[...]... nanotubes (3), and metal and semiconductor nanoparticles (4) have been synthesized and proposed as potential building blocks of optical and electronic devices (5) This has arisen for a variety of reasons, not the least of which is technological advance, and the promise of control over material and device structure at length scales far below conventional lithographic patterning technology Metal particles... fj Nee2 n a ␻2 Ϫ ␻2 Ϫ i␦ ␻ m ee° j 0, j j (3) where Ne and me are the number density and mass of an electron, e and ␧° are the electronic charge and permittivity of vacuum, respectively, and fj is the oscillator strength of a given electronic transition The spectral frequency and bandwidth (FWHM) of the jth electronic transition are given by ␻0j and ␦j The frequency of the incident light is given by... 3 Idealized single-electron tunneling I–V curve (A); sandwich metal/ insulator/ nanoscopic metal (particle)/insulator /metal (substrate) double-tunnel junction configuration (B); single -metal- particle configuration (C); typical I–V curve for configuration shown in C (D); and solution-phase configuration (E) processes at room temperature, the metal island of any single-electron device must be less than 10... Chapter 1 and the other chapters in this volume) Our own main interest has been in transition -metal nanoclusters and their applications in catalysis (3,4) It is important to distinguish modern nanoclusters from at least traditional colloids, and this is done in Figs 1 and 2 As these figures summarize, it is the control over the composition, size, surface-ligating anions and other ligands, and, therefore,... with which they can be synthesized and modified chemically From the standpoint of understanding their optical and electronic effects, metal nanoparticles also offer an advantage over other systems because their optical (or dielectric) constants resemble those of the bulk metal to exceedingly small dimensions (i.e., Ͻ 5 nm) Perhaps the most intriguing observation is that metal particles often exhibit strong... electrical properties of metal particles are also similar in form to those of their corresponding bulk metals Surface charging and electron transport processes in individual nanoscopic metal particles and two-dimensional particle arrays may often be understood with relatively simple classical charging expressions and RC equivalent circuit diagrams (9) Again, in contrast to molecules and semiconductor nanoparticles.. . penetrate the ligand shell V OVERVIEW OF THE FOLLOWING CHAPTERS We attempted to assemble a broad sampling of research in metal nanoparticles which would cover synthesis, physical properties, and applications We begin with two contributions that come from the metal nanoparticle as atomic cluster context In Chapter 2, Richard Finke discusses the bulk solution phase synthesis of metal clusters and the influence... deliberately and rationally in a manner analogous to molecular synthesis have not been developed These issues are critically important to future device technologies such as integrated optical and electronic devices and chemical sensors This book reviews recent advances in nanoscopic metal particle synthesis, theory of optical properties, and applications in optical composite materials and electronic... their size, shape, size and shape dispersity, surface and overall composition, and, therefore, control over their resultant optical, electronic, magnetic, catalytic, and other physi- Transition -Metal Nanoclusters Fig 2 19 Definition of traditional (nano and other) colloids, as opposed to nanoclusters cal properties Another main goal, with profound implications for the ease of use and reproducible physical... able to isolate, then redissolve and otherwise use at will, identical samples of the resultant nanoclusters, all with the convenience and reproducibility that any bottleable chemical species offers (Imagine, for a moment, the added time and complexity chemistry would engender if one had to freshly synthesize and purify each and every solvent and other reagent used in each and every synthesis rather than . Nanoscopic Metal Particles 119 Colby A. Foss, Jr. v vi Contents 6 Nonlinear Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles 141 Robert C. Johnson and Joseph T. Hupp 7 Electrochemical Synthesis and Optical Properties. advances in nanoscopic metal particle synthesis, theory of optical properties, and applications in optical composite materials and electronic devices. Its major emphasis is on particles which are. Amplification Michael J. Natan and L. Andrew Lyon 9 Self-Assemblies of Nanocrystals: Fabrication and Collective 207 Properties Marie-Paule Pileni 10 Electrodeposition of Metal Nanoparticles on Graphite and Silicon