TeAM YYePG Digitally signed by TeAM YYePG DN: cn=TeAM YYePG, c=US, o=TeAM YYePG, ou=TeAM YYePG, email=yyepg@msn.com Reason: I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document Date: 2005.08.18 15:00:02 +08'00' Bodies of Difference Hand-crank tricycles mark a gathering of the Beijing Disabled Youths Club at the home of a former club member, mid-1980s Anonymous photo Bodies of Difference Experiences of Disability and Institutional Advocacy in the Making of Modern China Matthew Kohrman UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd London, England © 2005 by the Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kohrman, Matthew, 1964 – Bodies of difference : experiences of disability and institutional advocacy in the making of modern China / Matthew Kohrman p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-520-22644-5 (cloth : alk paper) — ISBN 0-520-22645-3 (pbk : alk paper) People with disabilities — China Biopolitics — China I Title HV1559.C6K64 2005 362.4'0951 — dc22 2004005279 Manufactured in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 10 Printed on Ecobook 50 containing a minimum 50% post-consumer waste, processed chlorine free The balance contains virgin pulp, including 25% Forest Stewardship Council CertiWed for no old growth tree cutting, processed either TCF or ECF The sheet is acid-free and meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48 – 1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper).8 For Asa and Ezra CONTENTS List of Illustrations / Preface / ix Acknowledgments / xv Introduction / viii 1 A Biomythography in the Making / Why Ma Zhun Doesn’t Count / 31 57 Building a Corporeal Corporate Body / Speeding Up Life in Beijing / 83 113 Troubled Sociality: The Federation-Canji Relationship in Wenchang County / 144 Dis/ablement and Marriage: Ridiculed Bachelors, Ambivalent Grooms / 171 Epilogue / Notes / 215 Appendix a / Appendix b / References / Index / 275 200 245 251 255 ILLUSTRATIONS Deng Pufang as an adolescent watching CCP luminaries / 39 Main ofWce of metropolitan Beijing Disabled Persons’ Federation / 93 Disability symbolism, a rare sight in the 1990s / 107 A snowy day in Beijing / 133 Employee of the Xuan Wu District Disabled Persons’ Federation repairs his mototrike / 135 Keeping track of the community / 145 Married Wenchang County residents playing majiang / 187 On the move / 195 “Wheelchair-bound Deng Pufang ” / 205 viii References 271 Sun Lung-kee 1983 Zhongguo Wenhua De “Shenceng Jiegou” [The “Deep Structure” of Chinese Culture] Hong Kong: Ji Xian Press Telford, Ted A 1992 Covariates of Men’s Age at First Marriage: The Historical Demography of Chinese Lineages Population Studies 46 (1): 19–35 Terry, Jennifer, and Jacqueline Urla 1995 Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Difference in Science and Popular Culture Bloomington: Indiana University Press 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From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology Translated and Edited by Hans H Gerth and C Wright Mills New York: Oxford University Press ——— 1963 The Sociology of Religion Boston: Beacon Press ——— 1978 Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology Berkeley: University of California Press Wei Deng, Andreas Wilkes, and Gerald Bloom 1997 Village Health Services in Rural China IDS Bulletin 28 (1): 32–38 Weston, Timothy 2004 The Power of Position: Beijing University Intellectuals, and Chinese Political Culture, 1898–1929 Berkeley: University of California Press White, Sydney 1998 From “Barefoot Doctor” to “Village Doctor” in Tiger Springs Village: A Case Study of Rural Health Care Transformations in Socialist China Human Organization 57 (4): 480–90 ——— 1999 Deciphering “Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine” in the Rural Lijiang Basin: State Policy and Local Practice(s) in Socialist China Social Science and Medicine 49 (10): 1333–47 Whiting, John Wesley Mayhew, Richard Kluckhorn, and Albert Anthony 1958 The Function of Male Initiation Ceremonies at Puberty Readings in Social Psychology, 3rd ed., 359–70 WHO 1995 Information System: Expanded Programme on Immunization WHO/EPI/ CEIS/95.2 Geneva: World Health Organization ——— 2001a WHO Publishes New Guidelines to Measure Health Geneva: Information OfWce ——— 2001b ICF Checklist Press Release WHO/48 Geneva: WHO Whyte, Martin King 1974 Small Groups and Political Rituals in China Michigan Studies on China, 267–92 Berkeley: University of California Press Wilson, Amy Auerbacher, Sidney L Greenblatt, and Richard W Wilson 1977 Deviance and Social Control in Chinese Society New York: Praeger Wolf, Arthur, and Chieh-shan Huang 1980 Marriage and Adoption in China, 1845– 1945 Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press Wolf, Arthur P 1986 The Preeminent Role of Government Intervention in China’s Family Revolution Population and Development Review 12 (1): 101–16 Wolf, Margery 1972 Women and the Family in Rural Taiwan Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press Wong, Glenn C 1995 Seeking Women’s Voices: Setting the Context for Women’s Health Interventions in Two Rural Counties in Yunnan, China Social Science and Medicine 41 (8): 1147–57 World Bank 1992 China: Long-Term Issues and Options in the Health Transition Washington, DC: World Bank Wright, Susan 1994 Culture in Anthropology and Organizational Studies In Anthropology of Organizations, edited by Susan Wright London: Routledge References 273 Xiong Zhennan, ed 1995 Women and Men in China: Facts and Figures Beijing: China Statistical Publishing House Yanagisako, Sylvia 2000 Patriarchal Desire: Law and Sentiments of Succession in Italian Capitalist Families In Elites: Choice, Leadership, and Succession, edited by Jỗo de Pina-Cabral and Antónia Pedroso de Lima, 53–72 Oxford: Berg Yanagisako, Sylvia, and Jane Fishburne Collier 1987 Toward a UniWed Analysis of Gender and Kinship In Gender and Kinship: Essays toward a UniWed Analysis, edited by Jane F Collier and Sylvia J Yanagisako Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press Yang, Mayfair 1997 Mass Media and Transnational Subjectivity in Shanghai: Notes on (Re)Cosmopolitanism in a Chinese Metropolis In Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism, edited by Aihwa Ong and Donald Nonini, 25–54 New York: Routledge Yeh Wen-hsin 1990 The Alienated Academy: Culture and Politics in Republican China, 1919–1937 Harvard East Asian Monographs, no 148 Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University Yip Ka-che 1995 Health and National Reconstruction in Nationalist China: The Development of Modern Health Services, 1928–1937 Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Asian Studies Young, Iris Marion 1990 Justice and the Politics of Difference Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Yuan Fang, and Quan Weitian 1981 Sociologist Chen Da Chinese Sociology and Anthropology 13 (3): 59–74 Zhan Mei 2002 The Worlding of Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Translocal Study of Knowledge, Identity, and Cultural Politics in China and the United States Ph.D diss., Cultural and Social Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA Zhang, Everett 2001 Goudui and the State: Constructing Entrepreneurial Masculinity in Two Cosmopolitan Areas of Post-Socialist China In Gendered Modernities: Ethnographic Perspectives, edited by Dorothy Hodgson, 235–65 New York: Palgrave Zhang Li 2001 Strangers in the City: ReconWgurations of Space, Power, and Social Networks within China’s Floating Population Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press Zhang Mei 1999 From Lei Feng to Zhang Haidi: Changing Media Images of Model Youth in the Post-Mao Reform Era In Civic Discourse, Civil Society, and Chinese Communities, edited by Randy Kluver and John H Powers, 111–23 Westport, CT: Ablex Publishing Zhang Yang 1995 Zhengdun Jidong Sanlun Weizhang [Reorganizing Illegal Motorized Three Wheelers] Beijing Wanbao [Beijing Evening News], February 21 Zheng Shiping 1997 Party vs State in Post-1949 China: The Institutional Dilemma Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Zhong Mei 1999 Same Language, Yet Different: News Coverage of Clinton’s China Visit by Two Prominent Newspapers In Civic Discourse, Civil Society, and Chinese Communities, edited by Randy Kluver and John H Powers, 153–66 Westport, CT: Ablex Publishing Zito, Angela 1997 Of Body and Brush: Grand SacriWce as Text/Performance in EighteenthCentury China Chicago: University of Chicago Press 274 References Zola, Irving 1972 Medicine as an Institution of Social Control Sociological Review 20 (4): 487–504 ——— 1981 Missing Pieces: A Chronicle of Living with a Disability Philadelphia: Temple University Press ——— 1993 Self, Identity, and the Naming Question: Reflections on the Language of Disability Social Science and Medicine 36 (2): 167–73 INDEX “abominations of the body” (Goffman), 62 activities of daily living, 249 – 50 Acton, Norman, 72 – 73, 74, 224n21 Addlakha, Renu, 236 – 37n6 administrative directives, 99 – 100 Agamben, Giorgio, Homo Sacer by, 82 Ah Bo, 182, 183, 186 – 91, 192 alterity, 29, 176 – 77, 191; deWnitions of, xi, 58 American Association on Mental DeWciencies, 247, 248, 225n30 amputation, 249 Anagnost, Ann, 36 – 37, 42, 50, 54 ancestor worship, 150 – 51, 156, 169 – 70 ancestral burial sites, 169, 239n21 Annual Day of Disabled Persons, 203 anonymity, 196, 215n1 anthropology: body in, 5; medical, 11, 35, 213, 219n7, 221n1; mentioned, xii, 207; narrative approaches in, 184, 191; and statistics, 58 – 59, 61, 176, 221n1; study of disability, 10 – 11, 216n8; study of elite, 34, 218n3, 243n2; study of gender, 11, 216n9, 233n13 See also disability studies Appadurai, Arjun, 137 Armstrong, Gordon, 52, 53, 201 arthritis, 18, 30 Association of Neurology and Psychiatry, 77 autonomous regions, 242 – 43n16 Baba Mountain, 220n13 backwardness, 71, 73, 98, 155, 224n26 barefoot doctors, 152, 154, 162 Bayi primary school, 39 – 40, 220n18 Beichizi Street See China Disabled Persons’ Federation, administrative center Beihai park, 83 Beijing: and cultural sophistication, 241n9; Federation ofWce, 86, 93; motorized tricycles in, 114, 131, 132, 137; Xuan Wu district, 57 – 58, 126, 217n12, 234n16 Beijing Medical College hospital, 1, 47 Beijing University (Beida), 1, 31, 41, 42 – 44, 220n15, 220n17, 220n21 bicycles, 117 – 19, 122, 232nn4,6,7, 232 – 33n8 binaries, 29, 108 – 9, 194, 210 – 11 Bingcan Qingnian Julebu (Disabled Youths Club), 83 – 87, 109, 111, 119, 148 biobureaucracy, 3, – 8, 22, 34, 35, 37, 218nn2 – See also biopolitics; biopower biomedical institution-building, 33 – 34, 50, 65 See also medicalization biomythography of statesmanship, 36, 54, 219n9 biopolitical globalization, 209 biopolitics, 6, 7, 21, 148, 208 – See also biobureaucracy; biopower biopower: Foucault’s view of, – 9, 23 – 24, 213; and the state, 9, 24, 60 – 61, 82, 147 – 48, 153, 213 biosociality, 148, 237n6 blind: assistance for, 84, 129, 225 – 26n2; 275 276 Index blind (continued) criteria for, 245, 246; mentioned, 16, 194, 230n20 See also visual disability Blind, Deaf and Mute Association, 121, 129, 225 – 26nn1 – bodiliness, xi, 5, 33 – 34, 103 See also embodiment bodily differences, 62, 109, 176 – 77 bodily perfection, 41, 120, 124, 233n15 body: in anthropology and sociology, – 6, – 8; and gender, 11, 185; shen, – 7, 120, 215 – 16n3; and sociopolitical formations, – 5, – 10; Weber and, 88, 227n8 See also bodiliness; embodiment body in pain, 46 – 47, 55 Book of Filial Piety, 62, 222n4 Borneman, John, 241n6 Bourdieu, Pierre, 8, 40, 216n5, 226n5, 228n13, 243n17 Boxer Rebellion Indemnity Funds, 66, 222n12 bozi (lame), 174, 182 See also quezi Bray, Francesca, 233n13 Brown, Wendy, 180 bureaucracy: disability and, xiii-iv, 3, 21 – 22, 211; and statistics, 70; study of, 10; Weber on, 88 – 89, 226 – 27n7 See also biobureaucracy; nation-state Bureau of Public Health (Hainan Province), 13 – 14, 19 burn victims, 206, 207 – buses, 232n6 cadres, 2, 42, 151; duty ofWcers, 252 – 53 Canada, 94 canfei (“crippled”): in Kunming census, 65, 67, 222n11; in Maoist era, 68; and Min Song survey, 144 – 46; use of term, 61 – 62, 64, 174, 191, 194, 223n17 canji (disabled): administrative directives pertaining to, 99 – 100; ambivalent identity of, 173, 174, 175 – 76, 182, 191, 192, 196 – 97, 198 – 99, 210; assistance for, 68 – 69, 78 – 79, 127, 134 – 35, 146 – 47, 210; association with maleness, 17, 19, 126, 134, 173, 209, 234n18; association with immobility, 133, 134, 173; categories of, 16, 76 – 78, 110, 128 – 29, 225n30; in the countryside, 147, 164 – 65, 167 – 68, 170, 236n1, 242n12; criteria for, 26, 58, 78 – 79, 87, 108 – 9, 110, 145, 147; deWnition of, 62, 64, 81; discrimination against, 63 – 64, 84 – 85, 142, 168; employment of, 57, 108 – 11; family of, 193 – 94, 195 – 96, 252; and foreigners, xii; media attention to, 97 – 98; poverty of, 146 – 47, 156 – 58, 170; quantiWcation of, 59 – 60, 62, 63 – 69, 73 – 74, 222n7, 243 – 44n4; registration of, 164 – 65, 167, 168; as social category, xiii, 25, 50, 147 – 49, 167 – 68, 170, 210; and transition from Maoism to Dengism, 156, 174 – 75; translation of term, 27 – 28; use of term, xiii, 14 – 19, 30, 61 – 62, 64 – 65, 120 – 21, 125, 174, 182 – 83, 191 See also disabled canji enterprises, 12 – 13, 131, 138, 167, 178 canji/jianquan binary, 108 – canji ren (disabled person/s), 215n2 See also canji canji workers, 109 – 11, 111 – 12, 232n31 capital, xv, 92, 228n13 Carter, Jimmy, 228n12 cataract surgery, 127, 229n16 Census of the Kunming Lake Region (1942), 65 – 68, 82, 222n11, 223n14 census taking, 63 – 64, 68, 236n1, 242n13, 243 – 44n4 See also Census of the Kunming Lake Region; Yellow Books charismatic leaders, 88, 89 charitable donations, 95 cheering squad, 114, 140 Chen, Cadre (Xuan Wu Federation ofWce), 57 – 58 Chen Da, 66, 67, 223n14 Chen Lu, 32 – 33, 144 – 46, 151, 161, 237nn9 – 10; photo of, with survey forms, 145; registration of canji, 145 – 46, 165 – 67, 237n14; and rehabilitation loan program, 165 – 67 Chen Meilin, 121 Chen You, 182, 193 – 98 children: 1983 survey of disability among, 73, 224nn21 – 22; registration of, 238 – 39n19 China Association for the Blind, Deaf and Mute, 121, 129, 225 – 26nn1 – China Disabled Persons’ Federation (zhongguo canjiren lianhehui): administrative center, 109, 132, 201, 208; administrative structure, 251 – 52; aid programs, 127, 161; branches and chapters, xiv, 14, Index 86, 93, 101 – 2, 103 – 4, 110, 160 – 61, 231n28, 235n22; canji representative committees, 167 – 68; compared with Disabled Youths Club, 87; after the death of Deng Xiaoping, 201 – 4; delegations, xv; development of, and canji identity, 16, 17, 175; disability advocacy, 175; and disability enumeration, 69 – 70; emphasis on independent entrepreneurship, 131; employees, 87, 105 – 11, 135 – 36, 160, 231 – 32n30, 232n31; Executive Council, 251 – 52; Wrst Wve-year plan, 161; founding and objectives, xiv, – 3, 14 – 15, 22, 23, 25, 32, 36, 81, 100, 202, 230n22; future of, 202 – 7, 208; and heroic story of Deng Pufang, 53 – 54; hiring practices, 108 – 9, 251 – 53; inequity in assistance, 128 – 29, 131, 134 – 35, 136, 203; institutional independence, 102, 104, 230n23, 231n27; institution-building strategies, 87 – 88, 92, 101 – 2, 127; local resistance to, 102 – 4; media attention and publicity, 33, 44, 128, 162 – 63; and mental illness, 77; and motorized tricycles, 115, 130 – 31, 132, 140; National Representative Group, 251; preponderance of male employees, 105 – 6, 110, 231n29, 231 – 32n30; promotion of canji marriage, 177 – 81; special accommodation of the military, 110 – 11, 232n31; standards for canji, 16, 26, 58, 225n30; and the term canfei, 223n17; in Weberian terms, 88 – 89 See also canji; China Disabled Persons’ Welfare Fund; China Rehabilitation Research Center; Deng Pufang; Rehabilitation Poverty Loans China Disabled Persons’ Protection Law, 168, 170 China Disabled Persons’ Welfare Fund, 94 – 95, 99, 100, 229n17 China Rehabilitation Research Center, 93 – 94, 228n14, 228 – 29n15; and motorized tricycles, 126, 130, 235n24 China Welfare Society for the Blind, 226n2 China Welfare Society for the Deaf and Mute, 226n2 Chinese Communist Party, 23, 69, 70, 115 Chinese Red Cross, 85 Civil Affairs Bureau (Wenchang), 160 civil service exam, 63 – 64, 222n10 277 clinics, 152, 154, 237n7 Clinton, Bill, 201, 206, 244n5 collectivization, 151, 152, 169, 237n7 college entrance exams, 41 Collier, Jane Fishburne, 241n6 colonialism, 7, 24 communicable diseases, 68, 151 – 52, 237n12 communist martyrs, 220n13 Community-Based Rehabilitation, 161 – 62 competence, 157 See also nengli connections (guanxi), 46 – 47, 106 – “continuous revolution,” 185 corruption, 54, 107, 201 See also Kanghua Development Corporation countryside: canji in, 147, 236n1, 164 – 65, 167 – 68, 170; and the post-Mao state, 149 coupon system, 118, 232n4 court chronicles, 42 – 43, 220n19 courtship See marriage Cultural Revolution: aftermath of, 48 – 49; Deng Pufang and, 37 – 38, 42 – 46, 86; in discourse on modernity and disability, 23, 71; historians’ view of, 220 – 21n22; leaders of, 98; and Mao’s inspection tour, 230n24; Qin Yan and, 55 cultural sophistication, 241 – 42n9 danwei, 118, 232n4 Das, Veena, 213, 236 – 37n6 Davis, Lennard, 30 deaf: assistance to, 85, 127, 129, 225n2, 229n16; criteria of disability, 246 – 47; and marriage, 186 – 87; mentioned, 16 See also hearing disability Dean, Mitchell, 21 Decade for Disabled Persons (1983 – 92), 21, 70, 73, 201 democracy movement (1989), 54, 55, 102, 201, 221n26, 229nn17 – 18 Deng Lin, 201 Deng Nan, 45, 201 Deng Pufang: advocacy work of, 99 – 100, 104 – 5, 127, 230n21; attacks on, by prodemocracy demonstrators, 54, 55, 102, 221n26; biographies and articles on, 36, 42, 44 – 45, 50, 89, 219n8; body of, 4, 41, 46 – 47, 55; as charismatic leader, 89; and China Disabled Persons’ Welfare Fund, 95, 100; convalescence of, 31 – 32, 278 Index Deng Pufang (continued) 46 –48, 50 – 51, 52 – 53; and creation of China Disabled Persons’ Federation, 2, – 4, 32, 92, 202; and the Cultural Revolution, 37 – 38, 43 – 46, 86; and death of Deng Xiaoping, 201, 203; and Disabled Youths Club, 86; education of, 38 – 40, 41, 43, 220n21; as embodiment of canji, 5, 15, 17, 26, 32 – 33, 35, 36, 37, 209 – 10; fall of, 1, – 4, 42, 46; and the future of the Federation, 202 – 7, 208, 209 – 10; health of, 204; as hero, 49 – 50, 54; on hiring of canji, 108; interview with, 35, 36, 201 – 2, 205, 206 – 7, 211, 219n7, 243nn2 – 3; and Kanghua Corporation, 54; medical treatment of, 1, 49, 51 – 52, 53, 221n25; and the mentally ill, 77; and motorized tricycles, 130 – 31; naming of, 38; and 1987 survey of disability, 74; photos of, 39, 205; relationship with Deng Xiaoping, 43, 46 – 47, 54, 90, 91, 228n12; return from Ottawa, 89 – 90, 91; suicide note of, 45; youth of, 35, 37 – 42, 220n13 Deng Rong, 48, 201 Deng Xiaoping: and bodiliness, 90 – 91, 92; and cadre qualiWcations, 42 – 43; and the Cultural Revolution, 44, 98; death of, 200 – 201, 203, 243n1; and disability assistance, 92, 93, 95, 108, 202, 228n12; exhibition of photos of, 205; Wscal decentralization under, 103, 231n26; and government policy in early 1960s, 43; health of, 90 – 91, 227 – 28n11, 200; market reforms and open policies of, 71, 154, 164 – 65, 200, 208, 221n24; marriage of, 219n11; and medical treatment of Deng Pufang, 48; as paramount leader, 51, 90, 227n11; public appearances of, 103, 230 – 31n25; reinstated after Cultural Revolution, 48, 221n24; relationship with Deng Pufang, 2, 38 – 40, 42, 90; sociopolitical network of, 46 – 47; ties to military, 221n24, 229n16 See also Dengism Deng Zhifang, 201 Dengism, 98 – 99, 153, 160 Desjarlais, Robert, 213 ding (census category), 63, 222n6 disability: approaches to study of, 173, 239n1, 240n3; assistance, 99, 164, 180; bureaucratization and medicalization of, xiii, 21 – 22, 209; categories and criteria, 76, 82, 245 – 50; ICIDH tripartite deWnition, 21, 217n13; and modernity, 23; presuppositions regarding, 17; terms for, 174, 183, 241n7; used to translate canji, 28 See also canji; disability advocacy; disability studies; quezi disability advocacy, 85 – 86, 99 – 100, 104 – 5, 127, 166, 175, 213, 230n21; global movement, 28, 70, 71, 72, 73, 241n7 See also China Disabled Persons’ Federation disability arts projects, 22 disability brothers (canji gemer), xiii, 51, 140 – 41, 148, 170 disability circles, xiii disability ID cards, 57, 78 – 79, 81, 100 See also disability registration Disability in China, 98, 229 – 30n20 Disability Protection Law, 142, 240n4 disability registration: in Min Song, 164 – 65, 167, 168; gender ratio, 126, 234n16; records, 125 – 26 See also disability ID cards disability studies, 21, 29, 61, 213, 216n8 Disability Welfare Fund of Hainan Island, 14 Disabled Persons’ Federation See China Disabled Persons’ Federation Disabled Persons’ Service Center, 138, 141 Disabled Revolutionary Soldiers, 69, 85, 110, 223n17, 241n7 Disabled Youths Club (Bingcan Qingnian Julebu), 83 – 87, 109, 111, 119, 148 dis/ablement, 173, 174, 175, 182, 183, 192, 193, 198 See also canji, ambivalent identity of discourse production, 8, 55 – 56, 174 discrimination, 63 – 64, 84 – 85, 142, 168 “disposition,” 192, 243n17 Doctors Without Borders, dong (movement), 40 See also immobility duty ofWcers, 252 – 53 “eating in separate kitchens” (fenzao chifan), 103, 104, 231n26 economic deregulation, 153 See also market economy efWcacy (xiaoneng), 106, 107 – 8, 109 elites, 34, 219n7, 243n2 Elman, Benjamin, 63 embodiment: academic study of, 34, 219n7; Index and development of China Disabled Persons’ Federation, 26 – 27, 87 – 88; and marriage, 182, 241n6; and statebuilding, 209, 213 See also bodiliness; Deng Pufang emperor, 103 employment, 109–12, 135–36, 186, 232n31 See also China Disabled Persons’ Federation; entrepreneurship “entrepreneurial masculinity” (Zhang), 131 entrepreneurship, 12–13, 131, 138, 167, 178 epidemiology, 65 eugenics, 67, 68 experiences of difference, 210 – 12, 213, 244n6 “face,” 73, 74, 167 family: Wlial piety and ancestor worship, 150 – 51, 156, 169 – 70; and marriage, 158 – 59, 193 – 94, 195 – 96, 197; as protection for the aged, 170, 240n4; sociality based on, 149, 155 – 56, 166, 168, 169 Far East and South PaciWc Games for the Disabled (FESPIC), 113, 140 Farquhar, Judith, 236n3 feiji (“useless/diseased”), 61 – 62, 63 – 64 fei ren (social outcasts), 31 Fei Xiaotong, 232n5 Feng family of Min Song, 169 fenzao chifan (eating in separate kitchens), 103, 104, 231n26 Ferguson, James, 115 FESPIC (Far East and South PaciWc Games for the Disabled), 113, 140 Weldwork: information-gathering methods, 215n2; sites of, 15, 217n12 Wlial piety, 150 Wngers, loss of, 249 Wscal decentralization, 103 – 4, 231n26 Five Guarantees Households, 160, 164, 238n16 foot, conditions of, 58, 79, 249 Ford, Henry, 116 Fordism, 115 – 16, 126 – 27, 130, 141, 232n1, 232n2 foreigners, xii, xiii Foucault, Michel: on biopower, 6, – 9, 61, 82; critiques of, 9, 23, 24, 25; ideas on “subjectiWcation,” 34 – 35, 55, 218nn4 – 5; mentioned, 175; and role of the state, 9, 279 24, 213, 216n6; “technologies of domination,” 183 Four Cleanups, 43 Fourteenth Automatic Tricycle RectiWcation Campaign, 134 ganbu (cadres), 2, 42, 151 See also duty ofWcers Gang of Four, 44, 51 Gao Xiaoqi, 103 – 4, 177 – 78, 179, 180 – 81, 231n27 gaogan zinu (children of high-ranking ofWcials), 38, 91 – 92 Gaubatz, Piper Rae, 232n6 Geertz, Clifford, 207 gender: bicycles and, 117 – 18; in Chinese history, 233n11, 233n13; of Deng Xiaoping’s funeral committee, 200, 243n1; and independent entrepreneurship, 131; inequality, 106, 107 – 8, 110, 134 – 35, 136, 166, 231n29; and marriage, 180, 240 – 41n5, 241n6; and mobility, 122 – 24, 185 – 86; and physical disability, 124; and study of canji, 10, 210; and study of men, 11, 216n9; use of the term, 122 – 23 See also canji, association with maleness Geng Bailu, 105 Geng La, 193 – 94, 197 Gennep, Arnold van, 173 Germany, 94 Ginsburg, Faye, 216n8 Global 2000, 228n12 global disability-advocacy movement, 28, 70, 71, 72, 73, 241n7 globalization, 22, 24, 198, 208 – gnou hui (mentally ill), 188, 242n14 Goffman, Irving, “abominations of the body,” 62 Good, Byron, 191 Gramsci, Antonio, 232n2, 233n12 Great Leap Forward, 43, 220n20, 221n22, 230n24, 231n26 Guangxi Province, 190, 242 – 43n16 guanxi (connections), 46 – 47, 106 – Guo Li, 167 – 70, 210 Gupta, Akhil, 115 “habitus” (Bourdieu), 8, 216n5 Hacking, Ian, 60 – 61, 67, 70, 221 – 22n3; Taming of Chance by, 221 – 22n3 280 Index Hai Jun, xi-xii, xiii, xv, 215n2 Haikou, 12, 105, 151, 160 Hainan Province: economic development of, 190, 243n16; Federation chapters in, 14, 104, 160 – 61; Weldwork in, 12; geography of, 150; rural, 17 – 18, 30; survey in, 19 See also China Disabled Persons’ Federation; Haikou; Hainan University; Min Song Village; Wenchang County Hainan University, 12, 23, 217n12 Hall, Stuart, 236n2 Han Meifu, 15 hand-crank tricycles, 83, 119, 122, 130; associated with males, 124, 126; compared with motorized tricycles, 137, 138 “handicap,” 28, 217n13 Handler, Richard, 236n2 health, 41, 207; and marriage, 184, 197 health care: cost of, 146, 154, 155, 159, 237n8; and identify formation, 147 – 48; in Min Song during Maoist period, 151 – 52, 153, 237n7; during the 1990s, 149; in rural China, 236n3 health indices, 154 health stations (weisheng zhan), 152, 154, 237n7 hearing and speech disability, criteria for, 76, 225n30, 246 – 47 See also deaf Herzfeld, Michael, 108 hospitals, 152, 155, 159, 161 See also 301 Brigade Military Hospital household registration system, 241n9 Hu Yaobang, 98 Hua Xia publishing house, 98 Hughes, Bill, 29 humanitarianism, 50, 175 hunchbacks, 158 inflation, 153, 154 Ingstad, Benedicte, 21 – 22 inspection tours, 103, 230n24, 230 – 31n25 International ClassiWcation of Disease, 21, 218n15 International ClassiWcation of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF), 29, 64, 78, 218n14; checklist, 218n15 See also International Criteria of Impairment, Disability, and Handicap International Criteria of Impairment, Disability, and Handicap (ICIDH): criticism of, 28 – 29, 217 – 18n14; mentioned, 64, 78; term “impairment” in, 28; tripartite deWnition, 21, 217n13; revision of, 28 – 29, 218n14 international disability icon, 107, 114 International Olympic Committee, 204 International Population Association, 66 International Society for Crippled Children, 72 See also Rehabilitation International International Statistical Association, 66 International Year of Disabled Persons (1981), 21, 70, 72, 73, 74, 84, 201 “intersubjective delegitimation” (Kleinman et al.), 120, 124 intersubjectivity, 148 – 49, 152, 244n6 interviews: with Beijing tricyclists, 137; with Deng Pufang, 35, 201 – 2, 205, 206 – 7, 211, 219n7, 243nn2 – 3; with Gordon Armstrong, 53; with Qin Yan, 55; with staff of 1987 survey, 75; with Zhang Haidi, 234n18 introductory descriptions (jieshao shu), 185, 186, 187 – 89, 192, 197 Iser, Wolfgang, 191 – 92, 243nn17 – 18, 193, 197; The Implied Reader by, 191 I.Q., 225n30, 247, 248 ICF See International ClassiWcation of Functioning, Disability, and Health ICIDH See International Criteria of Impairment, Disability, and Handicap identity-formation, 147 – 48, 184, 236n2, 236n4, 237n6 See also canji, ambivalent identity of; dis/ablement immobility, 120 – 21, 124, 133, 148 – 49, 173, 185 – 86 “impairment,” 28 – 29, 217n13, 218n15 infant mortality, 154 – 55, 237n12 Japan, 94 Jia Ling, 138, 235n22 Jiang, Ms., 86 – 87, 111 – 12 Jiang Qing, 42, 44, 49 Jiang Zemin, 200, 201, 203, 243n1, 244n5 jianmin (mean people), 63, 222n9 jianquan (able-bodied), xii, 101 jianquan zuzhi (enabling the organization), 100 – 101 jiling (odd lot), 63, 222n7 jingshen canji See psychiatric disability Jinshuitan Hospital, 47 Index Judd, Joe, 72 Judiciary Department (State Council), 96 Kang Sheng, 44 Kanghua Development Corporation, 54, 94, 95 – 96, 107, 221n26, 229n18 Kessler, Henry, 223n20 Kessler International Fellowship, 223n20 kinship See family; marriage Kleinman, Arthur, 120, 152, 244n6 Kriegel, Leonard, 183 Kunming Lake Census (1942), 65 – 68, 82, 222n11, 223n14 kyphosis, 249 lame See quezi Langan, Celeste, 122 Lao Chen, 206, 207 – Lao Wen, 125 Lao Zhen, 144, 161 Large Chinese Dictionary, 62 Law on the Protection of Disabled Persons, 96 – 97, 99, 119n19 leg-length discrepancy, 249 Lei Feng, 181 Li, Mr., 183 – 84 Li Ji (Book of Rites), 62 Li Rubo, 95 Li Zheng, 75, 80 Li Zhisui, The Private Life of Chairman Mao by, 220n19 liminality, 173 – 74, 239n1 Lin Biao, 48 Lin Famei, 194 – 95, 197 Lin Gemei, 171 – 72, 186 Lin Lichen, 121 Lin Mingming, 23 – 25, 26, 27 linguistic disorders, 246 Linton, Simi, 213 literature of the wounded See scar literature Liu, Dr., 76 – 77 Liu Bocheng, 38 Liu Guoze, 138 – 39, 141, 142 Liu Shaoqi, 42 – 43, 44 local government, 102 – See also Wenchang County Lu Yi, 164 Ma, Dr., 163, 238n18, 238 – 39n19 281 Ma Zhun: disability of, 58, 79; effort to get disabled ID, 57 – 58, 78, 81, 126, 210 Ma Zoufu, 14, 177, 217n11 MacEwen, Dean, 52, 221n25 Mai Dilie, 135 – 36 Manchester School, 227n8 manual labor, 40, 220n14 Mao Zedong, 42 – 43, 44, 68; and the Cultural Revolution, 221n22, 230n24; and medical treatment of Deng Pufang, 47, 48; “Study of Body Training” by, 41, 220n16 See also Maoism Maoism: in Min Song village, 150 – 51; nostalgia and condemnation for, 153 – 54, 155, 156; transition from, 164 – 65, 174 – 75; and vertical posture, 40 Marcus, George, 115 market economy, 17, 99, 153, 165, 200 marriage: and Chinese society, 176; and disability, 156, 158 – 59, 175 – 77, 183 – 86, 198; and embodiment, 182, 241n6; expectation and negation in, 191 – 92; family pressures and, 188 – 89, 190, 193 – 94, 195 – 96, 197; and gender, 180, 182, 240 – 41n5, 241n6; and health, 184, 197; and kinship studies, 241n6; to local spouse, 241 – 42n9; of mentally ill, 242n15; and personal ads, 190 – 91, 196; promotion of, by Federation, 172, 177 – 81; and social assistance, 179 – 80, 240n4; spouse-search stories, 171 – 72, 182, 183 – 91, 193 – 98; statistics, 177, 180, 239 – 40n2, 240n4; and status, 187, 195 – 96 See also introductory descriptions; matchmaking marriage law, 240n4 marriage license tax, 238n15 marriage survey (1988), 176 Martin, Emily, 232n2 Marx, Karl, 227n8 masculinity, 176, 180, 209, 196 – 97, 216n9 See also gender mass media, 97 – 98, 103, 104 – 5, 127, 178 – 79 “mass suasion” (Herzfeld), 108 matchmaking, 181, 184, 186 – 88 Mathews Chinese-English Dictionary, 62 Mauss, Marcel: ideas on bodiliness, 5, 9; “Les Techniques du Corps,” 5, 216n5; mentioned, 6, 8, 26, 115, 147 282 Index medical anthropology, 11, 35, 213, 219n7, 221n1 medical campaigns, 162 – 63 medicalization, 6, – 9, 29, 209, 216n5, 239n1 Mei Ling, 190 – 91 mental disability: category of canji, 76, 225n30; and child of Qin Yan, 55; criteria of, 247 – 48; and Federation hiring practices, 252; programs for, 128 – 29; terms for, 16, 241n7, 242n14 mental illness: category of canji, 76 – 77; criteria of psychiatric disability, 250; and Federation hiring practices, 252; programs for, 128 – 29; terms for, 188, 241n7, 242n14 mental retardation, 247, 248 See also mental disability Meyer, George von, 223n14 military: beneWts to disabled soldiers, 68–69, 110, 223nn16,18; Federation employees, 110–11, 232n31; stipends for veterans, 160; and Three Rehabilitations Project, 95, 128, 229n16 Military Affairs Commission, 221n24 Ming Luli, 146, 156, 157, 170 Ministry of Civil Affairs: and the China Association for the Blind, Deaf and Mute, 226n2; favors to the military, 110; and Federation chapters, 101 – 2, 104, 231n27; and 1987 survey, 73, 74; and survey of canji in Hainan, 144 See also Civil Affairs Bureau (Wenchang) Ministry of Finance, 75 Ministry of Public Health, 96, 228 – 29n15 Ministry of Public Security: and ban on motorized tricycles, 132, 235n24; and mental health, 129 ministry status, 102, 230n22 Min Song Village (Wenchang County, Hainan): disability registration in, 126, 164–65, 167, 168; family formation in, 155–56; Federation presence in, 161– 64; Weldwork in, 217n12; health care in, 151, 154–55; historical landscape of, 149–51; incomes in, 153, 237nn9–10; under Maoist state, 150–51; survey of canji, 19, 144–46; technological advancements in, 237n11; term canji unfamiliar in, 18, 19–20; transition from Maoist era to Deng period, 152–54 See also Wenchang County mobility See immobility model Wgures, 181, 234n18 modernity, 10, 23, 24, 71 modernization, 115 – 16, 174 See also backwardness moral responsibility, 212 motherhood, 159 motorcycles, 234n19, 234 – 25n20 See also motorized tricycles motorized tricycles: associated with males, 124, 142; ban of, 132 – 33, 141, 235n24; and competence, 193 – 94; dangers of, 137, 139, 236n29; and deWnitions of disability, 115, 142; design and introduction of, 126, 130; experiences of canji with, 136 – 40; licensing of, 132 – 33, 134, 235n25; in 1994, 113 – 14; non-canji operators of, 132, 134, 235n23, 235n26, 236n29; photos of, 133, 135; price of, 235n22; repair of, 138; and social networks, 140, 148; source of funds for Federation, 131 – 32; surge in number of, xi, 131 Mouzelis, Nicos, 225 – 27n7 movement (dong), 40 See also immobility “multi-sited” research (Marcus), 115 multistranded methodology, 115 Murphy, Robert, 173 – 74 mute, 246 See also hearing and speech disability naming practices, 38, 219 – 20n12 nanzihan (real Chinese man), 123 narration: and expectation, 183 – 84, 191 – 92; and reader-response theory, 191 – 92, 243n18 See also introductory descriptions; personal ads national census, 236n1, 242n13, 243 – 44n4 nationalism, 174 National Sample Survey of Disabled Persons (1987): categories of canji in, 76 – 77, 78, 225n30; data on gender, 125, 180, 234n17; design of, 76, 78; Wve criteria of disability in, 59, 245 – 50; interviews with survey staff, 75 – 76; leadership group, 75, 76, 77 – 78, 79 – 80; rate of disability desired, 75, 80 – 81; reasons for undertaking, 69 – 71, 73 – 74; results of, 80 – 81, 226n4, 236n1, 244n4, 253; statistics on marriage, 177, 239 – 40n2 National Society for Crippled Children (U.S.), 72, 223n20 Index National Statistical Bureau, 73, 81, 239 – 40n2, 240n4 nation-state: body and, 185, 209, 213; and canji marriage, 172, 176; in early twentieth century, 65, 66; hostile to public assistance, 212; as node of power with regard to canji, 10 See also biopower nengli (ability), 185 – 86, 241n9, 242n10, 242n12 Nie Yuanzi, 44, 45 Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 123 1987 survey See National Sample Survey of Disabled Persons Nixon, Richard, 48 nursing homes, 160, 238n16 Ogburn, William, 68, 223n15 Ong, Aihwa, 142 Open Door policy (Deng Xiaoping), 71, 73, 93 Opium War, 224n26 organizational studies, 227n8 Ots, Thomas, Ottawa Civic Hospital, 52l, 93 Paralympic Games, 204, 243n2 paraplegia, 248 – 49 patron-client relations, 140, 210 Patterson, Kevin, 29 Pearson, Veronica, 225n29 Peng Dehuai, 39 Peng Dushan, 137, 141, 142 Peng Luzheng, 146 People’s Liberation Army, 68 – 69, 95 See also military personal ads, 190 – 91, 196, 197 philanthropic institutions, 94 – 95 Phillips, Michael, 225n29, 240n3, 242n15 physical disability, 76, 85 – 86, 110, 225n1, 242n12; criteria of, 79, 225n30, 248 – 50 See also polio survivors physical therapy, 52 polio-correction surgery, xv, 127, 229n16 polio epidemics, 2, 85, 226n4 polio survivors, 111, 124, 146 – 47, 156 – 58, 168, 226n4; as canji entrepreneurs, 138 – 39, 178; and the Disabled Youths Club, 83, 85 – 86, 119; marriage of, 186 – 91, 193 – 98; terms for, 119 See also disability brothers; hand-crank tricycles; motorized tricycles; physical disability 283 polio vaccination campaign, 162 – 63, 238n18, 238 – 39n19 population, 68, 150, 238n19 posture, 40 poverty, 146 – 47, 156 – 58, 170 See also Rehabilitation Poverty Loans “presencing” (Anagnost), 37, 54 princelings, 38, 91 – 92 propaganda, 97 – 100, 128, 142 protests: against ban of motorized tricycles, 132, 141; at Tiananmen Square in 1989, 54, 55, 102, 201, 221n26, 229nn17 – 18 psychiatric disability: category of canji, 76 – 77, 128, 225n30; criteria of, 250 See also mental illness psychiatry, 76 – 77, 129 psychotic disability, criteria of, 250 See also mental illness Qin Yan: on Deng Pufang and the Cultural Revolution, 43 – 46; The Deng Pufang Road by, 36, 41, 54 – 55, 219n8; on Deng Pufang’s childhood, 38, 220n13; as parent of disabled child, 55, 210; semiautobiographical Wlm Mama, 55 Qing He Shelter, 31 – 32, 48, 51, 90 quadriplegia, 248 – 49 Quan Yanchi, 96 quezi (the lame): marriage and, 188, 189, 193; mentioned, 16; and nengli, 242n12; use of the term, xii, 119 – 20, 182, 189, 233n10 See also disability brothers; polio survivors Rabinow, Paul, 148, 236n5 Rapp, Rayna, 148, 216n8, 236n4 reader-response theory, 191 – 92 Red Army, 68, 223n16 See also People’s Liberation Army Red Guards, 44, 45 rehabilitation, 165, 203 See also rehabilitation medicine; Rehabilitation Poverty Loans Rehabilitation Engineering Institute, 130, 136 Rehabilitation International, 72, 74, 223nn19 – 20 rehabilitation medicine (kangfu yiliao), 3, 14, 28, 49, 94, 127, 161 – 62, 228 – 29n15 See also Three Rehabilitations Project 284 Index Rehabilitation Poverty Loans, 161, 164, 165 – 67, 239n20 relativism, 29 – 30 Relief for the Severely Poor, 160 Ren Xiaodong, Dr., 146, 163 residency, 117 – 18 revolutionary canfei soldiers, 69, 85, 110, 223n17, 241n7 rickshaws, 118 road building, 117 Rofel, Lisa, 36 – 37 “routinization of charisma” (Weber), 88, 89 Ru Lin, 158 – 59 Ruan Cishan, 44 – 45 scar literature (shanghen wenxue), 36, 219n10 schizophrenia, 158, 250, 242n15 scholar-ofWcials, 63 – 64 schools for the blind and deaf, 129, 225n2 science, 43, 66, 71, 174 scoliosis, 249 shangao huangdi yuan (the mountain is high and the emperor is far away), 102 – Shanghai, 131, 132 shanghen wenxue (scar literature), 36, 219n10 shen (body), – 7, 120, 215 – 16n3 Shenyang, 86, 132 “sick man of Asia,” 66, 75, 224n26 Sino-Japanese War, 67 “small democracy,” 106, 107 – Social Darwinism, 41, 185, 224n26 “Social Disability Screening Schedule” (WHO), 250 social networks, 140, 148, 174 See also disability brothers; Disability Youths Club sociopolitical formation of disability, xiv-xv, 2, – 5, – 10, 22 “speaking bitterness” narratives, 36 – 37, 41 – 42, 46, 50, 54, 55 special economic zones, 243n16 speed See time-space compression sports, 40 – 41, 51 Spring Breezes, 98 State Council, 81, 101, 102, 230n22, 229n18 State Education Commission, 129 statisticians, 59, 60, 82 statistics: approach to disability, 58 – 59, 67, 79; on duty ofWcers, 252 – 53; on gender, 242n13; in Maoist China, 68; on marriage, 176, 239 – 40n2; as tool in nation-building, 60, 66 – 67, 70; United Nations resolution on data collection, 73; used by Federation, 68 – 69, 81 Stoler, Ann, 139 “strategies” (Bourdieu), 226n5 Su Shande, 194 subjectiWcation, 34 – 35, 55, 173, 174, 218 – 19nn4 – See also Deng Pufang, as embodiment of canji suffering, 30, 36, 212 suku See “speaking bitterness” narratives Sun Tzu, The Art of War, 232n3 support groups, 148, 236n4 See also disability brothers surveys: of deaf and blind, 226n2; in Min Song, 144 – 46; of 1983 on disability among children, 73, 74, 224nn21 – 22; of private entrepreneurs, 131 See also National Sample Survey of Disabled Persons “symbolic gymnastics” (Bourdieu), 40 tax exemptions, 12, 131, 138, 221n26 See also canji enterprises taxi drivers, female, 124 “technologies of domination” (Foucault), 183 technology, 43 “telescoping vision” (Anagnost), 42, 44 – 45, 55 theodicy (Weber), 211 – 12 “thick description” (Geertz), 27 301 Brigade Military Hospital, 31, 47 – 48, 51 – 52, 90, 227n11 Three Rehabilitations Project, 95, 127 – 29, 161, 229n16 Three Targets Rehabilitation See Three Rehabilitations Project Tiananmen Square: demonstrations, 54, 55, 102, 201, 221n26, 229nn17 – 18; disability symbol at, 107 time-space compression, 116, 117 – 18, 121 – 22, 142; technologies of, and gender, 122 – 24; and the Three Rehabilitations Project, 127 – 28 tingli yuyan canji See hearing and speech disability traditional households, 155 – 56 trafWc, 124n19, 130, 235n24 trafWc accidents, 137, 141, 233n14, 236n29 Index Trotter, Robert, 217 – 18n14 Tsinghua University, 66, 222n12 Turner, Victor, 173 U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics, 66 U.S.-China relations, 201, 206 unemployment, 136, 235 – 36n27 UNICEF, 72, 73 United Nations: archives of, 115; China’s ties with, 71 – 72; and disability, 22, 23, 73, 99; and global disability-advocacy movement, 70, 71, 72, 73, 241n7; and 1987 survey, 74, 80 – 81 See also Decade for Disabled Persons; International Year of Disabled Persons univeralistic categories, 20, 55 University of Chicago Press, 68 Üstün, T Bedirhan, 29 “variegated citizenship” (Ong), 142 vehicles, taxation of, 124n19 veterans See military visual disability: category of canji, 76, 225n30; criteria of, 245 – 56 See also blind Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 230n20 Walder, Andrew, 140 Waldheim, Kurt, 74 Wang Fengwu, 47 Wang Xiaoping, xv Weber, Max: on charisma, 88, 227n8; on development of new bureaucracies, 88 – 89, 226 – 27n7; mentioned, 105; on theodicy, 211 – 12 welfare factories, 226n2, 235 – 36n27 welfare programs, 160, 164 – 65, 237n14, 237 – 38n15 welfare tax, 237n15 Wencheng, 150 Wenchang County (Hainan): canji representative committee, 167 – 68; Civil Affairs Bureau, 160; Federation activity in, 160 – 61, 177 – 78; health care and hospitals, 152, 154; population of, 150; understanding of canji in, 18, 120 – 21; welfare programs in, 160 See also Min Song Village Wenchang dialect, 18, 217n12 285 Wenjiao Benevolent Foundation, 238n15 Wenjiao Hospital, 161 – 62 Wenjiao township, 149, 150, 153, 160 – 61 See also Min Song Village; Wenchang County wheelchairs, 114, 204, 233n9 WHO See World Health Organization Whyte, Susan Reynolds, 21 – 22 Wolf, Margery, 159 women: employment of, 106, 231n29; taxi drivers, 124 See also gender World Health Organization (WHO): as biobureaucracy, 3, 22, 68; and communitybased rehabilitation, 228n15; deWnition of mental disability and mental illness, 225n30, 247; International ClassiWcation of Disease, 21; polio eradication initiative, 163; “Social Disability Screening Schedule,” 250 See also International ClassiWcation of Functioning, Disability, and Health; International Criteria of Impairment, Disability, and Handicap Wu Guoqiang, 140 – 41 Xing Fujia, 158 – 59 Xu Luping, 16 Xuan Wu district (Beijing): applications for disabled persons ID, 57 – 58; disability registration records, 126, 234n16; Weldwork in, 217n12 Yanagisako, Sylvia, 241n6 Yellow Books (Huang Ce), 63 – 64, 222nn5 – 7, 222n10, 223n14 Zeng Liping, 17 – 18, 30 Zhang, Everette, 131 Zhang Haidi, 234n18 Zhang Li, 120 – 21 Zhang Pinxin, 171 – 72, 186 zhiti canji See physical disability Zhongguo Canjiren Lianhehui See China Disabled Persons’ Federation Zhou Enlai, 40, 47, 408 Zhou Lili, 111 – 12 Zhu De, 39, 40 Zhu Wenping, 12 – 13, 23 Zhuo Lin, 48 – 49, 38 – 39, 53, 219n11 ... Kohrman, Matthew, 1964 – Bodies of difference : experiences of disability and institutional advocacy in the making of modern China / Matthew Kohrman p cm Includes bibliographical references and index... Bodies of Difference Experiences of Disability and Institutional Advocacy in the Making of Modern China Matthew Kohrman UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London University of. .. Chinese polity In the intervening years, in Wts and starts, in innumerable ways, and at different levels of intensity, these biologically informed methods became institutionalized within China