[...]... posterior end Two modern genera, Salamandra and Triturus, are known from the Pleistocene of Britain (Triturus) and Europe (Salamandra and Triturus) 24 PLEISTOCENE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN BRITAIN AND EUROPE Salamandridae indel.: Fire Salamander or Newt Pleistocene Locality Spain: Upper Pleistocene 15 Genus Euproctus Gene, 1838: European Mountain Salamanders Salamanders of the genus Euproctus (Fig 4A)... (Salamandridae), Europe only (B) Triturus helveticus (Salamandridac), Britain and Europe (C) Salamandra salamandra larva (Salamandridae), Europe only (D) Alytes obstetricans (Discoglossidae), Europe only (E) Pelobales syriacus (Pelobatidae), Europe only (F) Bufo bufo (Bufonidae), Britain and Europe (G) Bufo calamita (Bufonidae), Britain and Europe (H) Rana arvalis (Ranidae), Britain and Europe [A and. .. human and other mammalian populations! 8 PLEISTOCENE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN BRITAIN AND EUROPE FIGURE 2 Correlation of Lower and Middle Pleistocene beds in Britain (East Anglia) and The Netherlands [Interpretations arc from Gibbard et al., 1991] Since it has been very difficult to accurately correlate the earlier (Lower and Middle Pleistocene) chronological units in Europe, a team of British and. .. species with an extensive Pleistocene record, appeared in the Upper Pliocene of Poland Testudo of the land tortoise family Testudinidae appeared in Europe in the Lower Oligocene of France The Pleistocene and modern species Testudo hermanni has been recorded at the Pliocene /Pleistocene boundary in Europe 18 PLEISTOCENE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN BRITAIN AND EUROPE Lizard Genera and Species The genus Agama...This page intentionally left blank PLEISTOCENE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN BRITAIN AND EUROPE This page intentionally left blank 1 INTRODUCTION There is disagreement about the time of the beginning of the Pleistocene For instance, Repenning (1987), a North American, puts the beginning date at 1.9 million ybp On the other hand, some modern Europeans studying the subject (e.g., Gibbard... epoch 10,000 years ago At least 200 mammalian genera became extinct, among them large herbivores, the carnivores that preyed on them, and the scavengers that fed on the remains of both groups Some of the striking kinds of mammals that became 3 4 PLEISTOCENE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN BRITAIN AND EUROPE extinct in Britain and Europe in the late Pleistocene (Stuart, 1991) were the cave bear (Ursus spelaeus);... European Pleistocene herpetofauna, and a consideration of herpetological range adjustments and extinction patterns in the Pleistocene Finally, herpetological events in Britain and Europe and North America are compared The following chapter is a discussion of the Pleistocene in Britain and Europe with an emphasis on terms that are presently used to designate Pleistocene chronological events in the area... 2 THE PLEISTOCENE IN BRITAIN AND EUROPE A general introduction to the Pleistocene with an emphasis on herpetological remains was presented in the companion volume Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in North America (Holman, 1995c) For a general introduction to the Pleistocene that gives much attention to Britain and Europe, the reader is referred to Sutcliffe (1985) A detailed account of Pleistocene. .. referring to "Pleistocene amphibians and reptiles in Europe, " is meant to reflect the unique position of the British Islands in the Pleistocene and early Holocene These islands represent a large land mass that was connected to continental Europe during much of the Pleistocene, only to become separated from the larger land mass soon after the end of the epoch As it happens, the herpetofauna of Britain and. .. joint absent; vertebrae opisthococlous with wide, low neural arches; and low neural spine (in part from Wake and Ozeti, 1969) Only one of the two modern species, Salamandra salamandra, occurs in the Pleistocene of Furope No members of the genus Salamandra occur in the Pleistocene of Britain A BESTIARY 25 FIGURE 4 Examples of modern amphibian taxa that occurred in the Pleistocene of Britain and Europe . The Lake and Its Setting 38. J. Alan Holman: Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in Britain and Europe PLEISTOCENE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN BRITAIN AND EUROPE J. Alan Holman New . populations! 8 PLEISTOCENE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN BRITAIN AND EUROPE FIGURE 2. Correlation of Lower and Middle Pleistocene beds in Britain (East Anglia) and The Netherlands. [Interpretations . college-level introduction to the study of Pleis- tocene amphibians and reptiles of Britain and Europe and a companion volume to Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in North America