemchaisri, Sirintornthep Towprayoon, Dong-Hoon Lee and Masato Yamada Preface The quantum of wastes generated in urban centres has become one of the difficult tasks for those responsible for their management. The problem is becoming acute specially in economically developing countries, where there is a financial crunch, and other resources are scarce. Although there are varieties of publications dealing with various topics of solid waste management, most of these documents have been published addressing the needs of developed nations. Only a few documents have been specifically written to provide the type of information that is required by those in developing countries. In addition, most of the documents are not accessible to all the readers, and there is also a strong need to update the published documents once again in view of globalization. To maximize the use of limited available resources, it was decided to combine information gathered from both developed and developing countries on all the elements of solid waste management under the title “Integrated Waste Management”. Due to overwhelming response from authors all around the world, the book has been divided into two parts, i.e. Volume I and II, and the chapters have been grouped under different sub-headings. This publication has been prepared primarily for researchers, engineers, scientists, decision-makers and policy makers involved in the management of solid wastes. The information provided in both the volumes would also be useful to students studying environmental science and engineering. Er. Sunil Kumar Scientist Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) Kolkata Zonal Laboratory Kolkata India [...]... Food waste in different Countries 24 % foow waste Integrated Waste Management – Volume II 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Fig 4 Food waste in different Countries In addition a total of 2323.93kg of commercial waste was measured in Benin metropolis and this gave an average of 44.96% of Garbage, 25.43% of plastic waste, 14 .27% of paper waste, 3. 21% of metal waste, 3.89% of glass, 3.39% and 8.24% of other waste. .. solid waste chain It therefore means that the solid waste chain is the path trace by solid waste from generation to the final disposal point The solid waste chain has been extensively discussed in this work 12 Integrated Waste Management – Volume II 1. 3 Assessment of the status of source segregation The process of recovery is the main task in the Solid waste Management Mix that is sustainable Waste. .. and Plastic materials, 18 .16 % of other combustible material (paper, cloth, foam, etc.) and 15 .685% of non-combustible materials (Metal, glass, ceramics, etc) S/N Component of Solid Waste 1 2 Organic Food waste Combustible waste Rubbish a Plastic b *Others Non-Combustibles Wood Ash Total 3 % of total waste measured 47 Waste generated Kg– ppd 0.27 12 .63 18 .16 15 .68 4.92 0.07 0 .11 0.09 0.03 0.54 *Others... 78.59 0.037 8.65 0. 016 3.67 0. 017 4 .11 0. 012 2.83 0.003 0.78 0.003 0.67 Unclassified Incombustibles(Ceramics) 0.003 0.65 Total Soild Waste Ppd 0.425 Type of solid waste Food waste Plastic/Rubber Paper Metal Waste Glass Unclassified Combustibles Special Waste (Ash) Table 2 Average component of solid waste generated per person per day in Oredo LGA 23 Status of Waste Management Metal Waste 4% Paper 4% Glass... Ndubai E.R., 2 010 , “Formulation and Implementation of Operation Strategies Used in Solid Waste Management: Case Study of City Council of Nairobi” IBIMA Publishing Vol 2 010 (2 010 ), 842702, 10 Integrated Waste Management – Volume II Journal of African Research in Business & Technology, 21 pages: available on-line at www.ibimapublishing.com/journals/JARBT/2 010 /842702/842702.pdf Peters, T J , 19 84, In Search... control and manage their waste to some degree 3 .1 Characterisation of municipal solid waste (MSW) Municipal solid waste characterization is a waste stream analysis which involves a logical and systematic approach to obtaining and analyzing data on one or more waste streams or 14 Integrated Waste Management – Volume II sub-streams The analysis usually provides - the composition of the waste stream and an... municipal solid waste management; Waste management strategies used in municipal solid waste management; and lastly the challenges facing the implementation of sound municipal solid waste management strategies 2 Municipal solid waste Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) can be defined as solid waste which includes all domestic refuse and non-hazardous wastes such as commercial and institutional wastes, street... density will normally reflect a significant difference in waste composition 16 Integrated Waste Management – Volume II Fig 1 Solid waste collection vehicles with hydraulic ram 3.2.6 Safe disposal of sampled waste After the analysis arrangements should be made for appropriate and safe disposal of the waste to an authorised site having completed a waste composition survey 3.3 Materials flow approach In... construction debris In some countries the solid wastes management system also handles human wastes such as night-soil, ashes from incinerators, septic tank sludge and sludge from sewage treatment plants If these wastes manifest hazardous characteristics they should be treated as hazardous wastes (UNEP, 2005) 4 Integrated Waste Management – Volume II Waste management practices differ for developed and... growth and urbanization from less developed part of Nigeria and West Africa Management of solid 20 Integrated Waste Management – Volume II waste started in Lagos state with the establishment of Lagos state Refuse Disposal Board in 19 77 It was later changed to Lagos state waste disposal board due to added responsibilities of commercial and industrial solid waste collection and drain cleaning Collection . INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT – VOLUME II Edited by Er. Sunil Kumar Integrated Waste Management – Volume II Edited by Er. Sunil Kumar. Operationalising Municipal Solid Waste Management 7 Fig. 1. Formulation of Strategies Used In Municipal Solid Waste Management Integrated Waste Management – Volume II 8 efficiencies and. Chapter 11 Phosphorus in Water Quality and Waste Management 18 1 Helmut Kroiss, Helmut Rechberger and Lukas Egle Chapter 12 Anaerobic Processes for Waste Treatment and Energy Generation 215 Melanie