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Tổng hợp ngắn gọn 12 thì cơ bản trong tiếng Anh dưới dạng Mind map (Sơ đồ tư duy) sẽ giúp chúng ta dễ học, dễ hiểu và dễ so sánh hơn cấu trúc, cách sử dụng, các signal words cũng như lưu ý đặc biệt của mỗi thì.
(+): S + BE GOING TO + V_INF FORM (-): S + BE + NOT GOING TO + V_INF (?): BE + S + GOING TO + V_INF (+): S +WILL + V_INF USE FORM (-): S + WILL + NOT (WON´T)+ V_INF (?): WILL + S + V_INF? Predictions (often with evidence we can see) It is going to rain, so take an umbrella FUTURE with BE GOING TO NOTE: Thì tương lai gần (future with be going to) không dùng với động từ “go/ come”, mà dùng tiếp diễn He is going to London next month Decisions made now I know I will go to China this summer Facts about the future The new airport will be the biggest in Europe Future plans: We will go shopping this weekend Intentions I am going to become a doctor when I grow up USE Predictions: It will probadly rain tomorrow Will V: SO SÁNH Đưa lời tiên đốn khơng có sở, mà theo ý kiến chủ quan Ex I think she will like this present FUTURE with WILL / WONT Offers and requests We'll help you get ready for your holiday Quyết định làm việc thời điểm nói, khơng có kế hoạch hay dự định từ trước Ex: Someone is knocking the door I will open BE GOING TO TIME MARKS: Next (day, week, weekend, year, etc ), tomorrow, in years, Diễn tả việc xảy tương lai có kế hoạch, dự định từ trước EX: I am going to paint my room Đưa lời tiên đốn dựa tình Ex Look at the dark clouds! It is going to rain (+) S + will + be + V_ing (-) S + will not (won’t) + be + V_ing FORM (?) Will + S + be + V_ing? FUTURE CONTINUOUS Continuous events/ actions happening in the Su future She will be teaching this class from now on USE* Diễn tả hành động xảy thời điểm xác định tương lai He will be swimming in the sea tomorrow morning To express being in the process of doing sth at a specific time in the future Ex: I will be living in Hanoi city next week Diễn tả hành động xảy hành động khác xen vào (hành động diễn dùng tương lai tiếp diễn, hành động xen vào dùng đơn) By the time I get home, my son will be sleeping (Vào lúc đến nhà trai tơi ngủ rồi.) (+) S + WAS/ WERE + O (-) S + WAS/ WERE + NOT + O kien/ hanh dong se xay lien tuc tuong lai BE (?) WAS/ WERE + S + O? TIME MARKS: At this time/ at this moment + thời gian tương lai (Ví dụ: Vào thời điểm ), at present next Friday, at 7.pm tomorrow (?) DID + S + V_inf + O V_ed (+) S + V_ed + O (-) S + DIDN'T + V_inf + O Note: "next" - chu y ve lien tuc cua hanh dong tuong lai -> use FS or FC FORM Main events in a story She pushed the door open and looked inside the room General truths about the past : 50 years ago, people didn't spend as much on entertainment as they today USE SIMPLE PAST TIME MARKS: by + mốc thời gian (by the end of, by tomorrow): vào…, by then: vào lúc, by the time: vào thời điểm Completed actions He visited UK last year Repeated actions in the past: I went to the theatre times last month Consecutive actions in the past: She sat down and ordered a coffee (?) Will + S + have + VPII? FUTURE TIME MARKS: yesterday, weeks ago, year ago, last week, in + thời gian khứ FUTURE PERFECT FORM (+) S + will + have + VPII (-) S + will NOT + have + VPII USE:diễn tả hành động kết thúc trước hành động khác thời điểm tương lai I will have finished my report before the meeting starts tomorrow morning (+): S + WAS/ WERE + V_ING + O (-) S + WAS/ WERE + NOT + V_ING + O FORM (?) WAS/ WERE + S + V_ING + O Actions happening at a moment in the past At 9pm last night, I was watching TV USE PAST CONTINUOUS Two actions in progress at the same time I was reading book while my mom was cooking (+) S + will + have + been + VPII Background information in a story It was raining so I decided to go to the cinema (-) S + will not + have + been + VPII FORM FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS WHEN: Interupted actions in the past (Diễn tả hành động xảy có hành động khác xen vào) I was studing WHEN the baby cried TIME MARKS : When, while, at yesterday/ last night (?) Will + S + have + been + VPII? USE: Diễn tả hành động khứ kéo dài đến thời điểm cho trước tương lai By the end of this month, he will have been living here for two years TIME MARKS: Giống FUTURE PERFECT PAST (-) S + HAD NOT + VPII + O ENGLISH TENSES FORM (+) S + V (s/es) + O (+) S + HAD + VPII + O (?) HAD + S + VPII + O? (-): S + don´t / doesn´t + V_INF Describe an action that happened before another action in the past I've finished my homework a few minutes before the lesson started Finished actions and states where the important thing is the result at a moment in the past We were happy because we had all done our homework PAST PERFECT Fixed plans/ schedules: School begins at 9am tomorrow PRESENT SIMPLE USE USE TIME MARKS: Usually, sometimes, always, every (day,week,time, ), normally, occasionally Thể thất vọng việc khứ (ước khứ) We wished we had purchased the ticket (?) HAD + S + BEEN + V_ING +O? FORM (+) S + HAD BEEN + V_ING + O (-) S + HAD NOT BEEN + V_ING + O PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Before: The teacher had checked the answers before I arrived By the time: By the time we got to class, the lesson had started Facts/ Truths: Water boils at 100C Habits: She get up at am everyday Use in the 3rd conditional to describe unreal condition in the past If I had had enough money, I could have bought a new laptop By: I had finished my homework by pm (?): Do / does + S + V(s/es)? FORM Describe an action before a stated time in the past He had never played football until last week PRESENT Actions continuing up to, or stopping just before, a moment in the past We had been doing grammar exercises for over an hour, so we were really bored TIME MARKS (+): S + am/is/are +V_ING (-) S + am/is/are + NOT +V_ING USE CAUSE of sth in the past I was tired because I had been playing football for hours After: I left after I had finished the test FORM JUST: She had just finished the test when the bell rang (?) Am/Is/ Are + S + V_ING? BEFORE/ THE WHOLE DAY/ ALL DAY/ NIGHT WHEN: I left when I had finished the test TIME MARKS: The lesson started when I arrived (= I arrived and then the lesson started) FOR: She had been studying for hours, so he had a headache SINCE: He had been hoping to win the competition since the summer NOTE: Whether we use the PAST SIMPLE or PAST PERFECT can change the meaning of the sentence USE PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS emphasises the action nhấn mạnh tính liên tục hành động She has been writing an article for the school newwspaper ( = She had started, but she hadn't finished) The lesson had started when I arrived (= The lesson started and then I arrived) Actions going on at this moment: She is working out at this moment Temporary situations/ habits/ actions: He is studying English with me today Definite future plans: I am flying to USA next week NOTE PAST PERFECT emphasises the result of an action She has written an article for the school newspaper (= She'd finished it) TIME MARKS: Now, right now, at moment, at present, for the time being, currently (+) S + have/has + VPII (-) S + have/ has not + VPII FORM (?) Have/Has + S + VPII? Experiences (Trải nghiệm hay kinh nghiệm), thường kèm với “ever/ never” Have you ever been to Argentina? PRESENT PERFECT USE Completed actions at a time in the past which is not mentioned (sự việc xảy ko rõ thời điểm): I have already read that book Situations started in the past & are still true (đã xảy khứ, kéo dài đến tại): She has worked here for years FORM: S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V_ING + O Completed actions where the important thing is the result now They have all done their homework Repeated actions: I have watched this film several time Actions continuing up to now or just before now It has been raining all day./ It has been raining all day Recent actions that have an effect on the present Diễn tả hành động vừa kết thúc kết liên quan đến (nhấn mạnh trình xảy hành động) She has been working hard all day She is very tired now USE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Actions at a specified time which are not complete at the time of speaking: I have read books so far this morning TIME MARKS FOR + khoảng thời gian TIME MARKS: since, for, just, all day, all the morning SINCE + mốc thời gian (kể từ ) Nếu sau since mệnh đề, mệnh đề TRƯỚC since HTHT, mệnh đề SAU since QKĐ I have taught English since I graduated from university ALREADY (đã rồi), NEVER (chưa bao giờ), EVER (đã từng), JUST (vừa mới) đứng trước VPii NOTE PRESENT PERFECT: emphasises the result of an action She has written an article for the school newspaper (= She finished it) PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: emphasises the action, or the time spent on the action, rather than the result She has been writing an article for the school newspaper ( = She started, but she hasn't finished yet) ALREADY đứng cuối câu YET (chưa) đứng cuối câu, thường dùng câu phủ định nghi vấn NOTE: Dùng Present Perferct sau cấu trúc: RECENTLY, LATELY, SO FAR Có thể đứng đầu cuối câu SO SÁNH HƠN NHẤT: It is the most interesting book that I have ever read This is the first/ second time : This is the first time I have eaten this kind of food