[...]... amount of individual components of liquid fuel combustion products with a 2 1 is as follows: Carbon dioxide (kmole of CO,/kg of fuel) MCO2 C/12 = - Water vapour (kmole of H20/kg of fuel) M H l o H/2 Oxygen (kmole of O,/kg of fuel) Mar= 0.208 (a- l ) L o Nitrogen (kmole of N,/kg of fuel) M N 2 o.792aL0 = I J The tot,al amount of complete combustion products of a liquid fuel (kmole of com.pr/kg of fuel)... neglected, since i t is too small as compared with t.he volume of air Therefore, with such engines With gas engines where ilf' is the amount of combustible mixture (mole of com.rnix/mole of fuel or rn3 of com.mix/m3 of fuel) For any fuel the mass of a combustible mixture is * where rn, is the mass quantity of combustible mixture, kg of com mix/kg of fuel When the fuel combustion is complete (a 2 I ) , the... The amount of iildividual components of gaseous fuel combustion at a I is as follows: > Carbon dioxide (mole of C0,imole of fuel) ) v JIbo2 - u n ( C,II,~~~~) Water J7apour (mole of M,O/rnole of fuel) A Oxygen (mole of O,,/mole of fuel) :Mb,=- 0.208 ( a - 1)L; Nitrogen (mole of R:,:mole of fuel) M k , = 0.792aLi + N, where N, is the amount of nitrogen in the fuel, mole The total amount of complete... combustion of a mass or a volume unit of fuel requires a certain amount of air termed as the theoretical ai?'requirement and is determined by the ultimate composition of fuel For liquid fuels where 1, is the t,heoretical air requirement in kg needed for the combustion of 1 kg of fuel, kg of aidkg of fuel; Lo is the theoretical air requirement in kmoles required for the combustion of 1 kg of fuel, kmole of. .. combust,ion of gaseous fuel (mole of com.primole of fuel) is When fuel combustion is incomplete (a< 1)the combustion~products represent a mixture of carbon monoxide CO, carbon dioxide COT, water vapour 1-I,O, free hydrogen H, and nitrogen N, The amount of individual components of incomplete combustion of a liquid fuel is as follows: Carbon dioxide (kmole of CO,/kg of fuel) ) Carbon monoxide (kmole of CO/kg of. .. air!kg of fuel; 0.23 is the oxygen content by mass in 1 kg of air; 0.208 is the oxygen content by volume in 1 kmole of air In that = ~ a L o 13 CH 1 FUEL AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS where pa = 28.96 kg/kmole which is the mass of 1 kmole of air For gaseous fuels where Li is the theoretical air requirement in moles or m3 required for the combustion of 1 mole or 1 m3 of fuel (mole of aidmole of fuel or m3 of air/m3... chamhers and f i l ~ n carburation Swirl-chamber diesel engines Prechamber diesel engines Supercharged diesel engines In supercharged engines, during the cylinder scavenging, use is made of a summary excess air factor a,=rpsCawhere cp,, = 1.0-1.25 is a scavenging coefficient of four-stroke engines Reduction of a is one of the ways of boosting the engine For a specified engine output a decrease... approximate values of the lower heat of combusticon %orthe automotive fuels are given below: 44.0 MJ/kg Gasoline Fuel 8, , Diesel fuel 42.5 MJ/kg Natural gas Propane 35.0 MJ/m3 85.5 hIJ/ms Butane 112.0 M J / d In order to obtain a more complete evaluation of the heating value of a fuel, use should be made not only of the heat of combustion of the fuel itself, but also the heat of combustion of fuel-air... advisable to refer the heat of combustion of a fuel t o the total amount of working mixture (MJlkmole of w.m.): Ata>I + 2.1 i FUEL AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS ~rom Eqs (1.27) and (1.28) i t follows that the heat of combustion of a working mixture varies in proportion to the change in the heat of a combustible mixture When the excess air factors of Fig 1.6 Heat of combustion of working mixture versus the... consisting: (1) of biatomic gases (air, k = 1.4); (2) of a mixture of biatomic and triatomic gases (combustion products, k = 1.3); (3) of a mixture of air and combustion products (k = 1.35) In addition, the value of the mean pressure of the cycle is dependant upon the initial pressure pa and pressure increase h With unsupercharged engines the atmospheric pressure is a top limit of the of initial pressure . 'crink'pins and Journals 13.3. Design of Journals and Crankpins 13.4. Design of Crankwebs . 13.5. Design of In-Line Engine ~ra'nkihah 13.6. Design of 1 Type Engine Crankshaft. combustion of 1 kg of fuel, kg of aidkg of fuel; Lo is the theoretical air requirement in kmoles required for the combustion of 1 kg of fuel, kmole of air!kg of fuel;. evaluation of the heating value of a fuel, use should be made not only of the heat of combustion of the fuel itself, but also the heat of combustion of fuel-air mixtures. The ratio of the