5IF "SU PG "HFOU0SJFOUFE .PEFMJOH -FPO 4 4UFSMJOH BOE ,VMEBS 5BWFUFS The Art of Agent-Oriented Modeling Intelligent Robotics and Autonomous Agents Edited by Ronald C. Arkin Dorigo, Marco, and Marco Colombetti, Robot Shaping: An Experiment in Behavior Engineering Arkin, Ronald C., Behavior-Based Robotics Stone, Peter, Layered Learning in Multiagent Systems: A Winning Approach to Robotic Soccer Wooldridge, Michael , Reasoning about Rational Agents Murphy, Robin R., An Introduction to AI Robotics Mason, Matthew T., Mechanics of Robotic Manipulation Kraus, Sarit, Strategic Negotiation in Multiagent Environments Nolfi, Stefano, and Dari o Floreano, Evolutionary Robotics: The Biology, Intelligence, and Technology of Self-Organizing Machines Siegwart, Roland, and Illah R. Nourbakhsh, Introduction to Autonomous Mobile Robots Breazeal, Cynthia L., Designing Sociable Robots Bekey, George A., Autonom ous Robots: From Biological Inspiration to Implementation and Control Choset, Howie, Kevi n M. Lynch, Seth Hutchinson, George Kantor, Wolfram Burgard, Lydia E. Kavraki, and Sebastian Thrun, Principles of Robot Motion: Theory, Algorithms, and Implementations Thrun, Sebastian, Wolfram Burgard, and Dieter Fox, Probabilistic Robotics Mataric, Maja J., The Robotics Primer Wellman, Michael P., Amy Greenwald, and Peter Stone, Autonomous Bidding Agents: Strategies and Lessons from the Trading Agent Competition Floreano, Dario, and Claudio Mattiussi, Bio-Inspired Artificial Intelligence: Theories, Methods, and Technologies Sterling, Leon S., and Kuldar Taveter, The Art of Agent-Oriented Modeling The Art of Agent-Oriented Modeling Leon Sterling and Kuldar Taveter The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 6 2009 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. For information about special quantity discounts, please email special sales@mitpress.mit.edu. This book was set in Times New Roman on 3B2 by Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Sterling, Leon. The art of agent oriented modeling / Leon S. Sterling and Kuldar Taveter. p. cm. (Intelligent robotics and autonomous agents series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978 0 262 01311 6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Intelligent agents (Computer software) 2. Computer software Development. I. Taveter, Kuldar. II. Title. QA76.76.I58S757 2009 006.3 dc22 2008044231 10987654321 To Miriam, Danya, Sara, and Emily To Siiri, Eliise, and Sanne Contents Foreword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii I MODELS 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Building Software in a Complex, Changing World 4 1.2 What Is an Agent? 7 1.3 From Individual Agents to Multiagent Systems 10 1.4 What Is Modeling? 14 1.5 Systems Engineering 15 1.6 Emergent Behavior 18 1.7 A Quick History of Programming Paradigms 20 1.8 Background 23 Exercises for Chapter 1 24 2 Concepts 27 2.1 The Conceptual Space 27 2.2 Roles, Goals, and Organizations 28 2.3 Agents and Activities 35 2.4 Environment 41 2.5 Relationships betwee n the Layers 43 2.6 Ontological Foundations of the Conceptual Space 44 2.7 Background 56 Exercises for Chapter 2 59 3 Models 61 3.1 The Running Case Study 61 3.2 Goal Models and Motivational Scenarios 65 3.3 Role and Organization Models 71 3.4 Domain Models 76 3.5 Agent and Acquaintance Models 78 3.6 Interaction Models 82 3.7 Knowledge Models 89 3.8 Scenarios 94 3.9 Behavior Models 98 3.10 Service Models 105 3.11 Background 112 Exercises for Chapter 3 117 4 Quality 119 4.1 Considerations of Quality 120 4.2 Performance 122 4.3 Safety 125 4.4 Security 132 4.5 Socially Oriented Quality Goals 136 4.6 Elaborating and Analyzing Quality Goals 138 4.7 Background 141 Exercises for Chapter 4 141 5 Agent Programming Platforms and Languages 143 5.1 The BDI Agent Architecture and Execution Model 145 5.2 Jason 148 5.3 3APL 152 5.4 JACK 160 5.5 JADE 166 5.6 Background 173 6 Viewpoint Framework 177 6.1 Conceptual Framewo rks 177 6.2 Model-Driven Architecture 183 6.3 The Viewpoint Framew ork 185 6.4 Background 187 viii Contents II APPLICATIONS 189 7 Agent-Oriented Methodologies 191 7.1 A Conference Management System 192 7.2 Gaia 194 7.3 MaSE 199 7.4 Tropos 206 7.5 Prometheus 211 7.6 ROADMAP and RAP/AOR 220 7.7 Background 234 8 Industry-Related Applications 239 8.1 Business-to-Business E-Commerce 239 8.2 Manufacturing 261 8.3 Background 278 9 Intelligent Lifestyle Applications 281 9.1 Intelligent Homes 281 9.2 Secret Touch 297 9.3 Smart Music Player 304 9.4 Background 325 10 An E-Learning Application 327 10.1 Supporting the Teaching of Algorithms with Animations 327 10.2 Background 336 Glossary 339 List of Acronyms 347 References 351 Index 361 Contents ix [...]... between the coalition of the heroes and their followers and the coalition of their enemies Clearly, participants in a battle are agents, having to observe the actions of others attacking them and having to e¤ect a mortal blow The key actors of the movie are agents in the battle and need to be filmed However, it would be expensive getting thousands of extras to enact a battle Instead, 12 Chapter 1 the key... liquid, and what aspects of the model would be useful for the engineers ultimately designing and building the plant, so that they could be confident the plant would work correctly from the moment it started operating Kuldar had the experience of visiting the Melbourne Museum and seeing a display of gold mining The model of the gold mine at the museum was a useful way of visualizing how the gold mine would... topic to a wide audience The Art of Agent-Oriented Modeling is an introduction to agent-oriented software development for students and for software developers who are interested in learning about new software engineering techniques Although the principal focus of the book is agent-oriented modeling, it is an excellent general introduction to all aspects of practical, agent-oriented software engineering... regard Outlook or the other programs as agents, instead regarding them as merely programs To consider this issue further, how about a RIM BlackBerry? Is the physical device the agent, or is the software running the device the agent? In our opinion, there is no precise answer What you are modeling determines the response Another standard example used in the agent class at the University of Melbourne is... engine executes the activities, e¤ectively allowing a (simple) simulation of a family A key feature of the interest in the game is in seeing how the characters interact A wonderful example of the power of defining simple characters and activities and letting the interactions produce interesting behavior comes from the movie trilogy Lord of the Rings The movie producers had the challenge of creating realistic... form the essence of this book is that they better address the characteristics of the world around us and can meet the desirable software objectives Introduction 1.2 7 What Is an Agent? This book advocates adoption of the concept of agents in thinking about software in today’s world Agents are suitable for the current software development challenges outlined in the previous section In our opinion, the. .. Cottbus, Germany Their collaboration started in 1999 and Gerd later became a cosupervisor of Kuldar’s Ph.D thesis The cooperation with Gerd over many years has been very influential in the emergence of this book, and is certainly reflected by the contents of the book It is also not possible to underestimate the contribution of the Academician Boris Tamm, the late supervisor of Kuldar’s thesis He helped... who have been instrumental in the appearance of this book For Leon, the story starts with his return to Melbourne to a professorship in Computer Science and the establishment of the Intelligent Agent Lab, jointly with Professor Liz Sonenberg Liz and Leon co-taught an Intelligent Agents graduate class in 1996, and to a large extent, the origins of the book lie in the lack of an appropriate textbook for... accompanied by a professor of mechanical engineering, who was o¤ering to build a model of the steel plant The model would be built at a consistent scale, and would involve pouring liquid from a model of the steel furnace and transporting the molten steel in carts on a track to the location where it would be shaped into sheets Key discussion points were the layout of the plant, viscosity of the model liquid,... entities that exist in the world and cause it to change The phrase ‘‘agent of change’’ springs to mind, and indeed was mentioned in the dictionary entry The concepts of roles and e¤ects mentioned in the definition are key They will be discussed in the next chapter and throughout the book The more common sense meaning is the other definition: ‘‘a person who acts on behalf of another, for example, managing . Art of Agent-Oriented Modeling The Art of Agent-Oriented Modeling Leon Sterling and Kuldar Taveter The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 6 2009 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All. final stage of maturity. This book is one of the first textbooks on agent-oriented software engineering. It aims to disseminate knowledge about this important topic to a wide audience. The Art of Agent-Oriented. engineering techniques. Alth ough the principal focus of the book is agent-oriented modeling, it is an excellent general introduction to all aspects of practical, agent-oriented software engineering. Building