[...]... Lab-on-a-chip Platforms 152 6.3.1 Lab-on-a-chip with Spiral Electrodes .152 6.3.2 Lab-on-a-chip with Parallel Electrodes 154 6.3.3 Lab-on-a-chip with Two-dimensional Electrode Array 155 6.4 Applications of Lab-on-a-chip to Pharmaceutical Sciences 155 6.4.1 Microparticles for Lab-on-a-chip Applications 155 6.4.2 Microparticles-cell Interactions on Lab-on-a-chip 164 6.5 Lab-on-a-chip... Techniques for Noise Reduction .351 Contents xv 11.4  CMOS Image Sensors for Molecular Biology .354 11.4.1  CMOS for Fluorometry 356 11.4.2  CMOS for Bio-/Chemi-Luminescence 357 11.5  Lab-on-Chip for de novo DNA Sequencing 357 11.5.1  Lab-on-Chip Application Requirements 359 11.5.2.  Luminescence Detection System-on-Chip 360 11.5.3  Low Light Detection 369 11.5.4 ... implanted sensor applications Part-IV CMOS Optical Sensors (Chapters 1 0-1 1) presents optical bio-sensing systems built on solid-state imager chips in combination with microfluidic systems Chapter 10 demonstrates a high-resolution cell imaging experiment made possible by a charge-coupled device (CCD) connected with a microfluidic system Chapter 11 discusses an example of how a CMOS imager can be utilized... can contain hundreds of millions of complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transistors in a tiny footprint of only a few square centimeters An arsenal of planar microfabrication technologies made possible the rock-to-IC transformation of silicon at surprisingly low costs Now consider the phenomenal ability of silicon ICs Hundreds of millions of CMOS transistors interconnected via a labyrinthine... Applications 155 6.4.2 Microparticles-cell Interactions on Lab-on-a-chip 164 6.5 Lab-on-a-chip for Biomedicine and Cellular Biotechnology 165 6.5.1 Applications of Lab-on-a-chip for Cell Isolation 165 6.5.2 Separation of Cell Populations Exhibiting Different DEP Properties 166 6.5.3 DEP-based, Marker-Specific Sorting of Rare Cells 167 6.6 Future Perspectives: Integrated Sensors for Cell... developments in CMOS Biotechnology with readers from different disciplines A large amount of high quality research is being done in this rapidly developing field, making it difficult to select only ten topics Our selection presents examples of outstanding work to form view of CMOS Biotechnology We structured this book by sub-grouping the ten select topics into four parts, based on shared themes Part-I Microfluidics... special attention to bioanalytical separation operations Chapter 4 discusses the basic concept and fabrication of a CMOS/ Microfluidic hybrid chip consisting of a CMOS IC with a microfluidic system fabricated on top Part-II CMOS Actuators (Chapters 5-7 ) offers examples that show how the CMOS/ Microfluidic hybrid chip can be used to manipulate (control the motions of) biological samples ranging from cells... for DNA hybridizations Part-III CMOS Electrical Sensors (Chapters 8-9 ) is a sensor counterpart to Part-II Chapter 8 describes a microelectrode array integrated in a Introduction  CMOS chip, which can be used to record neural and cardiac cell activities whose signatures are carried by electrical signals In Chapter 9, a brainimplantable neural recording system based on a CMOS chip is presented The... 329 11 CMOS Sensors for Optical Molecular Imaging Abbas El Gamal, Helmy Eltoukhy and Khaled Salama 331 11.1 Introduction 331 11.2 Luminescence 333 11.2.1 Fluorescence 333 11.2.2 Bio-/Chemi-Luminescence .335 11.3 Solid-State Image Sensors .336 11.3.1 Photodetection 338 11.3.2 CMOS Architectures .343 11.3.3 Non-idealities and Performance... Stimulation Techniques and Tools 214 8.3  Integrated CMOS- Based Systems 221 8.3.1  High-Density-Recording Devices 221 8.3.2  Multiparameter Sensor Chip 227 8.3.3  Portable Cell-Based Biosensor 228 8.3.4  Wireless Implantable Microsystem 231 8.3.5  Fully Integrated Bidirectional 128-Electrode System .234 8.4  Measurement Results .243 8.4.1  Recordings from Neural . including DNA for DNA hybridizations. Part-III CMOS ElectricalSensors (Chapters 8-9 ) is a sensor counter- part to Part-II. Chapter 8 describes a microelectrode array integrated in a D. Ham, H. . Sciences, Harvard University 2 Department of Physics, Harvard University 3 Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General * donhee@deas.harvard.edu The second half of the 20 th century. Ashish Srivastava, Dennis Sylvester, and David Blaauw ISBN 97 8-0 -3 8 7-2 604 9-9 , 2005 Hakho Lee Donhee Ham Robert M. Westervelt (Editors) CMOS Biotechnology Editors: Hakho Lee Donhee Ham