[...]... useful principles for organizing and extending our knowledge of matter and its transformations These principles are based on considerations of energy, and are called the laws of thermodynamics These laws are generalization of our experience and are taken as the basic postulates of thermodynamics There are four of these laws, and at least three of these are approximations One law, conservation of energy,... knowledge In the study of matter and its transformations, a body of knowledge that is often called chemistry, there are a number of basic principles by which knowledge is organized It is interesting that these principles are, in reality, only approximations One of these principles is the immutability of atomic species, which enables us to consider chemical transformations as rearrangements of atoms, the basic... 376 Appendix C Tables of Thermodynamic Data 377 Appendix D Glossary of Symbols 381 Index 387 1 Introduction and Background Thermodynamics is the only science about which I am firmly convinced that, within the framework of the applicability of its basic principles, it will never be overthrown Albert Einstein Thermodynamics derives from consideration of energy Because the study of thermodynamics is much... entropy The use of free energies greatly simplifies the application of the laws of thermodynamics Each of the laws of thermodynamics is expressed in mathematical form, and useful relations between thermodynamic variables are derived Extensive application of multivariable calculus is made in the text A short presentation of this subject is given in Appendix A Entropy is interpreted as the number of microscopic... The Surface of the Single-Component Condensed Phase 11.3 Surface Tension of Single Components 11.4 Processes Involving One Interface 11.5 Processes Involving More Than One Interface 11.6 Thermodynamics of Immersion 11.7 Effect of Surface Curvature on Vapor Pressure 11.8 Thermodynamics of Solution Surfaces 11.9 Properties of Surface Films 11.10 Adsorption on Solids 11.11 Statistical Mechanics of Adsorption... development of quantum mechanics An early model of gases found to be very successful in explaining their equation of state at low pressures was the kinetic model of noninteracting particles, attributed to Bernoulli In this model, the pressure exerted by n moles of gas confined to a container of volume V at temperature T is explained as due to the incessant collisions of the gas molecules with the walls of the... the volume of a gas (at constant T and P) was proportional to the number of molecules, N, in the gas sample Because in the 17th century, the number of molecules in a given gas sample was not known, it was customary to deal with an arbitrary number of molecules called the mole Although the definition of the number of molecules in a mole has changed slightly over time, at present the number of atoms in... PM ¼ V RT ð7Þ The ideal gas law is an example of an equation of state (i.e., an equation relating different properties of a form of matter) Such equations are not obtained from thermodynamics They result either from empirical measurements of the related quantities or from calculations based on molecular models For some purposes, a graphical presentation of information is preferable to an equation As... Simple Model of the Ideal Gas Thermodynamics deals with relations among bulk (macroscopic) properties of matter Bulk matter, however, is comprised of atoms and molecules and, therefore, its properties must result from the nature and behavior of these microscopic particles An explanation of a bulk property based on molecular behavior is a theory for the behavior Today, we know that the behavior of atoms... properties of various materials in this chapter At low and moderate pressures, the ideal gas is an excellent approximation to real gases and a good introduction to the properties of materials at equilibrium Although thermodynamics deals with bulk matter, a microscopic or molecular description of matter is often used to understand and predict bulk properties of materials Using the kinetic theory of gases, .