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Introduction to nuclear engineering (3rd edition)
[...]... Particles References Problems 52 54 57 60 62 68 74 90 100 109 110 4 117 NUCLEAR REACTORS AND NUCLEAR POWER 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 The Fission Chain Reaction Nuclear Reactor Fuels of Nuclear Power Plants Non-Nuclearof Nuclear Reactors Components Components Steam Supply Systems Power Cycles NuclearReactors and Nuclear Isotope Separation Fuel Reprocessing Radioactive Waste Disposal References... particularly my family Tony Contents 1 NUCLEAR ENGINEERING 1 2 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS 5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 FundamentalNuclear Structure Particles Atomic and Molecular Weight Atomic and Nuclear Radii Atomic and Mass and Energy Particle Wavelengths Excited Stability and Radioactive and Radiation Nuclear StatesCalculations Decay Radioactivity Nuclear Reactions... (2.1),notedsome atom was, thethe atomic weightheavy as 2often24 according to As this inThe atomic2weight of the element isnature defined as theofaverage Section 2 elements found in then consist a num ber of isotopes.of the mixture Thus, if is the isotopic abundance in atom percent atomicith isotope of atomic weight then the atomic weight of the element is of the weight (2.2) The total mass weight... radioisotopes, whether from reactors or accelerators, is arange from life-saving medical procedures to material radiation and radioisotopes major industry in its own right The applications of characterization totracingpreservation.method In this technique, one of the atoms in Radioactive foodbyisaone such atom of the same element For example, a aradioactive carbon atom mayradioactive for a nonnal carbon atom... to be a valuable tool in medicine, of enforcement, play an control, role which trace concentrations lawcertain elementspollution importantand other fields in 1012), 2 Atomic and Nuclear Physics A knowledge of atomicform the scientific foundation on which the nuclear engi because profession is based The relevant partsisof atomic andthe nuclear engineer these subjects and nuclear physics essential to. .. divided intointerest are thehadrons.and neutron, which belong toneutrino are of hadrons called of leptons and proton The electron, positron, and forces, whereas hadrons and a subclass leptons Hadrons baryons leptons are subject to the weak baryons inThe are composed of quarks,the weakisand strong nucleargluons between particular experience both and itnuclearexchange of forces It is the hadrons thatof quarks... strong nuclear force the collections 5 6 Atomic a n d N uclea r Physics Chap 2 Photon e Photon The annihilation of a negatron and positron with the release of two photons Figure 2.1 For it only important to reactors and the reactions of interest to their nuclear operation,theisunderstanding oftheconsider a classimportant particles and not explore their structure Of these, only following are of these in nuclear. .. and electron six types of neutrinos, are important initthe not necessary toand areaof interest inbetween the two, and they mostlumped together atomic process make distinction nuclear engineering For are purposes, is as neutrinos Neutron = Photon = X Neutrino 2.2 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Asitthe readerand doubtless atom, inatoms consists building blocksmassive nucleus as is seenby is cloudTherapidly... % isotopeselements inelement However,are theare not found 16 ers For portantare the isotopetheir0,abundance occurringinoxygen atoms It shouldmore im 037% isotopes and 17 of naturally isare 1 8 0 AAppendix some of the be noted and 204% given table of II isotope 0, that isotopicelement that are particularatom percent-that is, theispercentages of the atoms of an abundances are given in isotopes Atom percent... 2atom is defined as thewhich of the neutral atomofrelative weight of to the masstaken to be precisely 12.on symbols, letmass thebeatomic weightthe neutral C scale meZ) the of 1 2C is arbitrarily by AZ and m(12atom In amass ofinneutral12C Thenmassatomic weight atom M(AZ), the of AZ,denoted is given by C) be the M( AZ) = 12 X meZ) m( 12C) (2.1) Sec 2.3 Atomic and Molecu l a r Weight 9 Suppose that atom .