Question 1: Translate these sentences from Vietnamese into English Tài nguyên thiên nhiên bao gồm: khoáng sản, lượng, đất, nước, biển,…  Natural resources include: minerals, energy, soil, water, sea, Tài nguyên thiên nhiên dần bị cạn kiệt  Natural resources are being depleted Giá tài nguyên ngày tăng cao gần  Resource prices have been rising recently Những vấn đề tài nguyên thiên nhiên nước phát triển bao gồm: a Quản lý việc khai thác tài nguyên khơng tái tạo được, ví dụ: dầu khống sản b Quản lý tài nguyên rừng thương mại bảo tồn đất rừng để sử dụng c Bảo tồn động vật hoang dã d Duy trì suất đất nơng nghiệp e Phát triển sử dụng tài nguyên nước hiệu phù hợp f Duy trì hiệu tài nguyên biển  Natural resource issues in developing countries include: a Management of the extraction of non-renewable resources, for example, oil and minerals b Management of commercial forest resources and conservation of forest land for use c Wildlife conservation d Maintaining agricultural land productivity e Develop and use water resources efficiently and appropriately f Effectively maintain marine resources Question 2: International Mining and Minerals Recovery Exhibition A wide range of advanced global technologies and modern equipment in the field of mining will be introduced in the showcase Apart from showcasing products, machinery, equipment and technologies, Mining Vietnam 2019 will offer visitors a chance to access advanced global mining technologies to improve their operations, increase the value of their products and enhance their competitiveness while seeking updated information about the market, partners and development trends of the Vietnamese and global mining industries through connection programmes to be held by trade promotion organizations and relevant ministries and sectors of Vietnam and some foreign organizations “Vietnam Mining Exhibition 2019 is an important forum for industry managers, business, domestic and foreign research institutions exchanging information investment opportunities, updating trends modern production in order to further promote the local industry effectively” said Hoang van Dung-Deputy Chairman of Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry In the framework of the exhibition, there are two seminars exchanging knowledge and new trends in the mining industry Question Write an essay of at least 250 words with the following topic: “Discuss the benefits of sustainable agriculture” Sustainable agriculture is the production of plant and animal products, including food, in a way that uses farming techniques Sustainable agriculture allows us to produce and enjoy healthy foods without compromising the ability of future generations to the same So what are thebenefits of sustainable agriculture?A number of the far-reaching benefits of sustainable agriculture for farms, the environment, andcommunities align with the United Nations’ 2020 Sustainable Development Goals For instance: Firstly, Zero hunger One major U.N goal is to end world hunger by 2030 Sustainable agriculture ensures farmers and ranchers put resources to their best use, minimizing waste The world can achieve zero hunger by combining sustainable agriculture efforts with a global coordination to distribute food more equitably Secondly, Clean water and sanitation To provide clean water and sanitation to communities around the world, pollution levels must be drastically cut Sustainable agriculture encourages renewable energy sources whenever possible, along with pest control measures that are safe for the planet As more farms embrace sustainable agriculture, these efforts can have a big impact on pollution and the environment While the U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports that the agriculture industry accounts for 80% to 90% of all water usage in the U.S., sustainable agriculture methods such as drip irrigation and dry farming help to curb water usage Finally, Industries, innovation, and infrastructure Sustainable agriculture plays a big role inimplementing more energy-efficient and resource-efficient infrastructure for the farming industry By prioritizing systems that lessen the negative impact on the environment, sustainableagriculture professionals can come up with Some examples of sustainable agriculture innovations include advanced zero-tillage, crop rotation, and cover crop techniques, as well as the adoption of digital technologies for weather prediction and crop disease prevention.In conclusion, The National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition identifies three legs of sustainable agriculture: environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity These three parts of sustainable agriculture integrate to create a healthier society and world Question 1: Translate these sentences from Vietnamese into English Tài nguyên thiên nhiên bao gồm: khoáng sản, lượng, đất, nước, biển,…  Natural resources include: minerals, energy, soil, water, sea, Phát triển kinh tế sử dụng tài nguyên thiên nhiên làm cạn kiệt tài nguyên thiên nhiên  Economic development using natural resources depletes natural resources Sự thay đổi lượng mưa, nhiệt độ bầu khí ảnh hưởng đến suất mùavụ  Changes in rainfall, temperature as well as atmosphere will affect crop yields Có nhiều điểm giống khác vấn đề tài nguyên thiên nhiên nước phát triển phát triển  There are many similarities and differences in the issue of natural resources between developing and developing countries 5 Ở nước phát triển, tài nguyên thiên nhiên sử dụng để phát triển kinh tế  In developing countries, natural resources are used for economic development Áp lực dân số lý vấn đề tài nguyên thiên nhiên  Population pressures are one reason for natural resource problems Theo thống kê, Mỹ nhà tiêu thụ hải sản lớn thứ giới  According to statistics, the US is the third largest consumer of seafood in the world Quản lý tài nguyên biển nhiệm vụ quốc gia để trì đảm bảo tính bền vững nguồn tài nguyên tái tạo  Marine resource management is the task of states to maintain and ensure the sustainability of this renewable resource Việt Nam thị trường Mỹ chất lượng sản phẩm nông nghiệp thấp  Vietnam is losing the U.S market because of the low quality of agricultural products 10 Hầu hết nguồn nước mặt Việt nam bắt nguồn từ nước  Most of the surface water in Vietnam originates from abroad Question 3: Policies for the sustainable development of mining industry Mining and mineral processing in Vietnam have contributed greatly to the economy and societyof the country but also posed difficult problems in environmental protection In order to solvethese problems, it needs to be synchronized association of many social organizations, of whichthe most important is the need for orientation policies of the State Firstly, the State should focus on strengthening science and technology of intensive processing toensure creation of value added for products of mining and mineral processing, catering mainly fordomestic production If development is based on resources and we expect too much on the existingmineral resources, Vietnam may fall into the "trap" and "resource curse" that many resourcerichcountries in the world have made Therefore, it is required to complete the resource tax policy, (1) amending the regulations of taxbase for mineral resources in the direction of replacing the base of mining volume by the volume ofexploitable reserves; (2) appropriate resource tax exemption for the additional mining volume morethan regulated: (i) in case, by discovering new reserves, the applicable tax rate is as normal (ii) incase, the company tries to exploit more, the applicable exemption is under the marginal cost TheState will compensate by tax exemptions, including subsidies for the marginal cost increase (whenmining the increased reserves) compared with mining cost of the reserves in accordance with theapproved balance in the investment project Regarding to the mining and mineral processing, the reality of mining and mineral processing inrecent years is still inadequate, limited Many technologies are put to use (copper, ilmenite) isobsolete technology, not suitable for extracted mineral that leads to waste of resources, low level ofrecovery, no recovery of the useful accompanied components and negative impacts on theecological environment and social life of the people in mining areas To solve this problem, thegovernment should adopt policies to increase investment in intensive processing There must bespecified intensive processing technologies for each particular type of mineral (especially for rareminerals) to force industries and production facilities in the country to produce raw mineral mosteconomically and efficiently It is time to have regulations on prohibiting the export of crude andrefined ore as current Regarding to the management of environmental and social issues in mining, many mineral planning(such as planning of exploration, exploitation and processing of bauxite, titanium, chromium,manganese ) has not prepared strategic environmental assessment (SEA) In specific miningprojects, most of them have made environmental impact assessment (EIA) as prescribed but thequality is very low Many records on environmental impact assessment are mainly for dealing with regulations There should be specific provisions relating to environmental protection such as: (i) Responsibilityfor the parties; (ii) The order and procedures for formulation and implementation of SEA, EIA; (iii)environmental observation and monitoring; (iv) collecting fees and using environmental protectionfees, environmental fees must comply with the Law on Environmental Protection; (v) Deposits and funds used for environmental rehabilitation; (vi) Provisions on compensation, handling violation ofenvironmental incidents and environmental regulations It must ensure to charge and use environmental protection fees associated with effectiveenvironmental protection It is agreed to deposit in local environmental protection fund in placeswith mineral extraction to facilitate local management, supervision and necessary use of funds ifcompanies not perform environmental restoration The implementation of institutions, urgentdevelopment of missing mineral strategies and plans ensure high quality, performing the orientationfunctions and the basis for developing policy Early completion of legal documents relating to mineral resources takes into account thesynchronous and uniform system of resource and environment management (environment of land,minerals, water ) on decentralization of management, licensing to reform administrativeprocedures In mineral license management, there should be priorities for units capable of mining, advancedtechnology and intensive processing The State should have preferential policies for project withefficient use of minerals associated with environmental protection, contributing high value tosociety Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? True If the statement agrees with the information False If the statement contradicts the information Science and technology add more values to mining products and mineral processing (T) Vietnam’s economic development utilizes too much mineral resources, it may increase thecountry’s prosperity (T) Resource tax policy regulated the applicable exemption when mining companies discovernew reserves (F) 4.To produce raw mineral most efficiently, the government’s polices should encourageinvestments in intensive processing (T) Establishing an environmental fund helps local authorities manage and supervise theenvironmental performance of mining companies (T) The State should license mineral extraction rights for mining projects that have effective useboth economic and environmental perspectives (T) Question 4: Write an essay of at least 250 words with the following topic: “Identify major problemsencountered in managing the world’s biodiversity” Biodiversity is essential for economic, social, and environmental development because itensures food security, preserves genetic resources for farms and plants, and providesconstruction materials and other resources Nowadays, however, the world’s biodiversitymanagement is facing with loads of problems and challenges First of all, awareness of people is still insufficient and comprehensive; it is biased towardsshort-term economic benefits, and sustainable development is ignored Many people arewilling to break the law in order to maximize their profit from biodiversity resources Another factor to consider is the impact of climate change, which puts pressure on not onlyecosystems and species but also human life Human health and biodiversity conservation areboth at risk as a result of climate change Increased numbers of extreme climate events, suchas heat waves, droughts, and flooding, pose a direct and indirect threat to human health andwell-being by decreasing ecosystem functioning and reducing ecosystem services.Furthermore, the prevalence of noncommunicable illnesses is increasing, resulting in illhealth and increasing health-care expenses Lastly, inconsequential government policies also cause negative impact on managingbiodiversity In most developing countries, governance is poor in terms of human capabilityon one hand and lack of transparency and accountability on the other For example, inVietnam, state administration has a disjointed and disconnected organizational structure, alack of focus in the functions and authority of biodiversity management, biodiversityconservation policy and law are complicated and difficult to implement In conclusion, to solve problems in managing biodiversity, management agencies in countriesall over the world have to adopt clear and realistic rules and strategies in order to properlymanage biodiversity Question Prime Minister has signed the approval of a Decision regulating functions and responsibilities andpower of National Water Resources Council (NWRC) The membership of the NWRC includes aDeputy Prime Minister as the Chairman of the NWRC and Minister of Natural Resources andEnvironment as Vice Chairman of the Council The NWRC’s function is to advise Prime Ministeron research, leadership and coordination of important issues in water resources field The Council is responsible to organize discussion among specialists and scientists or participate inresearch, recommend the Government on planning, policies, strategies, target programs, nationalaction programs on sustainable protection, exploitation, use of water resources; prevention againstand control of water resources deterioration and pollution In addition, the Council advises PrimeMinister on leadership, regulation and coordination among Ministries, agencies and localities onresolving issues relating to water resources planning; inter-ministerial planning of water resourceexploitation and use; water transportation between provinces; monitoring of national waterresources use and resolution of consequent conflicts; important programs, projects of waterresources protection, exploitation and use and other tasks assigned by Prime Minister The Council also assists Prime Minister to urge Ministries, agencies and localities to Implementimportant issues relating to protection, exploitation, use of water resources, prevention against andcontrol of w water resources deterioration and pollution The Office of NWRC is the official bodywithin the Council and located in Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Question Write an essay of at least 250 words with the following topic: “Major problems encountered inmanaging forest resources in Vietnam” Write an essay of at least 250 words with the following topic: “Major problems encountered inmanaging forest resources in Vietnam”.Never before has the preservation of nature been more urgent or necessary than now The protectionof nature, including forest protection, is a topic that requires attention in newspapers, television, andradio Forest management and protection are mentioned as important issues in high school programs Although the implementation and application of forest protection and development policies have yielded certain results, experts say that previous forestry investment policies have revealed flaws and limitations To begin with, some localities' implementation of mechanisms and policies remains slow, with no breakthrough; investment in forestry technical infrastructure, forest protection, and development hasnot received adequate attention; and control over forest use for purpose change in some places is lax, failing to comply with legal requirements Secondly, ethnic minorities cannot yet rely on the forest to provide a stable source of income As a result, forest protection and development, as well as the payment of associated costs, have been ineffective Furthermore, despite the existence of a policy on land and forest allocation with guidance on financial resources, payment norms for zoning, protection, and payment for forest environmental services, the payment level remains low, resulting in a lack of motivation for people to actively and voluntarily protect and develop forests Next, the direction and implementation of regulations on afforestation of replacement forests are notstrict, and projects that not comply with afforestation and the obligation to pay for forest environment services are not resolutely revoked or stopped operating Finally, regulations on forest exploitation have not created conditions to promote forest owners' autonomy in production and business; mechanisms and policies to benefit from forests are still insufficient due to an over-reliance on prescribed technical standards on management From my perspective, we are facing enormous challenges in managing and protecting forest resources As previously stated, we must change so much about how we make laws and rules, how we industrialize, how much power and jurisdiction our government should give to large corporations and companies, and, most importantly, how our people perceive the importance of preserving and protecting forest resources