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I. MẠO TỪ XÁC ĐỊNH “THE” 1. Các trường hợp dùng mạo từ “The” 1. Khi vật thể hay nhóm vật thể là duy nhất hoặc được xem là duy nhất The sun , the world, the earth 2. Trước một danh từ nếu danh từ này vừa được để cập trước đó I see a dog. The dog is chasing a cat. The cat is chasing a mouse. 3. Trước một danh từ nếu danh từ này được xác bằng 1 cụm từ hoặc 1 mệnh đề The teacher that I met yesterday is my sister in law The girl in blue 4. Đặt trước một danh từ chỉ một đồ vật riêng biệt mà người nói và người nghe đều hiểu Please pass the jar of honey. My father is cooking in the kitchen room. 5. Trước so sánh nhất (đứng trước first, second, only..) khi các từ này được dùng như tính từ hoặc đại từ. You are the best in my life. He is the tallest person in the world. 6. The + danh từ số ít: tượng trưng cho một nhóm thú vật hoặc đồ vật The whale is in danger of becoming extinct. The fastfood is more and more prevalent around the world. 7. Đặt “the” trước một tính từ để chỉ một nhóm người nhất định The old , the poor, the rich 8. The được dùng trước những danh từ riêng chỉ biển, sông, quần đảo, dãy núi, tên gọi số nhiều của các nước, sa mạc, miền • +The United States , The United Kingdom , the Union of Arabic Emirates (the U.A.E ), the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (the U.S.S.R), The Philippines, The Maldives (Cộng Hòa Maldives) ,The Netherlands (Hà Lan) + The Alps (Dãy An pơ), the Andes, the Everest, The Himalayas + The Mississippi river , the Nile, the Thames, the Amazon, The Fairy Stream (Suối Tiên) + The Black Sea, The Atlantic Ocean , The Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean + The Sahara + the Eiffel, the Statue of Liberty, the Twin Towers
PERIOD 55-56-57: ARTICLES A THEORY Trong tiếng Anh, Mạo từ (article) chia làm loại: Mạo từ xác định (definite article) “The” và Mạo từ không xác định (Indefinite artcile) gồm “a, an” I MẠO TỪ XÁC ĐỊNH “THE” Các trường hợp dùng mạo từ “The” Khi vật thể hay nhóm vật thể - The sun , the world, the earth xem - I see a dog. The dog is chasing a cat. The Trước danh từ danh từ vừa cat is chasing a mouse để cập trước - The teacher that I met yesterday is my sister in Trước danh từ danh từ xác law cụm từ mệnh đề - The girl in blue - Please pass the jar of honey Đặt trước danh từ đồ vật riêng - My father is cooking in the kitchen room biệt mà người nói người nghe hiểu Trước so sánh (đứng trước first, second, -You are the best in my life only ) từ dùng tính từ - He is the tallest person in the world đại từ The whale is in danger of becoming extinct The + danh từ số ít: tượng trưng cho The fast-food is more and more prevalent nhóm thú vật đồ vật around the world Đặt “the” trước tính từ để nhóm The old , the poor, the rich người định +The United States , The United Kingdom , the Union of Arabic Emirates (the U.A.E ), the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (the U.S.S.R), The Philippines, The Maldives (Cộng Hòa Maldives) ,The Netherlands (Hà Lan) + The Alps (Dãy An pơ), the Andes, the Everest, The Himalayas The dùng trước danh từ riêng + The Mississippi river , the Nile, the Thames, biển, sông, quần đảo, dãy núi, tên gọi số nhiều the Amazon, The Fairy Stream (Suối Tiên) nước, sa mạc, miền + The Black Sea, The Atlantic Ocean , The Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean + The Sahara Đứng trước tên quốc gia chế trị như: + the Eiffel, the Statue of Liberty, the Twin Towers The Socialist Republic of Vietnam (the S.R.V) the People Republic of China (the P.R.C) the People Democratic of Laos (the P.D.L) the People Democratic of North Korea (the P.D.K) the Republic of South Korea (the S.K) the Republic of France (the S.K) the Kingdom of Thailand the Kingdom of Belgium the Kingdom of Sweden the Kingdom of Netherland The North of Vietnam (Bắc Việt Nam, The West 10 The + of + danh từ of Germany (Tây Đức) (Nhưng Northern Vietnam, Western Germany The Smiths (Gia đình Smith (gồm vợ 11 The + họ (ở dạng số nhiều) có nghĩa Gia con) đình The Browns (Gia đình Brown) 13 Dùng “the” nếu ta nhắc đến địa điểm khơng sử dụng với chức They went to the school to see their children (Họ đến trường để thăm họ.) home, bed, church, court, jail, prison, home, bed, church, court, jail, prison, hospital, school, class, college, university 14 Mạo từ xác định “the” dùng trước tên My mother bought me a piano because I like loại nhạc cụ, phải đứng sau động playing the piano từ “play" 15 Mạo từ xác định "the" dùng trước buổi ngày In the morning (buổi sáng), in the afternoon (buổi trưa), in the evening (buổi tối) 16 Mạo từ xác định “the" dùng trước tên The New York Times (tờ báo New York Times) tờ báo The UN = The United Nations (Tổ chức Liên Hợp Quốc) 17 Mạo từ xác định "the" dùng trước tên The WHO = The World Health Organization tổ chức (Tổ chức Y tế Thế giới) The Red Cross (Hội Chữ thập Đỏ) Các trường hợp KHÔNG dùng mạo từ “The” Trước tên quốc gia, châu lục, tên núi, hồ, đường phố Europe, France, Wall Street, Sword Lake (Ngoại trừ nước theo chế độ Liên bang – gồm nhiều bang (state) Khi danh từ không đếm danh từ số I like dogs nhiều dùng theo nghĩa chung chung, không riêng trường hợp Oranges are good for health Men fear death Trước danh từ trừu tượng, trừ danh từ The death of his father made him completely trường hợp cá biệt hopeless My friend, “my the friend” Ta khơng dùng “the” sau tính từ sở hữu The man’s wife “the wife of the sau danh từ dạng sở hữu cách man” They invited some close friends to dinner. (Họ mời vài người bạn thân đến ăn tối.) Nhưng: The wedding dinner was amazing Không dùng “the” trước tên gọi bữa ăn hay (Bữa tiệc cưới thật tuyệt vời.) tước hiệu, mơn học Ta nói: President Obama (Tổng thống Obama, Chancellor Angela Merkel (Thủ tướng Angela Merkel ) Come by car/ by bus (Đến xe ô tô, xe buýt) In spring/ in Autumn (trong mùa xuân,mùa Không dùng “the” trong trường hợp nhắc thu), from beginning to end (từ đầu tới cuối), đến danh từ với nghĩa chung chung khác chơi from left to right (từ trái qua phải) thể thao, mùa năm hay phương tiện lại To play golf/chess/cards (chơi golf, đánh cờ, đánh bài) Go to bed/hospital/church/work/prison (đi ngủ/ nằm viện/ nhà thờ/ làm/ tù) II MẠO TỪ KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH “a/an” Cách dùng mạo từ không xác định “ a/an”: We need a refrigerator (Chúng cần Dùng Mạo từ bất định trước danh từ số đếm tủ lạnh.) He drank a cup of coffee (Anh uống cốc cà phê.) Trước danh từ làm bổ túc từ - thành phần phụ He was a famous person (Anh complement người tiếng.) A lot, a couple (một đôi/cặp), a third (một phần ba) A dozen (một tá), a hundred (một trăm, a quarter (một phần tư) a lot of/ a great deal of a large number of = a wide variety of = a great Dùng thành ngữ lượng định many of (nhiều) - dùng trước danh từ đếm + a piece of: miếng + a bunch of (một bó, nải) + a cup/glass of (một tách/ cốc) Half: Ta dùng “a half” nếu half heo sau kilos: Two and half kilos/ two kilos and a half số nguyên Nhưng kilo: Half a kilo ( khơng có “a” trước half) Trường hợp KHÔNG sử dụng mạo từ bất định “a/an”: Trước danh từ số nhiều Ta nói apples, khơng dùng an apples A/ an khơng có hình thức số nhiều What you need is confidence (Cái anh cần Không dùng trước danh từ không đếm tự tin.) Ta nói: I have lunch at 12 o’clock (Tơi ăn trưa Không dùng trước tên gọi bữa ăn trừ có lúc 12h.) tính từ đứng trước tên gọi Nhưng: He has a delicious dinner (Anh có bữa tối thật ngon miệng) Cách sử dụng “a” “an”: a game (một trò chơi, a boat (một tàu thủy) - a uniform (một đồng phục) - a university (một trường đại học) - an hour (một giờ) - an honest man (một người đàn ông thật thà) 1.“a” đứng trước phụ âm nguyên âm có âm phụ âm - a one-eyed man (một người đàn ông mắt chột) - a one-way road (đường chiều) - a useful way (một cách hữu ích) - a union (một liên minh, đồng minh) - a unit (một đơn vị) - a European (một người châu Âu) - an honorable man (một người đáng kính) “an trước danh từ bắt đầu bằng: + nguyên âm A, E, I, O + bán nguyên âm U, Y (uncle, unnatural, umbrella) + Những danh từ bắt đầu "h" câm (an heir/ hour/ herbal (Adj: thảo mộc)/ honor) + Những từ mở đầu chữ viết tắt (an S.O.S/ an M.P) B PRACTICE an egg (một trứng), an ant (một kiến) an hour (một đồng hồ) an SOS (Một tín hiệu cấp cứu), an X-ray (một tia X), an M.A (một cử nhân) Fill in the blanks with a, an, the or (zero article) Exercise 1: My sister often goes to church by bus Mel's mother is in hospital, so we went to visit her last night Rita is studying English and Maths this semester Do you know man who is waiting for the bus over there? Please give me cup of coffee with cream and sugar big books which are on table are for my history class My car is four years old, and it still runs well There are only few seats for tonight's musical chair that you are sitting in is broken 10 The Civil War was fought in United States between 1861 and 1865 11 We went by train to the west of England 12 people who live in Scotland are called the Scots 13 This house is very nice Has it got garden? 14 There isn't airport near where I live nearest airport is 70 miles away 15 Did you have nice holiday? Yes, It was best holiday I've ever had 16 Mai always plays piano whenever she has free time 17 My daughter was born on fifth of January 18 Yesterday I went to school by bus because my bike had been broken down 19 It takes me hour to finish my work 20 She used to have cat and dog but dog died Exercise 2: English is spoken all over world deaf are unable to hear anything I like studying Maths best People all over the world like football tea is produced in Thai Nguyen I wish today were on Sunday I often have breakfast at 6:00 pm and lunch at 11:00 pm She gave me apple and gave Lan apples Smiths are going to Halong Bay next summer 10 If I won the lottery, first I would buy piece of land in the country 11 This morning I bought a newspaper and magazine newspaper is in my bag but I don't know where I put magazine 12 Wayle is small river that cuts across park near my house 13 Maria comes from United States She is American girl 14 The boy said: " Moon is bigger than Earth." 15 I bought car last week car is over there 16 I need few apples but lot of sugar 17 Where is nearest shop? There is one at end of this street 18 There are cars parked outside: blue one and grey one blue one belongs to my neighbours and I don't know who owner of grey one is 19 My friends live in old house in small village There is beautiful garden behind house I would like to have garden like that 20 What did you eat for breakfast this morning? Exercise 3: John and Mary went to school yesterday and then studied in library before returning home On our trip to Spain, we crossed Atlantic Ocean Rita plays violin and her sister plays guitar farmers who are working hard on their land almost get nothing for their lifetime David played basketball and baseball at Boy's club this year The political science class is taking trip to France in Spring Last night there was bird singing outside my house She would like to enjoy Sun rising, so she often gets up early He is honest person 10 My father went to sea when he was 14 11 When you hope to go to university? 12 He is one-eyed man 13 There is useful method of learning English 14 I've got uncle 15 Your shoes are under bed 16 There is a strike at hospital 17 There is onion left in the fridge 18 There is a splendid (long lay) view of Lake Geneva from his hotel 19 She is nurse, so her work is to take care of sick 20 Summer is warmest season but summer of 1971 was unusually cool Exercise 4: blind are people who can't see anything 2 deaf are people who can't hear anything My hometown is on the bank of Hong river Tung's father bought him bicycle that he had wanted for his birthday My mother goes to church in morning I eat banana every day Harry is a sailor He spends most of his life at sea There are billions of stars in space He tried to park his car but the space wasn't large enough 10 We had dinner in a restaurant 11 We had meal in a restaurant 12 rose is my favourite color 13 When was computer invented? 14 My daughter plays piano very well 15 Mary loves flowers 16 Jill went to hospital to see her friend 17 Mrs Lan went to school to meet her son's daughter 18 Carol went to prison to meet her brother 19 Sandra works at a big hospital She's nurse 20 She works six days week Exercise 5: Sun is a star What did you have for breakfast this morning? London is capital of England When was telephone invented? We visited Canada and United States two years ago We haven't been to cinema for years Do you need umbrella? injured man was taken to hospital She went out without money 10 Toshi speaks Japanese at home 11 A man and a woman were standing outside my house man looked English but I think woman was foreign 12 The Soviet Union was first country to send a man into space 13 Did you watch "Titanic" on television or at cinema? 14 After lunch, we went for a walk by sea 15 Peru is country in South America capital is Lima 16 It was a beautiful day sun shone brightly in sky 17 It is said that Robin Hood robbed rich and gave the money to poor 18 Life is not so easy for unemployed 19 Many people were killed in the accident The bodies of dead were taken away 20 The butler (người quản gia) was last person I suspected Choose the correct answer: We are looking for _ place to spend night A the/the B a/the C a/a D the/a Please turn off lights when you leave room A the/the B a/a C the/a D a/the We are looking for people with experience A the B a C an D x Would you pass me salt, please? A a B the C an D x Can you show me way to station? A the/the B a/a C the/a D a/the She has read interesting book A a B an C the D x You’ll get shock if you touch live wire with that screwdriver A an/the B x/the C a/a D an/the Mr Smith is old customer and honest man A An/the B the/an C an/an D the/the youngest boy has just started going to school A a/x B x/the C an/x D the/x 10 Do you go to prison to visit him? A the B a C x D an 11 eldest boy is at college A a/the B the/x C x/ a D an/x 12 Are you going away next week? No, week after next A an B a C the D x 13 Would you like to hear story about English scientist? A an/the B the/the C a/the D a/ an 14 There’ll always be a conflict between old and young A the/the B an/a C an/the D the/a 15 There was collision at corner A the/a B an/the C a/the D the/the 16 My mother thinks that this is expensive shop A the B an C a D x 17 Like many women, she loves parties and gifts A the/ a B a/the C a/a D x/x 18 She works seven days week A a B the C an D x 19 My mother goes to work in morning A a B x C the D an 20 I am on night duty When you go to bed, I go to work A a/x B a/the C the/x D x/x Exercise 47: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below Anne says that she reads about half hour a day, at least A.a B an C the D Ø 2.Different people like specific types of books, and some people just like literature in general A a B an C the D Ø Have you ever read "Oliver Twist", interesting novel written by Charles Dickens? A the/ the B Ø/ an C Ø/ Ø D an/ the I like books better than films A Ø/ Ø B the/ the C Ø/ the D the/ Ø How many players are there in water polo team? A a B an C the D Ø swimming is considered to be _good way of losing weight A Ø/ a B The/ a C A/ the D The/ the Water polo is played in pool 1.8 meters deep A a B an C the D Ø The goalie tried to catch ball, but he failed A a B an C the D Ø Internationally, 189 countries have signed accord agreeing to create Biodiversity Action Plans to protect endangered and other threatened species A a B an C the D Ø 10.Known worldwide by its panda logo, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is dedicated to protecting world's wildlife and the rich biological diversity that we all need to survive A a B an C the D Ø 11.WWF is leading privately supported international conservation organization in the world, and has sponsored more than 2,000 projects in 116 countries A a B an C the D Ø 12 Species become extinct or endangered for _number of reasons, but _primary cause is the destruction of habitat by human activities A.Ø/ a B a/ the C the/ a D Ø/ Ø 13 Since 1600s, worldwide overexploitation of animals for food and other products has caused numerous species to become extinct or endangered A the/ a B the/ Ø C Ø/ the D the/ the 14 By 2015, it will be widely accepted that schools and pre-schools have extremely important role to play in _future of our world A.an/ B an/ the C the/ the D Ø/ Ø 15 On Internet and with cable television we can select information from wide variety of sources A the/ a B an/ the C the/ Ø D Ø/ the 16.There is one thing we can be sure energy will be more challenging and more important in the future A the/ Ø B the/ an C a/ the D Ø/ Ø 17 Europe and Asia are coming to rely more and more on nuclear generation A An/ a B Ø/ Ø C The/ the D The/ a 18 He usually travels to Philadelphia by train A Ø/ Ø B the/ a C the/ the D Ø/ a 19 You frequently see this kind of violence on television A a B an C the D Ø 20 How we know what universe is supposed to look like? A a B an C the D Ø Exercise 48: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below Sahara of Africa is the world's largest desert A.Ø/ the B The/ Ø C A/ an D The/ an Deserts can be defined as areas that receive average annual precipitation of less than 250 mm A a B an C the D Ø The Simpson Desert is in north of Lake Eyre A.Ø/ Ø B the/ the C a/ the D the/ Ø Cold deserts can be covered in snow or ice and frozen water is unavailable to plant life A a B an C the D Ø sand covers only about 20 percent of Earth's deserts A A B An C The D Ø Deserts have reputation for supporting very little life, but in reality deserts often have high biodiversity A a/ Ø B the/ the C a/ the D the/ a Peter enjoys science fictions, type of book based on imagined scientific discoveries in the future A.Ø/ Ø B the/ Ø C Ø/ a D the/ the Different people never read a book in same way A.a B an C the D Ø Companies now can exploit the opportunities presented by integrated market of increasingly prosperous consumers in the region A a B an C the D Ø 10 Among greatest challenges are the integration of market diversity and the transitional economies of its member countries A a B an C the D Ø 11.Integrating with world's economy, we find ourselves facing important opportunities and challenges A a B an C the D Ø 12.To build on the field of political and security cooperation, leaders have agreed to establish the Security Community A a B an C the D Ø 13 On July 28, 1995, Vietnam became seventh member of ASEAN A a B an C the D Ø 14 This country has population of over 50 million A a B an C the D Ø 15 All countries remain ready to further cooperation with United Nations in the ongoing humanitarian efforts for the victims of catastrophe A a B an C the D Ø 16 UN leaders appreciate the support, cooperation and leadership that ASEAN has shown in helping the victims of disasters A A B An C The D Ø 17 The organization hosts cultural activities in attempt to further integrate the region A a B an C the D Ø 18 In earlier times when the family depended on the hunter for food, woman's role, because she was gatherer, was secondary A a B an C the D Ø 19 Education is recognized as essential need for achieving equality in most walks of life A a B an C the D Ø 20 It is estimated that about 640 women remain illiterate in world, mostly in developing countries A a B an C the D Ø