P á g ina 1 de 1Document 04/04/2004htt p ://www.netlibrar y .com/nlreader/nlreader.dll?bookid=27445&filename=Cover.html Page iii Nanomaterials S y nthesis, Pro p erties and A pp lications Edited by A S Edelstein Naval Research Laboratory Washin g ton, DC an d R C Cammarat a Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD P á g ina 1 de 1Document 04/04/2004htt p ://www.netlibrar y .com/nlreader/nlreader.dll?bookid=27445&filename=Pa g e _ iii.html Page iv Copyright © 1996 by IOP Publishing Ltd and individual contributors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher, except as stated below. Single photocopies of single articles may be made for private study or research. Illustrations and short extracts from the text of individual contributions may be copied provided that the source is acknowledged, the permission of the authors is obtained and IOP Publishing Ltd is notified. Multiple copying is permitted in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency under the terms of its agreement with the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Princi p als. B ritish Librar y Catalo g uin g in Publication Data A catalo g ue record for this book is available from the British Librar y . ISBN 0 7503 0358 1 (hbk) ISBN 0 7503 0578 9 (p bk ) L ibrar y o f Con g ress Catalo g in g -in-Publication Data are available First published 1996 Pa p erback edition 1998 Published by Institute of Physics Publishing, wholly owned by The Institute of Physics, London Institute of Physics Publishing, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE, UK US Office: Institute of Physics Publishing, The Public Ledger Building, Suite 1035, 150 South Inde p endence Mall West, Philadel p hia, PA 19106, USA Printed in the UK b y J W Arrowsmith Ltd, Bristol P á g ina 1 de 1Document 04/04/2004htt p ://www.netlibrar y .com/nlreader/nlreader.dll?bookid=27445&filename=Pa g e _ iv.html Page v CONTENTS Preface xv Authors' Addresses xvii Acknowled g ments xxi Part 1 Introduction 1 1 Introduction 3 Part 2 S y nthesis 11 2 Formation of Clusters and Nanoparticles from a Supersaturated Vapor and Selected Pro p erties 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Clusters 14 2.2.1 Classical Nucleation Theor y for Cluster Formation 14 2.2.2 Techni q ues for Cluster Formation 16 2.2.3 Cluster Assembled Materials 24 2.2.4 Ph y sical and Chemical Pro p erties of Clusters 26 2.3 Nanoparticles Produced by Sputtering and Thermal Evaporation and Laser Methods 35 2.3.1 Back g roun d 35 2.3.2 Achievin g Su p ersaturation 38 2.3.3 Particle Nucleation and Growth 40 P á g ina 1 de 2Document 04/04/2004htt p ://www.netlibrar y .com/nlreader/nlreader.dll?bookid=27445&filename=Pa g e _ v.html 2.3.4 Coalescence, Coa g ulation and Size Distributions 41 2.3.5 Particle Trans p ort 43 2.3.6 Particle Collection 45 2.3.7 Cr y stal Structure and Cr y stal Habit 45 3 Particle S y nthesis b y Chemical Routes 55 3.1 Introduction 55 P á g ina 2 de 2Document 04/04/2004htt p ://www.netlibrar y .com/nlreader/nlreader.dll?bookid=27445&filename=Pa g e _ v.html Page vi 3.2 Nucleation and Growth from Solutions 57 3.3 Stabilization of Fine Particles a g ainst A gg lomeration 57 3.4 Materials 59 3.4.1 Metals and Intermetallics 59 3.4.2 Ceramics 62 3.4.3 Com p osites 63 3.4.4 Nano p articles via Or g anized Membranes 65 3.4.5 Clusters 67 3.5 Conclusions 68 4 S y nthesis of Semiconductor Nanoclusters 73 4.1 Characterization Methods and Potential Pitfalls in the S y nthesis 74 4.2 Colloids/Micelles/Vesicles 76 4.3 Pol y mers 78 4.4 Glasses 79 4.5 Cr y stalline and Zeolite Hosts 80 4.6 Towards Sin g le-size Clusters 82 4.6.1 Controlled Cluster Fusion in Solution 83 4.6.2 Controlled Thermol y sis in the Solid State 84 5 Formation of Nanostructures b y Mechanical Attrition 89 5.1 Introduction and Back g roun d 89 P á g ina 1 de 2Document 04/04/2004htt p ://www.netlibrar y .com/nlreader/nlreader.dll?bookid=27445&filename=Pa g e _ vi.html 5.2 Hi g h-ener gy Ball Millin g and Mechanical Attrition 90 5.3 Phenomenolo gy of Nanostructure Formation 92 5.3.1 Elements and Intermetallics 92 5.3.2 None q uilibrium Solid Solutions 95 5.3.3 Nanocom p osites b y Mechano-chemistr y 97 5.4 Mechanism of Grain-size Reduction 99 5.5 Pro p ert y –microstructure Relationshi p s 103 5.6 Related To p ics 108 Part 3 Artificiall y Multila y ered Materials 111 6 Artificiall y Multila y ered Materials 113 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Structure and Characterization 114 6.2.1 Microstructure 114 6.2.2 Dislocation Filters 117 6.2.3 Characterization 117 6.3 Processin g 120 6.3.1 Thin-film De p osition Methods 120 P á g ina 2 de 2Document 04/04/2004htt p ://www.netlibrar y .com/nlreader/nlreader.dll?bookid=27445&filename=Pa g e _ vi.html Page vii 6.3.2 Mechanical Processin g Methods 126 6.4 Thermod y namics and Kinetics 126 6.4.1 Thermod y namics 126 6.4.2 Kinetics 127 6.5 Electrical and O p tical Pro p erties 128 6.5.1 Semiconductor Su p erlattices 128 6.5.2 Microelectronics A pp lications 130 6.5.3 O p toelectronics A pp lications 131 6.5.4 Electronic Trans p ort in Metallic Multila y ers 132 6.5.5 Bra gg Reflectors 133 6.6 Su p erconductin g Pro p erties 134 6.6.1 Low-tem p erature Su p erconductors 134 6.6.2 Hi g h-tem p erature Su p erconductors 134 6.7 Ma g netic Pro p erties 135 6.7.1 Ma g netic Su p erlattices 135 6.7.2 Giant Ma g netoresistance 136 6.8 Mechanical Pro p erties 137 6.8.1 Elastic Pro p erties 137 6.8.2 Dam p in g Ca p acit y 138 6.8.3 Plastic Pro p erties 138 6.8.4 Wear and Friction 140 P á g ina 1 de 2Document 04/04/2004htt p ://www.netlibrar y .com/nlreader/nlreader.dll?bookid=27445&filename=Pa g e _ vii.html 6.8.5 Fracture 140 Part 4 Processin g of Nanomaterials 145 7 Processin g of Nanostructured Sol– g el Materials 147 7.1 Introduction 147 7.2 S y nthesis of Oxides b y the Sol– g el Process 149 7.2.1 Alkoxide Solution Routes 149 7.2.2 Colloidal Sols and Sus p ensions 151 7.2.3 Sin g le-com p onent Oxides 152 7.2.4 Multicom p onent Oxides 152 7.3 Powde r -free Processin g of Gel Sha p es 152 7.3.1 Thin Films 153 7.3.2 Fibers, Sheets and Thick La y ers 154 7.3.3 Micro p orous Monoliths 155 7.4 Unconsolidated Gels: A g in g and S y neresis 155 7.5 Consolidated Gels: Sinterin g 156 7.6 Matrices for Access to the Nanostructure 157 7.6.1 I n situ com p osites 159 7.6.2 Volatile Host Metho d 159 7.6.3 Infiltrated Com p osites 161 P á g ina 2 de 2Document 04/04/2004htt p ://www.netlibrar y .com/nlreader/nlreader.dll?bookid=27445&filename=Pa g e _ vii.html Page viii 7.7 Pros p ects for the Sol– g el Processin g of Nanostructured Materials 161 8 Consolidation of Nanocr y stalline Materials b y Com p action and Sinterin g 165 8.1 Introduction 165 8.2 Dr y Com p action of Nanocr y stalline Particles 166 8.3 Wet Com p action of Nanocr y stalline Particles 169 8.4 Ideal Densification durin g Pressureless Sinterin g 170 8.5 Non-ideal Densification durin g Pressureless Sinterin g 177 8.5.1 A gg lomeration Effects 177 8.5.2 Inhomo g eneous Sinterin g /Differential Densification 179 8.6 Grain Growth durin g Pressureless Sinterin g 182 8.7 Grain Boundar y Pinnin g b y Pores durin g Pressureless Sinterin g 186 8.8 Minimizing Grain Growth and Maximizing Densification during Pressureless Sinterin g 187 8.9 Pressure-assisted Sinterin g and Sinter For g in g 189 8.10 Summar y 194 Part 5 Characterization of Nanostructured Materials 199 9 N anostructures of Metals and Ceramics 201 9.1 Introduction 201 9.2 Structures of Nano p hase Materials 203 P á g ina 1 de 2Document 04/04/2004htt p ://www.netlibrar y .com/nlreader/nlreader.dll?bookid=27445&filename=Pa g e _ viii.html [...]... Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Fullerenes Página 2 de 3 475 477 19.1 Introduction 477 19.2 Synthesis 478 19.2.1 Synthesis of C60 and C70 479 19.2.2 Synthesis of Giant Fullerenes 480 19.3 Molecular and Crystalline Structure 482 19.3.1 The C60 Molecule—buckminsterfullerene 482 19.3.2 The Solid—fullerite 483 19.3.3 Larger Fullerenes 485 19.3.4 Tubes and Onions 486 19.4 Properties 486 19.4.1 Properties. .. The synthesis and properties of metal cluster compounds was discussed in a book edited by de Jongh [15] The synthesis and properties of nanoparticles were described in a book by Ichinose, Ozaki, and Kashu [16] Some of the biological aspects of nanomaterials were discussed in the book by Mann, Webb, and Williams [17] There is a journal devoted exclusively to nanostructured materials [18] and issues of... http://www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll?bookid=27445&filename=Page_xiii.html 04/04/2004 Document 22.2 Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical Properties Página 2 de 3 548 22.2.1 Semiconductors 548 22.2.2 Characterization 550 22.2.3 Properties and Applications 551 22.3 Conclusion 23 Impact on Chemistry and Related Technology 552 555 23.1 Introduction 555 23.2 Impact on Chemistry and Related Technology 557 23.2.1 Analytical Chemistry: Chemical Sensors 557... and engineering Evidence of this interest is provided by the large number of recent conferences and research papers devoted to the subject There are several reasons for this One is the need to fabricate new materials on an ever finer scale to continue decreasing the cost and increasing the speed of information transmission and storage Another is that nanomaterials display novel and often enhanced properties. .. Results 337 13.2.3 Sinter Forging 341 13.3 Future Directions 14 Magnetic and Electron Transport Properties of Granular Films 343 347 14.1 Introduction 347 14.2 Microstructure 348 14.3 Magnetic Properties 352 14.3.1 Overview 353 14.3.2 Superparamagnetic Properties 356 14.3.3 Ferromagnetic Properties 359 14.4 Electrical Transport Properties 360 14.4.1 Overview 361 14.4.2 Metallic Regime 363 14.4.3 Insulating... the recent progress and interdisciplinary nature of the field, we felt there was a need for a book which provided some idea of the breadth and current status of this field Our intent is that this book should provide access to most of the basic material on the synthesis, properties, and applications of nanomaterials We believe it should be of particular use to graduate students and researchers in other... past few years: A Suna, L T Cheng, W Mahler, J Calabrese, and W Farneth from Du Pont Co.; E Hilinski and his group at Florida State University; G D Stucky, H Eckert and their groups at UC Santa Barbara; as well as K Moller and T Bein at the University of New Mexico Chapter 5 The financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Fe 313/1) and by the US Department of Energy (contract number DE-FG03-86ER45242)... Gd3Fe5O12 390 15.4.4 MnFe2O4 390 15.5 Summary 16 Optical Characterization and Applications of Semiconductor Quantum Dots 391 395 16.1 Introduction 395 16.2 Optical Characterization 396 16.2.1 Linear Optical Properties 396 16.2.2 Electro-optical Properties 402 16.2.3 Nonlinear Optical Properties 403 16.2.4 Two-photon Absorption and Confinement-induced Mixing of 408 http://www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll?bookid=27445&filename=Page_xi.html... within the field One issue of Science [18] surveyed molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry, atomic and molecular manipulation with the scanning tunneling electron microscope, advances in quantum devices, and integrated sensors and microsystems Other journals have also devoted special issues to areas such as nanotribology [19] and the optical behavior of nanostructures [20] Despite these works, no previous... 10.3.1 Crystallographic Phase and Lattice Constant 230 10.3.2 Grain-size Distribution 233 10.3.3 Grain Growth and Control of Grain Size 238 10.3.4 Lattice Strain 241 10.3.5 Stacking Faults and Twin Boundaries 245 10.3.6 Short- and Medium-range Correlated Displacements 246 10.4 Characterizing the Grain Boundaries 250 10.4.1 Relation Between Grain Boundary Short-range Order and Grain Size 250 10.4.2 Grain . Mechanical Pro p erties 137 6.8.1 Elastic Pro p erties 137 6.8.2 Dam p in g Ca p acit y 138 6.8.3 Plastic Pro p erties 138 6.8.4 Wear and Friction 140 P á g ina 1 de 2Document 04/04/2004htt p ://www.netlibrar y .com/nlreader/nlreader.dll?bookid=27445&filename=Pa g e _ vii.html . Electrical and O p tical Pro p erties 128 6.5.1 Semiconductor Su p erlattices 128 6.5.2 Microelectronics A pp lications 130 6.5.3 O p toelectronics A pp lications 131 6.5.4 Electronic Trans p ort. 24 2.2.4 Ph y sical and Chemical Pro p erties of Clusters 26 2.3 Nanoparticles Produced by Sputtering and Thermal Evaporation and Laser Methods 35 2.3.1 Back g roun d 35 2.3.2 Achievin g Su p ersaturation