Chu’O’ng IV THUC AN, DINH DUONG VA NANG SUAT DONG VAT THUY SAN ■ ■ I NGUON THUC AN CHO NUOI TRONG THUY SAN Loai thirc an, phan chinh cua thirc an va vai tro cua chung doi voi dong vat thuy san r 1.1 Khai niem ve thirc an Thuc an nuoi thuy san la nhung loai vat chat ma cac loai dong vat thuy san tiep nhan vao co the de tri su song va san xuat cua chung Thuc an co nhom khac nhau: Thuc an tinh la nhung loai thuc an co chua nhieu tinh bot: Gao, cam, ngo, khoai lang, khoai tay, san, ba san, cac loai ngu coc, cac loai bot ca, dau tuong, bot thit, bot mau hoac thuc an hon hop, Day la nhom thuc an chinh cung cap nguon nang lugng cho dong vat thuy san Thuc an tinh thuoc loai de tieu hoa, de che bien va de hon hgp > r Thuc an tho la nhung loai thuc an co chua nhieu chat xo nhu cenlulose: co, cac loai than cay, la dau - lac, than cay chuoi, va rau xanh N loai thuc an thudng cd ham lugng dinh dudng thap, rat kho tieu hoa, kho che bien, kho bao quan va kho hon hgp r r r r r Ngoai de tien lgi cho ngudi nudi trdng, chung ta da tinh toan nhu cau cua cac loai dong vat thuy san theo tung giai doan ? r r "> r tuoi (hoac giai doan san xuat), hudng san xuat, de san xuat 101 cac thuc an hdn hap cong nghiep hoac tir phoi che de cung cap cho chung Trong thuc an hon hop loai hay doi tuong nuoi ma phan co khac nhau, nhung hhin chung la co du ca tinh bot, xo tho, dam, beo, khoang, vitamin, theo nhu cau dinh dudng cua gia sue Ngoai ra, thuc te, ngudi ta cdn su dung nhieu thuc an tuai sdng d dang: 1) Thuc an tu a i sdng tu dong vat, cho dong vat thuy san an true tiep nhu nudi ca biln; 2) Thuc an tuai sdng uong nudi au trung nhu artemia, luan trung, tao 1.2 Thanh phan hoa hoc va gid tri dinh duang cua thuc an _ r > Thanh phan hoa hoc cua thuc an la ty le cua cac chat hoa hoc cd thuc an Chung bao gdm protein, chat beo (lipit), xa, khoang, vitamin, Nhung gia tri chi xac dinh dugc dua thuc an phan tich phan hoa hoc cac phong phan tich Cac gia tri dinh dudng cd the tinh d mot sd trang thai: tinh, r ■ tho, trao ddi, tieu hoa Gid tri dinh duang cua cac loai thuc an la gia tri su dung cho dong vat thuy san cac qua trinh trao doi chat, tieu hoa va cho cac hoat dong sdng, san xuat Cac gia tri cung co th i dugc danh gia cac phong phan tich va ddi cung ca tren n r \ ca the sdng (in vivo) Cac phan hoa hoc sau phan tich nhu vay dugc tinh theo vat ch it kho (VCK, DM - dry matter), tuc la dieu kien kho 100% khdng cd nude thuc an Cung cd trudng hgp vat ch it kho tu nhien hay ngoai trdi, cd nghTa la loai vat chat dd cdn mot lugng nude hay am nhat djnh, thdng thudng 10 - 15% Hoac noi d in vat ch it tuai, trudng hgp thudng dung cho cac thuc an tho - xanh va nhu vay cd nghTa la loai thuc an dang chua chung mot ty le nude rat cao - cd tdi 80 - 90% 102 1.3 Thirc an san xuat theo cong nghiep r \ • Thuc an cong nghiep: Dugc phoi tron tir cac phan tinh, tho va can doi cac ham lugng cac chat dinh dudng ve nang lugng, protein, chat beo, khoang va vitamin • Thuc an bo sung: Trong nuoi thuy san, dung nhieu loai thuc an bd sung nham nang cao xuat va sue de khang benh cua cac dong vat thuy cac che pham, ngudn thuc an bd sung cd the khac Cac nhom thuc an bd sung nhu sau: r \ 7 ngudi nudi su kha nang san san Tuy theo cd ngudn goc > f + Nhom cd ngudn goc tir cac vitamin, khoang vi lugng y r r + Nhom cd ngudn goc tu cac chat khang sinh x r r + Nhom cd ngudn goc tu cac chat kich thich sinh trudng + Nhom cd ngudn goc tir cac men y r r t + Nhom cd ngudn goc tir cac che pham sinh hoc Tuy nhien, viec dung loai thuc an bd sung nao can phai can nhac ky ludng de dam bao an toan sinh hoc / • Thirc an tuoi sdng X >v - Phat huy viec sir dung ngudn thirc an san cd cua dia phuong, tang cudng sir dung ngudn thirc an tuoi sdng cd che bien va tiet trung Tang cudng su dung ngudn thirc an cd ngudn goc tir thuc vat nhieu hon r y y - Phat huy cac loai cd kha nang su dung thuc an tu nhien va thuc an tho xanh, dac biet cac ddi tugng cd kha nang sir dung thuc vat cao - Giam dan va di den han che sir dung thirc an cong nghiep, thay bang viec che bien va phoi tron thirc an cho phu hgp vdi tirng doi tugng, tirng giai doan nudi Dac biet chu y giam chi phi thirc an de gia va ddi vdi cac md hinh nudi trdng nhd, le va nong dan ngheo > r f r 103 Thirc an tiroi song va ngudn loi tir cac dam pha, thuy v y c cho nuoi thuy san Tam Giang - Cau Hai la mot nhung noi co khu he sinh vat phong phu va noi tieng Theo cac nghien cuu truoc day co 171 loai thuc vat phu du, 37 loai dong vat phu du, 54 loai thuc vat nho bam day, 43 loai rong tao, 15 loai co nuoc, 31 loai thuc vat can, 63 loai dong vat day, nhung den so lugng va phan loai da giam nghiem Nghien cuu Khoa Thuy san, 2003, sd loai cua dong vat phu du 31, nhu vay so loai cang giam theo thdi gian va dac biet phan loai thay ddi theo chilu suy giam Mot sd nghien cuu khac cung cho rang sd lugng va phan loai thuc vat phu du cung giam nhanh chong nhung nam gan day Dam Thj Nai hay De Gi d Binh Dinh cung la nhung dam nude lg cd nguon thuc an tuoi sdng rat phong phu de phat trien nudi trdng thuy san cd hieu qua > > f r Theo cac ket qua nghien cuu cac loai luan trung (rotifers) xuat hien it dan cac vung dam pha B rachionus spp giam dan he sinh thai dam pha, neu khdng cd ke hoach bao ton va giu cac ngudn gene nay, cac loai cd the bj can kiet N hu vay ngudn thuc an tu nhien cho nudi trdng thuy san se gap kho khan Ngoai ra, d mien Trung cdn cd nhieu dam pha, rat da dang va phong phu ngudn thuc an tu nhien nhu cac dam pha d Binh Djnh (Thi Nai, De Gi, Tra O) va nhieu thuy vuc khac II DINH DlTONG VA VAI TRO CUA CAC CHAT DINH DlTdNG K hai niem ve dinh dudng Dinh dudng la nhung hgp chat sinh hoc ma moi co th i c in de tri su song, sinh trudng, phat trien va san xuat Khi cac chat dinh dudng dugc cac ca the dong vat tiep nhan vao co the thi chung se di qua cac qua trinh chuyen hoa va dugc co the hap thu, dua den nhung noi can thiet de tdng hgp cac chat dac thu cho mdi loai, mdi ca the hoac dugc dua den cac md, cac co 104 f hay co quan, bo phan va dugc phan giai de cung cap nang lugng cho cac hoat dong song Cac ch it dinh duong can thiet cho dong vat thuy san bao gom protit, lipit, gluxit, vitamin, muoi khoang, nuoc > r Cac chat dinh duong chua no 20 so hon 100 cac nhan to hoa hoc da quen biet Ten va ky hieu hoa hoc cua 20 nhan to la: Canxi (Ca), Cacbon (C), Clo (Cl), Coban (Co), Dong (Cu), Flo (F), Hydro (H), lot (I), Sat (Fe), Mangan (Mg), Manhe (Mn), Molibden (Mo), Nito (N), Oxy (O), Photpho (P), Kali (K), Selenium (Se), Natri (Na), Luu huynh (S) va Kem (Zn) Cac chat dinh duong da so khong co cac dang don chat, rieng le ma dong vat tiep nhan chung cac dang hon hgp cac loai thuc an ma chung an vao hang Vai tro cua cac chat dinh duong Nu&c: N uoc la hgp chat cua oxy va hydro (H20 ), khong mau, khong mui, khong vi Chung ta thudng hay noi nuoc va am, am de chi ham lugng nuoc co khong khi, thuc an, va trang thai luon thay doi cho Vi vay nuoc co moi loai thuc an ma dong vat an vao Nuoc chiem mot ty le rat Ion co the (co the toi 70 - 80% lugng), vi vay no la mot chat dinh duong khong the thieu Neu khong co nuoc, cac sinh vat co the bi chet Nhu cau ve nuoc co the thay doi theo loai, tung moi truong song cua cac loai r r r r f r Nuoc tham gia vao qua trinh trao doi chat co the Nuoc tham gia van chuyen cac chat dinh duong, dieu hoa dien giai Nuoc cung gop phan tao nen khuon hinh cua co the dong vat Trong khau phan an cua dong vat co the khong can tinh den nhu cau nuoc cua cac loai dong vat thuy san, nhien ao nuoi can phai chu y den nguon nuoc va chinh nuoc va chat lugng nuoc quyet dinh den sinh truong va phat trien cua cac loai dong vat thuy san > x r 7 \ y r \ f r r f y C arbuahydrate: Hgp chat carbon hydrat bao gom Carbone, Hydrogene va Oxygene moi hgp chat carbon hydrate don 105 gian hay phuc tap Hop chat carbon, hydrat don gian nhat cac loai thirc an cua dong vat la tinh bot - nguon cung cap nang lugng chinh cho co the Loai carbon hydrat phuc tap nhat thuc an cua dong vat la Cellulose, co nhieu cua cac te bao thuc vat Chat beo: Chat beo thudng duoc dai dien boi mo va dau thuc vat, chung cung chua carbon, hydro va oxy Trong phan cua chung co nhieu carbon va hydro hon la oxygene so voi cac hop chat Carbuahydrate khac Trong dieu kien nhiet moi truong (trong phong) thi mo la chat ran va dau la chat long, so di nhu vay la chung co muc bao hoa tuong doi khac Chat beo co nang luong cao hon carbon hydrat toi 2,25 lan Phan Ion chat beo da duoc tong hop tu axit beo dinh vao khung glycerol Mac du da co hon 100 axit beo duoc xac dinh, nhung chi moi co mot axit beo nhat (axit linoleic) duoc xac dinh la axit beo co ban thuc an r r f r r Doi voi mot so loai hay doi tuong nuoi, tinh chat no hay khong no cua chat beo co vai tro rat quan trong, boi vi d nhung doi tuong ma chat beo dugc tiep nhan vao co the khong dugc chuyen hoa va dugc tich luy d dang nguyen nhu thuc an thi neu cung cap thuc an nhieu chat beo khong no se lam cho san pham cua chung kho bao quan, vi se bj oxy hoa va nhanh chong lam giam chat lugng r > f r r D am (Protein): Protein la mot chat dinh duong rat quan trgng doi voi sir song, sinh trudng, phat trien va san xuat cua moi doi tugng Protein thudng xuyen co carbon, hydro, oxy va nito, doi co ca sat, photpho hay sulphur hoac ca hai Protein la chat dinh dudng nhat co nito r f Protein cac loai thuc an luon co trung binh la nguyen nhan phan tich thuc an va xac dinh nito thi phai nhan vdi 6,25 (100/16 = 6.25) doi ty le protein Khi phan tich mot loai thuc 106 16% nito, dugc ty le de chuyln an va xac dinh dirge ham lugng nita la 3% (100 g thuc an co gam nita), nhu vay ty le protein loai thuc an la 3% x 6,25 = 18.75%, nhu vay 100 g thuc an co 18,75 gam protein) Thanh phan chinh cua protein la cac axit amin Protein la hgp chat cua mot so phuang thuc ket hgp cua 25 loai axit amin tao Protein can thiet xay dung cac te bao, tao xuong, tao cac mo lien ket Trong gian bao, cac chat long, mau, va lympho can cac axit amin de dieu hoa nuoc cua co the, de van chuyen 2, C Tat ca cac men deu la protein, vi vay axit amin cung can cho viec tao cac enzyme Trong cau true hoa hoc cua cac axit amin deu co mot nhom amin (NH2) f r r \ y y > Trong cac axit amin thi co mot so axit amin ma cac gia sue da day don khong the tong hgp dugc va chi co the nhan tu thuc an thi goi la cac axit amin thiet yeu (isoleusin, leusin, lizin, methionin, phenylalanil, threonin, tryptophan va valin) Nhung axit amin ma co the gia sue co the tu tong hgp dugc thi goi la cac axit amin khong thiet yeu (alanin, aspartic, glutamic, hydroxyprolin, prolin va serin) va mot nhom cac axit amin cac dong vat cung tir tong hgp dugc song voi toe rat cham thi goi la cac axit amin ban thiet yeu (arginine, histidine, glycine d mot so loai ca va ca tom) r r r r r f Khoang: La cac vat chat vo co vi khong chua carbon, bao gom cac nhom khoang da luang (cac loai dong vat thuy san cdn so luang lan) bao gom: Ca, Cl, Mg, P, K, Na, S va mot nhom dugc goi la khoang vi luang (cdn luang nhd) bao gom: Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, va Zn r y > r f t Cac mudi khoang giu vai trd quan trong cau true co the nhu xuong, hong cau, hemoglobin, chung giu can bang dien giai cho co the, tham gia vao cac phan ung trao ddi chat, > f 107 Cac vitamin : Cac vitamin la cac chat dinh duang huu ca ma ca th i dong vat thuy san can mot luong rat nho de bao dam cho cac chuc nang dac biet cua co the Ngudi ta da biet dugc 16 loai vitamin co vai trd dinh dudng cua dong vat thuy san Cac vitamin dugc chia lam nhom: Tan md va tan nude Cac vitamin tan m d gom: Vitamin A, D, E, K Hau het cac vitamin nhom tit ca cac ddi tugng than mem, giap xac va ca deu khdng tu tdng hgp dugc ma can dugc cung cap qua thuc an Cac vitamin tan nuoc gdm: Vitamin C (axit ascorbic), biotin, chlorin, B i2, axit folic, niacin, axit pantotin, B6, B2, Bj Mot so loai co kha nang su dung thuc an xanh cao nhu ca tram cd cd the tao dugc nhd cac phan tao nen tu cac vi sinh vat, nhom vitamin cung thich hgp cho ca ngua hay ca vugc Cac axit amin loai cac doi tugng nuoi cung khdng tu tdng hgp dugc ma phai lay tir thuc an Nhieu loai vitamin chi can cung cap thuc an binh thudng cung da du ham lugng cho nhu cau cua dong vat thuy san 1.1 Protein va vai trd cua protein \ r f i Protein la phan chu yeu tham gia cau tao co the, thay to chuc cu, xay dung td chuc mdi Cac axit amin (AA) se tham gia vao cac san pham protein dac biet cd hoat tinh sinh hoc cao (hormone, enzyme) AA se tham gia qua trinh tao nang lugng d dang true tiep hay tich luy d dang glucogene hay lipid Vdi nhung chuc nang quan tren, khong cd vat chat nao co kha nang thay the protein ca th6 Khi thuc an thiSu protein thi dong vat cham sinh trudng, cham phat due, sue sinh san giam Do do, protein la chat dinh dudng dugc dac biet chu y thuc an Muc dich cua nudi dong vat thuy san la bien ddi protein tir thirc an (tu nhien va nhan tao) protein cau tao ca the dong vat thuy san cd chat lugng cao 108 Bang 4.1 Nhu cau axit amin cua mot vai loai tom ca Loai Nheo My Chinh Nhat Rophi Chep Tom he Arginin 4,3 4,2 4,2 4,2 5,8 Histidine 1,5 2,1 1,7 2,1 2,1 Isoleucine 2,6 4,1 2,3 3,5 Leucine 3,5 5,4 3,1 3,4 3,4 5,4 Lysine 5,3 5,1 5,7 5,3 Methionine 5,1 - 3,2 - - - (+ cystine) 2,3 5,0 3,2 3,1 3,6 - 5,6 - - - (+ tyronsine) 5,0 8,4 5,7 6,5 7,1 Threonine 2,0 4,1 3,6 3,9 3,6 Tryptophan 0,5 1,0 1,0 0,8 0,8 Valine 3,0 4,1 2,8 3,6 4,0 % protein k h iu p h ln 32,0 38,0 28,0 38,5 36,4 Acid amin Phenylalanine Bang 4.2 Ti le Pr/E cho tang truong toi iru cua mot so loai tom ca % Protein P/E (mg/kj) Tac gia Tom su 37 28 Aquacop, 1977 Tom he 37 26.5 Segweck, 1979 Tom he chan trlng 37 19.1 Cousin, 1992 30 21.5 Dokken, 1987 37 -2 Koshio, 1992 2 -2 8 19 -2 P a g e ,1973 Ca dia 30 24.6 ND Ca mu 31.5 25.8 ND Ca tre phi 40 18.6 Machiel (1985) C^ chem 40 18.6 L.V Hung (2000) Loai Tom he Nhat ban Ca nheo My ND : chira xac dinh 109 1.2 Chat beo va vai trd chat beo Lipid quan va dang duoc quan tam nghien cuu de nang cao chat luong thuc an cho DVTS Nhieu ket qua nghien cuu ve nhu chu cac axit beo cua DVTS da duoc cong bo va ung dung vao thuc te san xuat dem lai hieu qua cao Nhieu nghien cuu cho th&y lipid co anh hudng r k ldn den sinh trudng cua DVTS, dac biet la d giai doan au trung va gidng giai doan nudi vo thuc thuc an duoc bd sung ngudn lipid thich hop se nang cao sue sinh san cua DVTS cung nhu chat luong cua gidng Lipid Khong chi>a glycerol Chira glycerol Don gian Phi>c t?p Phospholipids Lecithin Cephalin Glycolipids Glucolipid Galactolipid Dau mo Spingomyelins Cerebrosides Sap, Terpenes Prostagladins Hinh 4.1 Phan loai lipid theo Mac Donald va ctv (1988) Lipid la mot hgp chat huu co co chuc nang va phan hoa hgc khac dugc ly trich tu dong va thuc vat nhd cac dung mdi ether, chloroform, metanol Su phan chia cac nhom lipid dua tren tinh chat vat ly hon la cau true hoa hoc, hien chua cd su thdng nhat chung ve he thdng phan loai lipid Mac Donald va ctv (1988) da dua mot he thdng phan loai lipid nhu sau: r r Bang 4.3 Muc sir dung toi da lipid thu c an tren mot so loai ca Gi6ng loai Ca Ro Ca Ca Ca gio ro phi tron My dia tra 110 % lipid thi>c an Gidng loai % lipid thirc an -1 < 10 -1 -1 -8 Ca h6i Ca chem c a mu Ca ven Ca bon -2 -1 -1 -1 r Can cd them mot giai ddng bang khung gd va ludi xanh kich cd x 1,5 x 0,5 m dat ngap 0,3 - 0,4m ao de chua cua sap lot thu hoach tir ao nuoi r 4.2 Tha gidng va cham soc Miia vu nudi cua lot cd the quanh nam, nhien tap trung nhat vao thang - hang nam Cua giong cd kich cd nhd khoang 50 - lOOg/con, cua ldn thudng cham lot vo Cua gidng la nhung cua cung, chac thit va co mau sam Trudc tha loai bd cang va chan cua bang cach chat hay be chot chan, chot cang roi cua se tu bd cang chan cua chung Tuy nhien phai giu ddi chan boi de cua hoat dong Bien phap cd tac dung kich thich cua lot xac sdm Mat tha la 20 con/m2, co the tha vdi mat ldn hon theo kich cd cua gidng Cach cho an, cham soc, quan ly cung tuong tu nhu cac dang nudi khac 239 4.3 Thu hoach Sau nuoi, cua bat dau moc cang va chan Ngay thu 10 - 12 cua da san sang lot xac Dac diem cua cua luc la mai cung va don, mam chan va cang co mau dam va dai khoang 1,5 cm Khi cua bat dau lot xac se co vdng nut quanh mai Vao giai doan lot xac, hang thao can nuoc ao khoang 30 - 40cm de mo bat cua sap lot cho vao giai doan chuan bi san Thdi diem mo bat cua vao luc nude sap ldn de bat xong cap nude mdi vao ngay, tranh hien tuong ao bj due lau •> _ •> f r ■> r t "> f Chu y khong de sot cua sap lot vi chung lot ao nudi se khong cdn gia tri nhu nhu cau tren thj trudng Cua duoc chuyen vao giai cd the lot sau hay vdng mot Sau lot - gid, cua sach nhdt, bdt mem nhun, hoi no nude thi ta vdt len giu am gid tre co lot vai hay cd udt, de noi mat, kin gid va co the chuyen den noi tieu thu vdng mot sau Yeu cau san pham cua lot phai mem, khdng mong nude va nguyen ven •> 240 t TAI LIEU THAM KHAO TAI LIEU TIENG VIET Bai bao cao khoa hoc Brzeski and Thu 1997 Tuyen tap cac cong trinh nghien cuu cua du y > an Quan ly nguon tai nguyen dam pha Tam Giang dua vao cong dong Canada, IDRC Bo Thuy san 03/2006 Bao cao tham luan hoi nghj Danh gid ket qua thuc hien chuong trinh phat trien nuoi thuy san giai doan 2000 - 2005 va bien phap thuc hien den nam 2010, Ha Noi Nguyen Van Khanh Tinh hinh nuoi thuy san d cac tinh ven bien nuoc ta - Tin Kinh te - xa hoi - Ha Noi: Bo KH va DT, 25/01/2002, S6 - tr.9 - 18 (T.Viet) So Thuy san Thira Thien Hue 12/2004 Bao cao tinh hinh nuoi va san luong thuy san cua Thira Thien Hue, 2004 Trung tam nghien cuu thuy san noi dia Ky thuat nuoi ca n u ac ngot \ 99A Tuyen tap cong trinh nghien ciru khoa hoc ky thuat 20 nam (1963 - 1983) Nha xuat ban N ong nghiep, Ha Noi Trung tam thong tin khoa hoc va ky thuat thuy san, to chuc luong thuc va nong nghiep Nguon loi thuy san cua cac nuoc d dao cua Thdi Binh Duong 1992 Tai lieu ky thuat nghe ca, Lien Hiep Quoc, Ha Noi Vien Nghien cuu Nuoi Thuy san I 2000 Tuyen tap bao cao khoa hoc toan quoc ve nudi trdng thuy san Vien Nghien cuu Nuoi Thuy san III 2004 Tuyen tap cac cong trinh nghien ciru khoa hoc cong nghe NXB Nong nghiep, TP.H6 Chi Minh Sach Bach Thi Quynh Mai 1994 Ky thuat nudi cd tre vdng lai N xuat ban N ong nghiep, Ha Noi 241 Bo Thuy san, vu quan ly nghe ca 1994 Ky thuat nuoi thuy dac san (tai lieu khuyen ngu) Tap 1, tap Trung tam thong tin khoa hoc ky thuat va kinh te thuy san, Ha Noi Bo Thuy san, Trung tam Khuyen ngu Quoc gia 2003 Khuyen Ngu Viet Nam 10 nam hoat dong va truong N X B N ong nghiep, Ha Noi Bo Thuy san 1996 Nguon loi thuy san Viet Nam N X B N ong nghiep, Ha Noi Bo Thuy san 2003 Tieu chuan Nganh Thuy san Viet Nam Tap II N XB Nong nghiep, Ha Noi Bo Thuy san 1995 Hudng dan ky thuat uong ca giong, nuoi cd thit Nha xuat ban N ong nghiep, Ha Noi Bui Quang Te, Vu Thj Tam 1994 Nhung benh thuong gap cua tom cd nuoi a dong bang song Ciru Long va bien phap phong tri N xuat ban N ong nghiep, Ha Noi Dang Hun Lanh, Tran Dinh Mien - Tran Dinh Trong 1999 Co so di truyen chon giong dong vat, NXB Giao due, Ha Noi Do Thi Hoa, Bui Quang Te, Nguyen H un Dung, N guyen Thi Muoi 2004 Giao trinh Benh hoc thuy san Nha xuat ban N ong nghiep, TP H6 Chi Minh N go Trong Lu 1994 Ky thuat nudi luon, ech, ba ba, cd loc N h a xuat ban N ong nghiep, Ha Noi Ngo Trong Lu, Le Dang Khuyen 1994 Ky thuat nuoi cd tre, luon, giun dat Nha xuat ban Nong nghiep, Ha Noi Nguyen Duy Khoat 1993 So tay nuoi cd gia dinh N X B N ong nghiep, Ha Noi Nguyen Ngoc Kinh, 1994 So tay ky thuat lam vuon VAC N h a xuat ban N ong nghiep, Ha Noi Nguyen Quang Trung Tien, 1995 Ngu nghiep Viet Nam nita dau the ky XX Nha xuat ban Thuan Hoa, Hue Nguyen Van Hao, Ngo Sy Van, 2001 Cd nuoc ngot Viet Nam Tap I N XB N ong nghiep, Ha Noi 242 Nguyen Tuong Anh, 1999 Mot so vdn de ve noi tiet hoc sinh san cd NXB Nong nghiep, Ha Noi Trin Duy 1995 Ky thuat nudi long cd nuac ngot va cd bien Nha xuat ban Nong nghiep Ha Noi Tran Thi Minh Tam 2005 Mot so benh thudg gap a tom cd va bien phap phdng trie Nha xuat ban nao Nong nghiep Ha Noi I.F Pravdin 1973 Hudng dan nghien ciru cd, Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc va Ky thuat, Ha Noi (1973) 260 Vo Van Phu 1997 Thanh phan loai cua khu he cd ddm pha tinh Thira Thien Hue, Tap chi Sinh hoc, Ha Noi, tap 19, So 2, Tr 14 - 22 Vo Van Phu Ho Thi Hong 2001 Dac diem sinh san cua cd Day (Cyprinus centralus) d ddm pha Tam Giang - Cau Hai tinh Thira Thien Hue, Thong tin khoa hoc, Truong Dai hoc Khoa hoc Hue, S612, Tr.80 - 85 y y Mai Dinh Yen, Nguyen Hun Due 1995 Hinh thdi phan loai cd Day {Cyprinus sp) d mien Trung Viet Nam, Tap chi Sinh hoc, So 2, Ha Noi FAO 1998 Catalog of Fishes, Volume 1, Introductory material spicies of fishes, California A Cademy of sciences TAI LIEU TIENG ANH Bai bao khoa hoc Bureau, D.P and C.Y Cho 1998 Three key strategies for the management and reduction of aquaculture waste Aquaculture The Environment Northern Aquaculture Supplement Publication, pp 25 - 26 Sach Chamberlain,G.W and J.S.Hopkins 2005 Reducing water use and feed cost in intensive ponds World Aquaculture, 25 (3):29 - 32 Chen, H., B Hu and A.T Charles.2001 Chinese integrated fish farming: a comparative bioeconomic analysis Aquaculture 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and Leningrad, “Nauka” Selection of Fishes, Nguyen Q Linh, Le C Tuan, Nguyen Mong, 2002 First research results of zooplankton in Tam Giang - Cau Hai lagoon systems Biological Publisher, National Centre fo r nature science and technology o f Vietnam 2002.25 (3): 17 - 21 P Kungvankij, B.J Pudadera, J.R,LB.Tiro, JR and 1.0.1986 Potestas.NACABiology and Culture Of Seabass, Training Manual Series No.3 Pornlerd Chanratchakool, James F.Turnbull, Simon J.Funge - Smith, Ian H.MacRae and Chalor Limsuwan - Health management in shrimp ponds - Aquatic animal Health Research Institute Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Cmapus Bangkok 1997 245 M UC LUC LOI NOI DAU Chu-ong I LICH SLT VA QUA TRINH PHAT TRIEN NGHE CA I LICH SU' NUOI TR ON G TH UY SAN Q N u d e TA Nguon goc va ljch sir cua nghe nuoi thuy san Tir nhien va cac hoat dong nuoi thuy san II N H U N G T H AN H TU U VA RUI RO TR O N G NUOI T R O N G THU Y SAN C> VIET N A M N H U N G N A M QU A Phat trien nghe ca qua cac giai doan N h un g tiru noi bat nhat nuoi thuy san nhtrng nam qua 6 III M O T SO KHO KHAN VA TH A C H T H U C T R O N G PH A T TRIEN NUOI TR ON G THUY SAN NU'CiC TA 10 IV N H U CAU XAY DU NG VA PHA T TRIEN M T N G H E CA VIET NA M TR ON G THC)I KY CO NG NG HI EP HOA VA HIEN DAI HOA 14 Tiem nang va trien vong nghe ca d Viet Nam 14 Qua trinh phat trien nghe ca 16 V CA C LINH V U C VA DOI T U '0 N G NUOI T R O N G Nuoi thuy san niroc ngot 18 18 Nuoi thuy san nuoc lo 22 Nuoi, dong, thuc vat nuoc man 23 Linh vuc che bien thuy san 26 Cac linh vuc hoat dong khac 29 Cac dich vu cho nuoi thuy san 31 Chirong II CO SO T H lfC TIEN VA KHOA HOC CUA PHAT TRIEN NUOI TRONG THUY SAN 33 I S U RA DC»I CU A N G H E NUOI TR O N G T H U Y SAN 33 Qua trinh va ljch sir phat trien nuoi thuy san - nghe nuoi ca nuoc ngot 246 33 Cac hinh thirc nuoi thuy san nuac ngot 37 Vai tro va lai ich cua nuoi tr ng thuy san nuoc ngot 41 II QUA TRINH PHAT TRIEN NUOI TRO NG TH UY SAN NUCJC MAN, LO 42 Ljch sir phat trien nuoi nuoc man, lg 42 Cac hinh thuc va phuong thuc nuoi thuy san nuoc man, lo’ 47 Vai tro cua nuoi thuy san nuoc man, lg 52 III CAC YEU TO MOI TR UON G AO NUOI TR ON G THU Y SAN 53 Cac yeu to vat ly 54 Cac yeu to thuy hoa 60 Cac yeu to thuy sinh 61 Moi quan he giua cac yeu to sinh thai ao nuoi 63 Chirong III DI TRUYEN GIONG VA NANG SUAT NUOI TRONG THUY SAN 68 I M T SO DAC DIEM VA DAC TR U N G VE DI TRU YE N D N G VAT THUY SINH 68 Cau true di truyen cua cac nhom dong vat thuy san dac trung 68 Moi quan lie giua di truyen, moi truong va nang suat 77 Cac phuong phap chon giong truyen thong 80 Mot so plurong phap di truyen hien dai san xuat giong thuy san II GIONG NUOI TRONG THUY SAN 83 88 Nguon giong tu nhien 88 Nguon giong nhan tao 90 III SAN XU AT CON GIONG CHO NUOI TRO NG TH UY SAN VIETNAM 93 Cong nghe san xuat giong nhan tao cac doi tuong co gia tri kinh te va xuat khau cao 93 Tao giong moi 94 Bao ve va khai thac hgp ly nguon giong tu nhien 95 Ke hoach giong thuy san toi nam 2010 96 Cong nghe san xuat giong thuy san 97 247 Chuang IV THlTC AN, DINH DU’OTVG VA NANG SUAT DONG VAT THUY SAN 101 I NG UO N T H U C AN CH O NUOI TRONG TH UY SAN 101 Loai thuc an, phan chinh cua thuc an va vai tro cua chung doi voi dong vat thuy san 101 Thuc an tuoi song va nguon loi tu cac dam pha, thuy vuc cho nuoi thuy san 104 II DINH DU'ONG VA VAI T R O CUA CAC C H A T DINH DU'ONG 104 Khai niem ve dinh duong 104 Vai tro cua cac chat dinh du on g 105 III T H U C TR AN G SU' DUNG T H U C AN TR O N G NUOI T R O N G TH UY S A n 115 Thuc trang nuoi va nang suat 115 Thuc trang su dung nguon thuc an va dinh duong 116 Mot so thach thuc nuoi duong 116 IV T H U C AN VA CHE DO NUOI DU'ONG 118 Che nuoi duong 118 Nhu cau nang luong va tieu hoa 118 V MOI QUAN HE CUA CAC LOAI T H U C AN VA V A T C H A T H U U CO LANG DONG 20 Loi ich cua viec su dung dung tieu chuan va khau phan an 121 Mot so khau phan an can ap dung de giam thieu chSt l in g dong 122 Thiet lap va phoi che khau phan an cho cac loai dong vat thuy san 124 Khau phan an de nang cao sire khoe cho cac loai dong vat thuy san (DVTS) 128 VI AN TO AN T H U C PHAM VA QU AN LY RUI RO T R O N G NUOI DU'ONG D N G VA T THUY SAN 130 An toan thuc pham (ATTP) la gi? 130 Nhun g van de ve an toan thuc pham 130 Chiro’ng V KY THUAT NUOI CA NUO C NGOT 132 I KY T H U A T NUOI CA NU'QC TINH 132 Thiet ket ao nuoi 248 132 Chuan bj ao nuoi trirdc tha giong 134 Ca giong va ky thuat tha giong 135 Cac loai thirc an sir dung nuoi ca ao nirac tlhh 139 Quan ly va cham soc 142 II KY TH UAT NUOI CA LONG - BE TR O N G CAC TH UY V U C NU'CJCCHAY 149 Nhung thuan loi va kho khan nuoi ca long - be 149 Ky thuat nuoi ca long be 150 III KY THUAT NUOI CA KET HOP TRO NG R U N G LUA 154 Kha nang va trien vong nghe nuoi ca ket hop ruong liia cr nuoc ta 154 Co so khoa hoc cua viec cay lua va nuoi ca ket hop 155 Bien phap ky thuat nuoi ca ruong lua 155 IV M T SO BENH THU'CJNG GAP CA NU'QC N G Q T VA BIEN PHAP PHONG NGU'A 160 Benh virus (benh xuat huyet virut) 160 Benh thoi mang vi khuan 161 Benh viem ruot 162 Benh dom dd, Id loet 163 Benh nam thuy mi 164 Benh nam mang 169 Benh dom trang 170 Benh triing banh xe 171 Benh giap xac gay (benh bo nuoc) 172 Chuong VI KY THUAT NUOI TRONG THUY SAN NUO C LO, MAN 174 I KY TH UA T NUOI TOM SU 174 Mot so dac diem chung nuoi tom sii 174 Ky thuat nuoi tom sii 175 Mot so benh thudng gap d tom sii va cach phong trj 188 II KY T H U A T NUOI TOM CHAN TR AN G 193 Mot so dac diem chung cua tom chan trang 193 Ky thuat nuoi tom chan trang 195 249 Mot so benh thudng gap d tom chan trang va bien phap phong trj III KY T H U A T NUOI TO M RAO 202 204 Mot sd dac dac diem sinh hoc cua torn rao 204 Ky thuat nuoi tom rao 206 Cac benh thudng gap va cach phong trj 210 IV KY T H U A T NUOI CAC DOI T U O N G TH UY SAN KH AC T R E N d A m PHA 210 Ky thuat nudi ca mu 210 Ky thuat nuoi ca chem 217 IV KY T H U A T NUOI CU A BIEN 226 Phan loai, hinh thai va cau tao cua cua bien 226 Dac diem sinh hoc cua cua 228 V K Y T H U A T NUOI CU A T H U O N G PHAM Nuoi cua cua thjt 235 Nuoi cua dp cua chac 237 Nuoi cua gach 237 Nuoi cua lot 239 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 250 235 241 Chiu trach nhiem xuat ban NGUYEN CAO DOANH Bien tap NGUYEN BICH PHUONG Thiet ke bia PHAM THANH BINH NHA XUAT BAN NONG NGHIEP 167/6 Phuang Mai-Dong Da-Ha Noi DT: (04) 8524501-8521940; Fax: 04.5760748 CHI NHANH NXB NONG NGHIEP 58 Nguy6n Binh Khiem-Ql-Tp Ho Chi Minh DT: (08) 8.299521-8.297157; Fax: 08.9101036 In 500 ban, kho 17 x 25cm tai Xuong in NXB Nong nghiep Quyet dinh in so 229-2007/CXB/980-21/NN Cue Xuat ban cap 17/3/2008 In xong va nop luu chieu qui 11/2008 251