Chuyên đề 1: Conditional and Past Subjunctive ( Câu điều kiện khứ bàng thái ) I) Types of conditional sentences : 1) Type 1: Form: If + S + V ( present) , S + will + V ( infinitive) Use: When the action in if-clause is quite probable at present or in the future Other Cases: a) If + S +V(present), S +V(present)  Show things that are apparently true b) If +S+ V(present), S+ modals + V( infinitive) c) If +S+V(present), inperative Example: If I am free, I will come to see you tomorrow If you have finished your letter, I will post it If you are doing your homework, I will wait until you finish 2) Type 2: Form : If +S+ Ved, S +would + V (infinitive) Use: When the supposition is contrary to known facts or when we don’t expect the action in if-clause to take place Variation of type 2: a) If +S+Ved, S+ could/might/…+V(infinitive) b) Often use “were” for the verb “tobe” in if-clause c) Instead of an ordinary verb, we can use “ were to verb” in if-clause Example: If I were you, I would work harder What would you if you lived in Paris now? If I stayed at home now, I would watch TV 3)Type 3: Form: If +S+ had+ Ved/ PII, S+would +have+ Ved/PII Use: When the action in if-clause didn’t happen Example: If I had gone there, I would have met him If she had had enough money, she would have bought that car If he had studied hard enough, he would have passed the exams last year 4) A combination of type and type is possible: If + S + had + PII (past perfect) , S + should could + V (infinitive) Hồng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 Example: If I had taken my mother’s advice, I wouldn’t be ill today If she had revised the lessons well, she would the test easily now Note: Inversion of conditional sentences: *) Type 1: Should +S+ V, clause Example: If he has free time, he’ll play tennis => Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis *) Type 2: If there is Vtobe in the clause: Were +S+…., S +would +Vinfinitive If there is the common verb in the clause: Were +S+to V, ……… Example: If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book => Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book *) Type 3: Had + S+Ved/PII, S +would +have+ Ved/PII Example: If he had trained hard, he would have won the match => Had he trained hard, he would have won the match II) Other ways to express conditions: 1) Unless = If not: Example: Unless we start at once, we will be late If we don't start at once we will be late 2)When Hồng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 3) Suppose/Supposing/ Assuming/ What if/Say 4) Provided/ Providing that/ so long as/ as long as 5)Without +Ving/N 6) On condition that 7) Imperative +and/or + Clause 8) Whether…or not = If … or not 9) But for/If it hadn’t been for/If it were not for +Noun Phrase , S + would have+ Ved/PII 10) Otherwise =Or else 11) If so/ if not/ In that case 12) If +adj 13) Even if/ Even though 14) In case +clause, clause In case of +N/NP 15) Implied conditionals: Example: With luck , We’ll be there tomorrow ( If we’re lucky) III) Unreal tenses and past subjunctives: 1) It’s (high/ about) time (that ) S +did = It’s time for sb to 2) S +had better ( not) 3) Mind: Do you mind +Ving Would you mind +Ving Do you mind if I +present Would you mind if I + past\ 4) S1 thought S2 did sth Hồng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 S1 didn’t know S2 did sth 5) S1 would (‘d) rather S2 did sth Would(‘d) sooner 6) S would (‘d) rather V than V Would(‘d) prefer to rather than V S prefer N/Ving to N/Ving 7) Wish =If only: S1+wish +S2 would Did Had done 8) S1 V as if/as though S2 Did Had done 9) It +be+ adj that S +Vinfinitve/ S +should +Vinfinitive Adj: important, essential, necessary, imperative, suggested, recommended, suggest, arrange, advised, urge, urgent, insist, order, request, determined, determine, propose, stipulate… 10) Formulaic subjunctive: God save the Queen! Be that as it may be! Practice I- Choose the most suitable tense 1- I can’t understand what he sees in her! If anyone treats / will treat / treated me like that, I am / will be / would be extremely angry 2- If you help / helped me with this exercise, I will / would the same for you one day 3- According to the timetable, if the train leaves / left on time, we will / would arrive at 5.30 4- If it is / will be fine tomorrow, we go / will go to the coast 5- If we find / found a taxi, we will get / would get there before the play starts 6- It’s quite simple really If you take / will take / took these tablets every day, then youlose / will lose / lost / would lose weight Hồng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 7- I don’t like this flat I think I will be / I am / I’d be happier if I lived / live / will live /would live in a house in the country 8- I can’t play football, but I’m sure that if I will / / did, I play / will play / would play a lot better than anyone in this awful team 9- I phone / will phone / phone you tonight, are you / will you be / would you be in? 10- Why didn’t you tell me? – If you told / had told me, I had / would have helpedyou 11- If Bill didn’t stea l/ hadn’t stolen the car, he weren’t / wouldn’t be / hadn’t beenin prison now 12- If Ann weren’t driving / didn’t drive / hadn’t driven so fast, her car didn’t crash /wouldn’t crash / wouldn’t have crashed into a tree 13- Let me give some advice If you smoked / would smoke / had smoked less, youdidn’t feel / wouldn’t feel / wouldn’t have felt tired 14- What bad luck! If Alan didn’t fall / hadn’t fallen / wouldn’t fall over, he won / would win / would have won the race 15- If you invited/had invited me last week, I was able/had been able/would have been able to come 16- I’m sure your letter hasn’t arrived yet If it came/had come, I’m sure I noticed/hadnoticed/would have noticed it 17- We have a suggestion to make How you feel/would you feel if weoffered/would offer/had offered you the job of assistant manager 18- If you lent/had lent us the money, we paid/would pay/had paid you back next week 19- I wish Peter doesn’t live/didn’t live/wouldn’t live so far away from the town center We’ll have to take a taxi 20- I feel rather cold I wish I brought/had brought my pullover with me 21- I wish you tell/had told/told me about the test I haven’t done my revision 22- I’m sorry I missed your birthday party I really wish I come/came/had come/wouldcome 23- I like my new boss but I wish she gave/would give/could give me some more responsibility 24- Having a lovely time in Brighton, I wish you are/were/had been here Love, Mary 25- A cheque is all right, but I’d rather you pay/paid me cash 26- If only I have/had/would have a screwdriver with me 27- If you want to catch the last train, it’s time you leave/left 28- I’d rather you don’t tell/didn’t tell anyone about our conversation 29- It’s high time you learn/learned to look after yourself Hồng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 30- Jean thinks that everyone likes her If only she knows/knew what people say behind her back II) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses If I see him I (give) him a lift The table will collapse if you (stand) on it If he (eat) all that he will be ill If I find your passport I (telephone) you at once The police (arrest) him if they catch him If he (read) in bad light he will ruin his eyes Someone (steal) your car if you leave it unlocked What will happen if my parachute (not open)? If he (wash) my car I'll give him Ј10 10 If she (need) a radio she can borrow mine 11 If you (not go) away I'll send for the police 12 I'll be very angry if he (make) any more mistakes 13 If he (be) late we'll go without him 14 She will be absolutely furious if she (hear) about this 15 If you put on the kettle I (make) the tea 16 If you give my dog a bone he (bury) it at once 17 If we leave the car here it (not be) in anybody's way 18 He'll be late for the train if he (not start) at once 19 If you come late they (not let) you in 20 If he (go) on telling lies nobody will believe a word he says 21 Unless he (sell) more he won't get much commission 22 If I lend you Ј10 when you (repay) me? 23 We'll have to move upstairs if the river (rise) any higher Hồng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 24 If he (work) hard today can he have a holiday tomorrow? 25 Ice (turn) to water if you heat it 26 If the house (burn) down we can claim compensation 27 If you (not like) this one I'll bring you another 28 Unless you are more careful you (have) an accident 29 Tell him to ring me up if you (see) him 30 If I tell you a secret, you (promise) not to tell it to anyone else? 31 If you (not believe) what I say, ask your mother 32 If he (like) the house will he buy it? 33 If you will kindly sit down I (make) enquiries for you 34 Unless I have a quiet room I (not be able) to any work 35 She won't open the door unless she (know) who it is 36 Should you require anything else please (ring) the bell for the attendant III) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses If I had a typewriter I (type) it myself If I (know) his address I'd give it to you He (look) a lot better if he shaved more often If you (play) for lower stakes you wouldn't lose so much If he worked more slowly he (not make) so many mistakes I shouldn't drink that wine if I (be) you More tourists would come to this country if it (have) a better climate If I were sent to prison you (visit) me? If someone (give) you a helicopter what would you with it? 10 I (buy) shares in that company if I had some money 11 If he (clean) his windscreen he'd be able to see where he was going 12 If you drove your car into the river you (be able) to get out? 13 If you (not belong) to a union you couldn't get a job Hồng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 14 If I (win) a big prize in a lottery I'd give up my job 15 What you (do) if you found a burglar in your house? 16 I could tell you what this means if I (know) Greek 17 If everybody (give) Ј1 we would have enough 18 He might get fat if he (stop) smoking 19 If he knew that it was dangerous he (not come) 20 If you (see) someone drowning what would you do? 21 I (be) ruined if I bought her everything she asked for 22 If you slept under a mosquito net you (not be) bitten so often 23 I could get a job easily if I (have) a degree 24 If she (do) her hair differently she might look quite nice 25 If we had more rain our crops (grow) faster 26 The whole machine would fall to pieces if you (remove) that screw 27 I (keep) a horse if I could afford it ' 28 I'd go and see him more often if he (live) on a bus route 29 If they (ban) the sale of alcohol at football matches there might be less violence 30 I (offer) to help if I thought I'd be any use ' 31 What would you if the lift (get) stuck between two floors? 32 If you (paint) the walls white the room would be much brighter 33 If you (change) your job would it affect your pension? 34 If you knew you had only six weeks to live how you (spend) those six weeks? 35 You wouldn't have so much trouble with your car if you (have) it serviced regularly 36 I'd climb over the wall if there (not be) so much broken glass on it IV) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses If I had known that you were in hospital I (visit) you The ground was very soft But for that, my horse (win) If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier you would have got a seat Hồng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 You would have seen my garden at its best if you (be) here last week But for his quickness I (be) killed I shouldn't have believed it if I (not see) it with my own eyes If he had slipped he (fall) 500 meters If he had asked you, you (accept)? If I (had) a map I would have been all right 10 If I (know) that you were coming I'd have baked a cake 11 I (offer) to help him if I had realized that he was ill 12 If you had left that wasp alone it (not sting) you 13 If I (realize) what a bad driver you were I wouldn't have come with you 14 If I had realized that the traffic lights were red I (stop) 15 But for the fog we (reach) our destination ages ago 16 If you had told me that he never paid his debts I (not lend) him the money 17 If you (not sneeze) he wouldn't have known that we were there 18 If you (put) some mustard in the sandwiches they would have tasted better 19 The hens (not get) into the house if you had shut the door 20 If he had known that the river was dangerous he (not try) to swim across it 21 If you (speak) more slowly he might have understood you 22 If he had known the whole story he (not be) so angry 23 I shouldn't have eaten it if I (know) that there was ginger in it 24 If I (try) again I think that I would have succeeded 25 You (not get) into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions 26 If you hadn't been in such a hurry you (not put) sugar into the sauce instead of salt 27 If I (be) ready when he called he would have taken me with him 28 She had a headache; otherwise she (come) with us 29 If she had listened to my directions she (not turn) down the wrong street 30 If you (look) at the engine for a moment you would have seen what was missing 31 Rome (be captured) by her enemies if the geese hadn't cackled Hồng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 32 He would have been arrested if he (try) to leave the country 33 I (take) a taxi if I had realized that it was such a long way 34 You (save) me a lot of trouble if you had told me where you were going 35 They would have forced their way into the house if I (not call) for help 36 If he had put out his pipe before putting it in his pocket he (not burn) a hole in his coat V) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses If you (find) a skeleton in the cellar don't mention it to anyone If you pass your examination we (have) a celebration What (happen) if I press this button? I should have voted for her if I (have) a vote then If you go to Paris where you (stay)? If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you (choose)? The flight may be cancelled if the fog (get) thick If the milkman (come) tell him to leave two pints Someone (sit) on your glasses if you leave them there 10 You would play better bridge if you (not talk) so much 11 What I (do) if I hear the burglar alarm? 12 If you (read) the instructions carefully you wouldn't have answered the wrong question 13 I could repair the roof myself if I (have) a long ladder 14 Unless they turn that radio off I (go) mad 15 If you were made redundant what you (do)? 16 We'll have a long way to walk if we (run) out of petrol here 17 If you shake that bottle of port it (not be) fit to drink 18 I'll probably get lost unless he (come) with me 19 You (not have) so many accidents if you drove more slowly 20 If you (wear) a false beard nobody would have recognized you 21 If she (leave) the fish there the car will get it Hoàng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 22 Unless they leave a lamp beside that hole in the road somebody into it 23 You'll get pneumonia if you (not change) your wet clothes 24 If I had known that you couldn't eat octopus I (not buy) it 25 If they (hang) that picture lower people would be able to see it 26 She (be able) to walk faster if her shoes hadn't such high heels 27 I (bring) you some beer if I had known that you were thirsty 28 If you had touched that electric cable you (be) electrocuted 29 If the story hadn't been true the newspaper (not print) it 30 I (not buy) things on the installment system if I were you 31 Dial 999 if you (want) Police, Ambulance, or Fire Brigade 32 You (not be) any use to me unless you learn to type 33 If anyone attacked me, my dog (jump) at his throat 34 If he were in he (answer) the phone 35 The ship would have run aground if the pilot (make) one mistake 36 I shouldn't have taken your umbrella if I (know) that it was the only one you Hoàng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 Conditional sentences Exercise 1: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms If I (have) time, I will write to him If it’s cold, I (need) a heavier coat What are you going to if you (have) a holiday? If I can go tomorrow, I (let) you know If I should meet Helen, I (give) her your message If flowers don’t get any water, they (die) If I (get) a headache, I usually take some aspirins I will go to the party unless it (rain) She will buy the car as long as it (not be) .too expensive 10 Everything (be) .all right provided you tell the truth 11 If he (come) ., please tell him that I’ll be back in a few minutes 12 Don’t come if they (not call) you 13 If you (need) some help, why don’t you tell me? 14 Suppose you (win) a lot of money, what would you do? 15 If I got up earlier, I (not be) late for work 16 If I didn’t feel so tired, I (go) out with you 17 If you (not pass) the exam, would you take it again? 18 If I (be) you, I would apply for the job 19 I could repair the car if I (have) the right tools 20 If I (study) hard, I would have passed the exam 21 If I (not be) busy yesterday, I would have visited you 22 She (go) to the university if she had had the opportunity 23 Suppose they had offered her a job, you think she (take) it? 24 If she hadn’t been ill yesterday, she (go) to work now 25 If I (be) you, I wouldn’t have told him the truth yesterday 26 If today were Monday, I (not go) to work yesterday Hồng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 27 What would happen if you (not go) to work tomorrow 28 If I had gone to your party last night, I (be) very tired now Exercise 2: Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense Why didn’t you phone? If I (know) .you were coming, I (meet) .you at the airport It’s a pity you missed the party If you (come) , you(meet) .my friends from Hungary If we (have) some tools, we (be able) to repair the car, but we haven’t got any with us Thank you for your help If you (not help) , I (not pass) the examination It’s a beautiful house, and I (buy) it if I (have) the money, but I can’t afford it I can’t imagine what I (do) .with the money If I (win) the football pools or a lottery Mark isn’t a serious athlete If he (train) harder, he (be) quite a good runner If Claire (listen) to her mother, she (not /marry) David in the first place It rained every day on our holiday If we (not take) the television with us, we (not have) anything to 10 Jim is so untidy! If he (buy) .some new clothes, he (not /look) .so bad 11 The photograph would have been much better if it (be)…………lighter in the room 12 He (die)…………….if the surgeon hadn’t operated on him 13 Please don’t disturb him if he (be)…………………… busy 14 If ice (be)…………………….heavier than water, it wouldn’t float 15 If you had strained your ears, you (hear) …………… a slight noise in the bushes 16 If you had done as I talk you, you (succeed)……………… 17 If I followed his advice, I (be)_ a fool 18 If I (lose)……………… my license, I shall lose my job 19 If he had gotten one more mark, he (pass) ……………… the exam 20 If I make a promise, I (keep)_ it 21 If I (have) ………………… enough money, I will buy a new skateboard 22 I would have been glad if he (visit)……………… _me in hospital 23 If they were rich, they (stay) ……………… at a hotel 24 If he had offered me the job, I (take)…………………._it Hồng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 25 She will be angry if you (not, tell)_ .the truth 26 If Jack (come) ……………… to my party, I would have danced with him 27 If he (drive)………………… more carefully, he would not cause an accident 28 The Millers (move)………………to the seaside if they had had children 29 If they take their medicine, they (feel)_ better 30 If you had asked me, I (tell)………………………you 31 We (not, get)……………………….good marks if we don’t learn hard 32 They would be glad if the rain (stop)…………………… soon 33 If he (not, go)………………… back now, he will be late 34 If we had gone to London, we (see) ………………….the Tower 35 What on earth would you if the brakes of your car (not, work)……… Exercise 3: Rewrite these sentences so that the meaning stays the same I don’t buy it because I don’t have enough money > If I I didn’t buy it because I didn’t have enough money > I would There was a test yesterday I didn’t know that, so I didn’t study for it > If I I’m busy right now, so I can’t help you > I could He’s very thin, that’s why he feels the cold so much > If he I didn’t eat breakfast several hours ago, so I am hungry now > If I If John had played for our football team, we would not have lost the game > Unless If I won a big prize in a lottery, I’d give up my job Hồng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 > Unless If you don’t like this one, I’ll bring you another > Unless 10 I’ll only help you if you promise to try harder > Unless 11.If she doesn’t work harder, she’ll lose her job > She’ll 12.You can use my car, but have to keep it carefully > Provided 13.If the work is finished by lunch , you can go home > Get 14.Keeping calm is the secret of passing your driving test > As long as 15.You must work harder or you won’t pass the exam > You won’t 16 She must apologize to me or I’ll never speak to her again > I’ll 17 I didn’t have an umbrella with me and so I got wet > I wouldn’t 18 I’ll call the police if you don’t leave me alone > Unless 19 In the snowy weather we don’t go to school > If 20 Without Jack’s help, I wouldn’t have been able to move the table > If 21 You drink too much coffee, that’s why you can’t sleep > If you 22 You press this button to stop the machine Hoàng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 > If 23 Make me some coffee, and I’ll give you one of my biscuits > If 24 If you hadn’t told me about Sue’s hair, I wouldn’t have noticed > Unless 25 If you see Peter, tell him he should be here at 8.00 > If you should 26 I wouldn’t accept if you asked me to marry you > If you were 27 Working so much will make you tired > If 28 I regret drinking so much last night > If only 29 What would you if there was an earthquake? > Supposing 30.If you the shopping, I’ll cook lunch > You 31.What would you If you found some buried treasure > If you were 32.If Pauline hadn’t been interested, the project would have been abandoned > But for 33.If by any chance you find my wallet, could you let me know? > If you happen 18.I might be late If so, Start without me > If I 34.The fire was brought under control thanks to the night-watchman > If it hadn’t 35.Dick is in prison because a detective recognized him Hoàng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 > If a detective 36 He doesn’t have the money and he cannot afford a new car If………………………………………………………………………………………… 37 Susan felt sick because she ate cream cakes If…………………………………….…………………………………………………… 38 We didn’t know your phone number, so we could not contact you If…………………………………….……………………………………………………… 39 The price of petrol was raised last month, so car sales have dropped again If…………………………………………………………………………………………… 40 I cannot go to the beach with you this weekend because I have a date with my old classmates If…………………………………………………………………………………………… 41 She didn’t hurry, so she missed the train If………………………………………….……………………………………………… 42 I never got very lonely because I have lots of good friends If…………………………………………………………………………………………… 43 We didn’t go on holiday because we didn’t have enough time If…………………………………………………………………………………………… 44 We got lost because we didn’t have a map If…………………………………………………………………………………………… 45 The match can be cancelled because it rains heavily If…………………………………………………………………………………………… Special Situations: 1) If the work is finished by lunchtime, you can go home ………………………………………………………………………………… 2) You would have some money in your pocket if you………….it so generously A hadn’t spent B didn’t spend Hồng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 C couldn’t spend D don’t spend 3) If teachers communicate the “prophercy” that certain students……… in a certain manner, those students may behave in the expected manner A to behave C will behave B behaved D behavior 4) The report would have been accepted …… in checking its accuracy A if more care B more care had been taken C had taken more care D had more care been taken 5) A huge tree crashed through the bedroom roof and broke my bed and most of other furniture ……… in the room, I would have been killed A should I be B had I been C would have I been D would I be 6) In 1838, New York state passed the Free Banking Act, which allowed anyone to start A B a bank as long as that person has made certain promises D Hồng Ngọc Bích- Khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh ( Đại học ngoại ngữ -ĐHQGHN) Tel: 096 369 7007 C ... Phrase , S + would have+ Ved/PII 10 ) Otherwise =Or else 11 ) If so/ if not/ In that case 12 ) If +adj 13 ) Even if/ Even though 14 ) In case +clause, clause In case of +N/NP 15 ) Implied conditionals: Example:... ? ?10 10 If she (need) a radio she can borrow mine 11 If you (not go) away I''ll send for the police 12 I''ll be very angry if he (make) any more mistakes 13 If he (be) late we''ll go without him 14 ... I''d give up my job 15 What you (do) if you found a burglar in your house? 16 I could tell you what this means if I (know) Greek 17 If everybody (give) ? ?1 we would have enough 18 He might get fat