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Tài liệu sưu tầm Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh - GRAMMAR
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY There are two groups: 1. Definite Frequency Adverbs : every day, every week, every month, every quarter, every year, annually, twice a day, three times a week,… - Positions: They usually go at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. 2. Indefinite Frequency Adverbs : never, seldom, rarely, hardly ever (= almost never), occasionally, sometimes, often, usually, always. - Positions: - They come after verb “BE” - They go before all ordinary verbs - They go after the first auxiliary verb 3. Some indefinite frequency adverbs can go at the beginning or at the end of the sentence: Frequently, Generally, Occasionally = Once in a while, Often, Sometimes, Usually. 4. Inversion of subject and verb after initial negative adverbs: Never, Not only, So Market conditions have never been as favorable as they are now. Never have market conditions been as favorable as they are now. The professionals not only demanded new training facilities, they also proposed a revision of membership fees. Not only did the professionals demand new training facilities, they also proposed a revision of membership fees. The winner was so exhausted that he collapsed soon after finishing the race. So exhausted was the winner that he collapsed soon after finishing the race. CONJUNCTIONS There are three types of conjunctions: 1. Coordinating Conjunctions : For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So. (FANBOYS) 2. Subordinating Conjunctions : - To introduce noun clauses : That, What, Where, When, How, Why…. - To introduce adjective clauses : Who, Whom, Whose + noun, Which, That, When, Where. - To introduce adverb clauses : • Adverb clauses of time: After, As soon as, As, Before, When, While, Until, By the time, since • Adverb clauses of place: Where, Wherever • Adverb clauses of reason: Because, Since, As • Adverb clauses of condition: If, Unless, Provided that = Providing that = If , So/As long as = Only if • Adverb clauses of concession: Although, Even though, Though, Despite the fact that. • Adverb clauses of direct opposition: While, Whereas • Adverb clauses of cause and effect: So …… that, Such ……… that • Adverb clauses of purpose: So that, In order that, • Adverb clauses of manner, Distance, and Frequency: As if, As though, As + adverb+ As 3. Correlative Conjunctions: Both ……… and, Neither …… nor, Either ……… Or, Not only ……… but also… COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH COORDINATORS Independent clause, FANBOYS + Independent clause for (reason) and (addition) nor (negative) but (contrast) or (choice) yet (contrast) so (result) For Women live longer than men, for they take better care of their health. And Women follow more healthful diets, and they go to doctors more often. Nor Women don’t smoke as much as men do, nor do they drink as much alcohol. But Men may exercise harder, but they may not exercise as regularly as women do. Or Both men and women should limit the amount of fat in their diets, or they risk getting heart disease. Yet Women used to be known as the “weaker sex”, yet in some ways, they are stronger than men. So Men are less cautious than women, so more men die in accidents. COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS INDEPENDENT CLAUSE; CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS, INDEPENDENT CLAUSE. Coordinator s Conjunctive adverbs Sentences ,and ; besides, ; moreover, ; further, ;furthermore, ; also, ; in addition, Community college offer preparation for many occupations; moreover, they prepare students to transfer to a four- year college or university. , but , yet ; however, ; nevertheless, Many community colleges do not have dormitories; however, they provide housing referral services. , or ; otherwise, Students must take final exams; otherwise, they will receive a grade of incomplete. , so ; accordingly, ; consequently, ; hence, ; therefore, ; thus, ; as a result, Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; therefore, most schools provide separate English classes for each group. COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH SEMICOLONS A compound sentence can also be formed with a semicolon. My older brother studies law; my younger brother studies medicine. Poland was the first Eastern European country to turn away from communism; others soon followed. COMPLEX SENTENCES INDEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSES NOUN CLAUSES That there is a hole in the ozone layer of the earth’s atmosphere is well known. What he said was not true. I don’t know whether (or not) I should take computer science ( or not). What the thieves did with all the money remains a mystery. REMEMBER: The verb in the introductory clause controls the tense of the verb in the noun clause. If the introductory clause verb is in simple present, present perfect, or future, the verb in the noun clause is in whatever tense expresses the meaning that the introductory clause intends. However, when the verb in the introductory clause is in the past tense, the verb in the dependent clause is usually in a past form. The prime ministers agree that global warming is a serious problem. They hope that all nations will be responsible for solving this serious problem. Further research will prove that carbon dioxide is largely responsible. The prime ministers agreed that global warming was a serious problem. They hoped that all nations would be responsible for solving this serious problem. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 1. Suject+Verb+Object+ WHO +Verb+Object WHICH THAT WHOSE+NOUN WHERE+Subject+Verb+Object She is the girl who sits next to me in class. The bat is the only mammal which(that) can fly. Thomas Raven is a physicist whose book on time and space has been translated into dozens of languages. The new shopping mall is advertised as a place where you can find just about anything you might want to buy. 2. Subject+ WHO +Verb+Object+ Verb+Object WHICH THAT WHOSE+NOUN WHERE+Subject+Verb+Verb People who don’t get enough sleep may become short- tempered and irritable. The cold weather which(that) swept in from the north damaged the fruit crop. The students whose names were called raised their hands. The village where my father was born is still very poor. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES REDUCED TO ADJECTIVE PHRASES. Food that passes from the mouth to the stomach goes through a tube which is called the esophagus. Food passing from the mouth to the stomach goes through a tube called the esophagus. Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those that are captured in the wild. Animals born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those captured in the wild. [...]... around campus support abortion rights A movie that will be shown tomorrow was made by an anti-abortion group Sentences with Participial Phrase A law currently being debated concerns abortion rights The signs being posted around campus support abortion rights A movie being shown tomorrow was made by an anti-abortion group PERFECT FORM PARTICIPLES Verb Tense Present Perfect Past Perfect Sentence with... American contributions to technology was the so-called “American system” of interchangeable machine parts The horse chestnut has a stronger, bitter taste than other chestnut Chicago’s Field Museum is one of the largest and better known natural history museums in the United States Baltimore has one of the world’s most finest natural harbors 15 The Kennedy-Nixon race of 1960 was the closest presidential... are quite accustomed to riding bicycles, trains, and streetcars to get around As the price of gasoline has always been quite high in Europe, if a European owns an automobile, it is likely to be a high-mileage model that uses diesel fuel RESULT CLAUSES So + adjective/ adverb + that Such a/an + noun phrase + that So much/many + noun phrase + that So little/few + noun phrase + that New textbooks are so... customer, the tired workers, the underlined words, developed countries, 5 REMEMBER: Subject (People) + Be + Verb+ ED We are very interested in learning English Subject (Things) + Be + Verb+ING Is this grammar note boring? PARALLELISM Use parallel structures with coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, yet) and correlative conjunctions ( not only…but also, either …or, neither…nor, both …and) Ex: Love... live in a comfortable house, and having plenty of money (Faulty Parallelism) My hope for retirement is to be healthy, to live in a comfortable house, and to have plenty of money (A balanced series of to-infinitives) Nightly, Fred puts out trash, checks the locks on the doors, and the alarm is turned on (Faulty Parallelism) Nightly, Fred puts out trash, checks the locks on the doors, and turns on the... calculator The team members, looking happy after their victory, were cheered by the fans The crowd, cheering wildly as the game ended, wouldn’t leave the stadium Everyone taking the TOEFL next month must pre-register GENERAL FORM PARTICIPLES – PASSIVE VOICE Verb Tense Simple Present Simple Past Sentences with Relative Clause Lab reports that are not handed in by Friday will not be accepted The prisoner, who . never), occasionally, sometimes, often, usually, always. - Positions: - They come after verb “BE” - They go before all ordinary verbs - They go after the first auxiliary verb 3. Some indefinite. Subordinating Conjunctions : - To introduce noun clauses : That, What, Where, When, How, Why…. - To introduce adjective clauses : Who, Whom, Whose + noun, Which, That, When, Where. - To introduce adverb. stadium. Future Everyone who will take the TOEFL next month must pre- register. Everyone taking the TOEFL next month must pre-register GENERAL FORM PARTICIPLES – PASSIVE VOICE Verb Tense Sentences