[...]... “nationalizing states” are more common than preexisting nations forming states, and this was 18 faith in nation the case in early modern western Europe Political units formed out of warfare and with an interest in raising revenues then faced the imperative of containing discord, encouraging or channeling allegiance with images of nationalism, thereby integrating the masses into the polity Analysts focusing... the timing of the initial emergence of nationalism in the late eighteenth century, or it at least argues for greater attention to the earlier foundations of this process 10 faith in nation Hobsbawm argues against any such earlier nationalism either existing or (at least) being evident Anderson similarly dates “the dawn of the age of nationalism in the eighteenth century, arguing that it is distinct... to the consolidation of nationalism But again we are faced with difficulties in applying such a societybased explanation to the emergence of nationalism in early modern Europe Arguing that capitalism produced nationalism cannot account for any early forms of nationalism that emerged before capitalism was consolidated, and instead must deny the possibility of any such preindustrial nationalism Nor can... conflating nationalism with collective action confuses definition with explanations of its outcomes Instead, I define nationalism as the political sentiment of popular solidarity intended to coincide with states, distinct from analysis of its emergent causes and effects I am cognizant of the empirical difficulties posed by this definition of nationalism “Collective sentiments” or claims of identity of any kind... backward to explain this outcome Another society-based explanation for the rise of nationalism places 16 faith in nation greater emphasis on the latter component of the emergence of “print capitalism.” Accordingly, nationalism was the result of growing market relations forging networks of trade and resulting solidarity According to Gellner, capitalism requires unity and cultural homogeneity—for instance,... claim to a monopoly of coercion When it does not coincide with a state, it de-legitimates, potentially threatening that state’s coercive power But whether as a sentiment inspiring state-building or justifying existing states, nationalism implies the ideal of a nation- state” in which mass allegiance and institutional power coincide So defining nationalism as a mass sentiment for or against state power... all as evidence of nationalism I agree with Gorski that “instead of drawing sharp distinctions between (formative) protonationalism and full developed nationalism we (should) focus on variations in the intensity and scope of nationalist mobilization.” These may begin with the spread of elite discourse and for an extended period produce what Mann describes as “only rudimentary protonations.”8 No doubt,... provoke nationalism, such international conflict and collective defense may also be related to national identity and often has helped to produce it, but such development remains contingent.5 So defined, nationalism should also not be confused with the collective action it may or may not inspire The idea of solidarity which seeks self-determination in a state, or which is built to justify, reinforce,... Moments of such boundary codification are then the moments in which nationalism is crystallized.64 To reiterate, the emergence of nationalism can be explained according to the logic of exclusionary cohesion And this logic has apparently often been put into practice Distinctive groups, so perceived, were often unwilling to be joined And elites did not then consistently incorporate all potential internal... states evident in resistance to centralization heightened elite interests in resolving such internal conflict, creating greater popular cohesion, and in achieving domestic peace Rulers so challenged would benefit most directly from reinforcing internal loyalty to diminish conflict and reinforce their authority and military power In contrast, the localized populace had a competing interest in avoiding state . class="bi x0 y0 w0 h0" alt="" Faith in Nation: Exclusionary Origins of Nationalism ANTHONY W. MARX OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS dFAITH IN Exclusionary Origins of Nationalism 1 Oxford New York Auckland. otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Marx, Anthony W. Faith in nation : exclusionary origins of nationalism / by Anthony W consoli- 8 faith in nation dated. 6 And conflating nationalism with collective action confuses def- inition with explanations of its outcomes. Instead, I define nationalism as the political sentiment of