4. Bio-inspired materials for other energy conversion devices D. desulfuricans D. desulfuricans E. coli E. coli C. metallidurans 5. Summary and perspective 6. Acknowledgment 7. References New Journal of Chemistry Nature Materials Chemical Review π Pure and Applied Chemistry Electroanalysis In Situ Nanotechnology Morph Advanced Functional Materials Reports on Progress in Physics Nature Angewante Chemi International Edition Science Chemistry of Materials Peptide Science Advanced Materials Current Nanoscience Biophysical Journal Artificial Organs Trends in Genetics Advanced Materials Nanotechnolgy Microporous and Mesoporous Materials Advanced Materials Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Advanced Materials Nano Letters Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Science Journal of Power Sources Electrochimica Acta Nano Letters Science Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Nano Letters General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry ACS Nano ACS Nano Journal of The Electrochemical Society Nano Letters Chemical Reviews Journal of Power Sources Journal of The American Chemical Society Japanese Journal of Appliced Physics Inorganic Chemistry Chemistry of Materials Journal of Power Sources Biotechnology Letters Advanced Functional Materials [...]... 198 7; Musker & Roush, 197 8; Musker et al., 197 8; Musker, 198 0; Symons, 197 4; Werst, 199 1; Wilson, 197 9), which illuminated the formation and existence of thioether cation Fig 1 Cycling capacity of poly[methanetetryl-tetra(thiomethylene)] (PMTTM) and poly(2,4dithiopentanylene) (PDTP) 242 Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids Fig 2 Cycling capacity of Poly(ethene-1,1,2,2-tetrathiol) PETT In. .. as Ba2+ (hollandite) and 254 Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids K+ (cryptomelane) or by NH4+ ions located within the large (2×2) channels of the structure (Brock et al., 199 8) The intergrowth of two or more tunnel phases occurs also in the manganese oxides An irregular intergrowth of (1×1) tunnels (pyrolusite) and (1×2) tunnels (ramsdellite) in the structure of γ-MnO2 (nsutite) is well... Synthesis Routes of thioether polymers 2 39 240 Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids Here Poly[methanetetryl-tetra(thiomethylene)] PMTTM, Poly(2,4-dithiopentanylene) PDTP, and Poly(ethene-1,1,2,2-tetrathiol) PETT are mainchain thioether polymers, in which sulfur atoms link carbon atoms to form polymeric backbones The other polymers are side chain thioether polymers, those polymeric mainchains... discharge voltage In addition, their charge-discharge voltages are very close to each other, which mean higher voltage efficiency than the mainchain thioether polymers 246 Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids Fig 7 The charge–discharge curves of poly[methanetetryl-tetra(thiomethylene)] Fig 8 The charge–discharge of poly(ethene-1,1,2,2-tetrathiol) PETT Fig 9 Charge–discharge curves of poly(1,4-di(1,3-dithiolan-2-yl)benzene)... which are determined by 256 Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids the synthesis methods and post treatment procedures The physicochemical properties in turn influence its electrochemical performance Therefore, it is necessary to give a brief review on the synthesis of MnO2 3.1 Hydrothermal process Hydrothermal process is a very useful and unique method for the preparation of different structured... (Myachina et al., 2006; Trofimov et al., 238 Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids 2002, 2006) (Scheme 1d) have high specific capacity in the first cycle and serious cycling fading due to its polysulfide structure (5) Sulfurized polymers were synthesized through heating the mixture of organic polymer compounds and sulfur Their structure is unclear; the electrochemical behaviors relied on the. .. batteries in the energy storage field, such as for uninterruptible power supplies and load-levelling A recent report by the US Department of Energy assigns equal importance to supercapacitors and batteries for future energy storage systems and articles on supercapacitors appearing in business and popular magazines show increasing interest by the general public in this topic (Simon & Gogotsi, 2008; Whittingham... polymeric main chain There are only three kinds of bonds in PMTTM and PDTP: C-C, C-H, and C-S-C bonds The saturated C-C and C-H bonds cannot afford redox reaction, hence it can be deduced that thioether bond is the only electrochemical active function group to offering energy storage The oxidation of thioether had been studied and reported in literatures (Gilbert et al., 197 3; Glass et al., 197 7, 199 0; Momose... characterization In FT-IR spectra, the absorption peaks of C-S stretching vibration in C-S-C bonds usually appear around 700 cm-1 In FT-Raman spectra, the peaks of C-S stretching vibration are between 700-600 cm-1, and the peaks of C-S-C skeletal deformation are located at 270 to 380 cm-1 In XPS spectra, the binding energy peak of S2p in thioether is at 163.6 eV or 164.2 eV Most of the thioether polymers... containing polymers (thioether polymers) other than conventional disulfides could also storage energy as cathode active materials and reported the research results in series papers since 2007 (Tang et al., 2008; Zhan et al., 2008, 20 09; Zhang et al., 2007, 2008, 20 09) The thioether polymers contain thioether (C–S–C) bonds instead of disulfide (–C–S–S–C–) bonds, in which the thioether bonds are the function . than the mainchain thioether polymers. Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids 246 Fig. 7. The charge–discharge curves of poly[methanetetryl-tetra(thiomethylene)] Fig. 8. The. 197 7, 199 0; Momose et al, 198 7; Musker & Roush, 197 8; Musker et al., 197 8; Musker, 198 0; Symons, 197 4; Werst, 199 1; Wilson, 197 9), which illuminated the formation and existence of thioether. numbers. Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids 244 Fig. 6. Specific capacity of poly[3,4-(ethylenedithio)thiophene] The measured maximal specific capacity of the thioether