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Economic and social development towards a sustainable direction in Van Lam Embroidery village (Ninh Hai, Hoa Lu, Ninh Binh)
VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES - DO THI HONG THU ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE DIRECTION IN VAN LAM EMBROIDERY VILLAGE (NINH HAI, HOA LU, NINH BINH) Major: Vietnamese Studies Code: 60 31 60 MASTER’S THESIS ABSTRACT Hanoi - 2011 INDEX ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Error! Bookmark not defined COMMITMENT Error! Bookmark not defined INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: SEVERAL BASIC QUESTIONS OF REASONING AND METHODOLOGY OF VAN LAM TRADE VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT 1.1 History of the question study 1.2 Concept and features of traditional trade villages 10 1.2.1 Concept of traditional trade village 10 1.2.2 Classification 10 1.2.2.1 Trade villages 10 1.2.2.2 Traditional trade villages 10 1.2.3 Features of traditional trade villages 10 1.2.4 Role of trade villages in economic and social development 11 1.2.5 Sustainable developing trade villages 12 1.3 Factors influencing the formation and development of trade villages 12 1.3.1 Geographical position 12 1.3.2 Demands of the consumers and economic pressure 13 1.3.3 Professional skill level of the artisans and qualified workers; traditional techniques and long-standing experience of trade villages 13 1.3.4 Regulations of trade villages and the government’s policies 13 1.4 Study viewpoints and methods 14 1.4.1 Study viewpoints 14 1.4.2 Study methods 14 Chapter 2: REAL SITUATION OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF VAN LAM EMBROIDERY TRADE VILLAGE (NINH HAI – HOA LU – NINH BINH) 14 2.1 Geographical position and natural condition 14 2.2 Shaping and developing process of the embroidery trade in Van Lam trade 15 2.2.1 History of the embroidery in Vietnam 15 2.2.2 Forming and developing process of Van Lam embroidery village16 2.3 Real situation of economic development 16 2.3.1 Situation of development and number of embroidery businesses 18 2.3.2 Scale and level of growth of the trade village 18 2.3.3 Economic structure 18 2.4 Real situation of social development in the trade village 19 2.4.1 Population and workers 19 2.4.2 Families and lines 20 2.4.3 Relics and landscapes 20 2.4.4 Festival 20 2.4.5 Infrastructures 20 Chapter 3: ORIENTATION AND SOLUTIONS FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY IN VAN LAM EMBROIDERY VILLAGE 21 3.1 Assessing the real situation of development of Van Lam trade village from the sustainable viewpoint 21 3.1.1 Economic effect 21 3.1.3 Environmental meanings 24 3.1.4 Difficulties and challenges in the development of the trade village 24 3.2 Orientation of sustainable development of Van Lam embroidery village (Ninh Hai commune, Hoa Lu district, Ninh Binh province) 24 3.3 Some solutions contributing to sustainably develop Van Lam embroidery 25 3.3.1 Production materials and renovating product designs 25 3.3.2 Consuming markets 25 3.3.3 Investment 25 3.3.4 Land and production premises 26 3.3.5 Developing human resources 26 3.3.6 Protecting trade village environment 26 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS……………………… REFERENCES Error! Bookmark not defined INTRODUCTION Rationale Developing trade villages not only transfers the rural economy, contributes to the increase of trade industry density, and reduces the proportion of agriculture, but also conserves national cultural and historical values Developing economy and society in a sustainable way in trade villages is a new direction and a major challenge for many trade villages in the process of industrialization, modernization, and market economy opening Although Van Lam village has a great advantage for trade and tourism development, Van Lam embroidery village is now facing many challenges Therefore, its socio - economic development should be in a sustainable and long-term direction Although Van Lam embroidery products have been present in many countries around the world, in general the development of Van Lam embroidery village still has many limitations The embroidery bases are small and in unprompted development without coordination and combination The work of trademark registration and product quality improvement is still limited, not well exploiting tourism potential of trade villages The market for product consumption is not stable On the other hand, at present and in the coming years, the area of commune’s farmland has declined rapidly The number of people without frequent employment is increasing, putting a greater pressure on labor and job Therefore, in the future, the development of embroidery villages aims to promote the advantages and potentials of a local traditional handicraft Since then, trade villages will be promoted in a sustainable and long-term way, contributing to the transfer of local economy This is an essential requirement and a concern of all levels and sectors in the province Learning about the traditional embroidery in Van Lam not only sees the rise and fall development of the village, but also contributes to promote local tourism in order to popularize its trade name and preserve a traditional village Hence, I chose the topic “Economic and social development towards a sustainable direction in Van Lam embroidery village (Ninh Hai, Hoa Lu, Ninh Binh)” for my MA thesis with the instruction of Prof.Dr Truong Quang Hai I hope that the findings of Van Lam embroidery village will help me learn more about the villages of Vietnam, and the role of trade villages in the country industrialization and modernization process Goals and meanings Through studying the economic and social development of Van Lam embroidery village, we wish to generally assess the natural and social conditions of Van Lam trade industry; real situation of the trade village (products, consuming market, price, labor force, material source, local policy on this trade village, and the impact of trade village development on people’s life) From then, we will propose solutions to deal with the social and economic development of Van Lam trade village in a sustainable way In my thesis, I use the method of area studies to research a trade village of traditional embroidery, connecting its development with tourism activities, and building and developing a tourism form of trade village in Ninh Binh Sources of materials It can be said that the materials play a very important role in the research work Especially, when doing research on Vietnamese village community, the materials are profound The materials may be in written form, or handed down from generation to generation They would be photos, epitaph, or genealogy However, no matter what the materials are, they should be verified and compared, especially with the unwritten form With Van Lam embroidery village, the materials of the village are not much They mainly exist in unwritten form, theogony, and legends Hence, we have to select and verify collected information, then comparing with written materials, epitaph, and family genealogy to make accurate and scientific conclusions with specific, clear and coherent quotations In addition, we cannot disclaim the value of written materials that agencies and individuals have done thorough researches of Van Lam embroidery trade village such as: Ninh Binh general monograph (2001), Names of villages and communes in provinces in the North of Vietnam (1999); Ancient capitals of Vietnam in the past and at present; Ninh Binh celebrities (2000); Names of villages and communes in Vietnam at the 19th century (1981); Countryside inspiration; Vietnam traditional crafts and their trade ancestors (2000), and Ninh Binh monograph (2010) Materials archived in the one National Archive Center, libraries of Ninh Binh province and Hoa Lu district, and works focusing on trade villages were inherited We consider them the suggesting perspectives and orientations in my study Study subject, scale, and methodology Van Lam embroidery village is selected to be my case studies However, I did not focus on any specific field but the exploitation of the economic and social factors that make up the look of a Vietnamese traditional village and an age-old handicraft village Therefore, the study subject of the thesis is the Van Lam village space (in Ninh Hai commune, Hoa Lu district, Ninh Binh province) with its compositions such as landscape; natural environment; economic, cultural, and religious activities; and festivals They are the factors making the appearance of Van Lam village from traditional to modern time in the continuous development of the national and local history When doing research and learning about Van Lam embroidery village, we apply the interdisciplinary approach and the combination of history, sociology, cultural education, and economics At the same time, we use a number of methods such as document analytical and comparative methods, statistical method, sociological survey method, observation method, and analysis synthesis method Structure of thesis In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, and Appendix, the thesis content is divided into three chapters: Chapter 1: Several basic questions of reasoning and methodology of trade village development Chapter 2: Real situation of economic and social development of Van Lam embroidery trade village Chapter 3: Orientations and solutions of sustainable economic and social development in Van Lam embroidery trade village CHAPTER 1: SEVERAL BASIC QUESTIONS OF REASONING AND METHODOLOGY OF VAN LAM TRADE VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT 1.1 History of the question study Studies of Vietnamese village community have been conducted for hundreds of years, concentrating in books to record the location, land, climate, natural resources, habits, customs, religious beliefs, culture, and history They include Geography written by Nguyen Trai (15th century), Gia Dinh general chronicle by Trinh Hoai Duc, and Nghe An book of Bui Duong Lich Then, in 17th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese village communities had been outlined through a set of travel stories of Western traders such as Description of Kingdom of people from North Vietnam (S Baron), History of people from North Vietnam (Richard A.), and A travel to the North Vietnam in 1688 (W Dampier) Although each foreign scholars had different perspectives on the Vietnamese village communities, they all had a common study goal of serving the invasion, domination, and exploitation of the French in Vietnam After the first World War, studies of the Vietnamese villages were conducted more widely In addition to foreign scholars who were interested in finding out about the Vietnamese, a number of domestic scholars also learnt about and explained customs and habits of Vietnamese rural areas Their books included Vietnamese customs of Phan Ke Binh and Village problem of Ngo Tat To The most remarkable book of this period was Farmers of the Tonkin delta published in 1936 by Pierre Gourou This was a sophisticated research projects, accessing many different aspects of the Red River Delta and considering Vietnamese villages in a comprehensive structure from material to spiritual life After the August Revolution in 1945, although the country still faced many fierce difficulties and hardships, studies of the village communities were still being implemented with small number In this period, we could mention the books Rural areas in Vietnam by Nguyen Hong Phong The author approach was in ethnological point of view and referred to the many basic issues of Vietnamese rural areas, such as: feudalism and public land, land ownership in rural Vietnam under French colonial regime, patriarchal family structure, structure of rank and village community management, and spirit of rural communities From the revolutionary practical situation, historical requirement, and land reform work, the book Peasantry of Qua Ninh and Van Dinh was collected and republished in 1959 The book mentioned problems of the farmers such as land of the tillers, their role in the revolution, and their life under the colonial mechanism By the late 1960s, Toan Anh released his book Old way including six volumes: Festivities (upper and lower volume), Vietnam religion (upper and lower volume), People of Vietnam, and Vietnam villages This book introduced in details about habits, customs as well as structure of traditional villages in Vietnam After the country became united and peaceful, to serve the reconstruction, and building the country, the question of Vietnamese rural communities still attracted attention, learning, and research of many scholars In 1977 and 1978, the Institute of History published the book Rural Vietnam in history with two volumes With 21 papers, first volume focused primarily on village economy, regime of land ownership, industry, commerce, and the role of villages in the struggle to defend and liberate the country Twenty six papers of the second volume focused on social and political institutions of the villages, village culture and ideology, assessed the village heritage before the socialist revolution, and introduced the world’s communes and Bao Lac mountainous villages In the form of gathering research papers of famous scholars such as Vu Huy Phuc, Nguyen Dong Chi, Vu Khieu, Dang Nghiem Van, Ngo Duc Thinh, Truong Huu Quynh, and Phan Huu Dat, villages and communes were studied in many sociological, psychological, and historical views In order to unravel the ancient sites in historical record in a systematical, detailed, and sufficient way, in 1981, the Institute of Chinese literature and demotic script published the book Names of Vietnamese villages and communes in the beginning of 19th century from Nghe Tinh province to the North Also studying of village communities, the book Names of villages and geography of the Northern provinces in Vietnam of Ngo Vi Lien consisted of two parts The first was listed by names of the Northern villages with the of districts, mountain districts, and provinces The second part was considered a Northern geographic dictionary transcribing phonetically geographical names into Han scripts It introduced the population of villages, communes, and provinces according to the 1927 census It was also accompanied by written descriptions of specific villages, so that the readers could know immediately the districts and provinces that those communes belong to, as well as their political and administrative features The book is a handy reference for the extraction and lookup of the readers as well as researchers of the villages in Vietnam In 1984, Tran Tu, an ethnologist with his book The organizational structure of Vietnamese traditional villages in the North, profoundly presented the organizational aspects of the Vietnamese village such as gathering in hamlet, blood line, age, machinery of government, side, association, and group Among those the explain of “12-year cycle age” in traditional society is considered a major contribution In the general studies of Vietnamese village communities, it is worth to mention the name of Prof Phan Dai Doan with the book Vietnamese village communities several economic, cultural, and social issues The book focuses on analyzing key issues from the past to present, and from economic to cultural and social structure of villages in Vietnam It pointed out clearly that land ownership and economic household is very important in the strategy to develop the villages into a model of socialism-oriented market economy, ensuring a harmonious combination between modern civilizations with traditional cultural villages Although just aiming at the villages in the North and northern Central Vietnam, the book is an useful referential material for researchers and policy makers in Vietnamese agriculture, farming, and rural areas In 1994, the book The experience to manage organizations of Vietnamese rural areas in history co-written by Prof Phan Dai Doan and Prof Nguyen Quang Ngoc mentioned issues of reasoning and reality of the rural management experience in history on aspects of administration, civil institution, and village institution At the same time, it provides researching material source of rural political and social institutions up to now Village culture is one of the content attracting the attention of many scholars Prof Phan Dai Doan has always concerned about the villages His book Several problems of Vietnamese village culture in history about village culture, family culture, convention, and human behavior towards the nature partly contributes to the conservation of village culture The book Vietnamese village is pluralist and tight is a collection of valuable researching paper on Vietnamese villages of Prof Phan Dai Doan They include Prof Nguyen Quang Ngoc’s historical PhD thesis of Some business villages in the northern delta in the 18th and 19th century It presents the socio-economic context of Vietnam in the 18th and 19th century and the appearance of business villages in the northern delta such as Da Nguu, Bao Dap, Phu Luu, and Dan Loan; at the same time pointing out their characteristics In addition, there is a book named A Vietnamese traditional village in the northern Plains: Understanding the economic-social structure of Dr Nguyen Hai Ke The book is about Duc Tu village (Dong Anh district, Hanoi) basing on materials of land register, convention, and family register It presents questions of population, land, public and private field, family, family line, ancestor worship, as well as managing social organizations in the economic and social structure of traditional villages of the northern plains The culture of wet rice cultivation has permeated deep into the unconsciousness of each Vietnamese people The agricultural culture with the core of village culture dominated all activities from production to people’s daily life Therefore, since the renovation time, the question of village community has been more interested, particularly the role of village economy in the country’s development process Hence, the number of studies of village community is more and more increasing However, they focus mainly on the study of traditional trade villages that show the national cultural cream The book Talented hands of our ancestors published in 1990 by Prof Phan Dai Doan and Prof Nguyen Quang Ngoc mentioned the traditional excellent crafts once representing the country’s civilizations, national proud, and the talent creation of our ancestors However, they also clearly pointed out the contribution of these crafts in the economy in the past, at present, and in the future This book becomes a referential material for those interested in research on traditional craft villages and their trade ancestors In 1995, the book Bat Trang traditional ceramic village with the chief authors of Prof Nguyen Trung Que, Dang Dinh Tuc, and Do Hong Tuyen brought out a full review of the real economic - social situation of Bat Trang ceramic village The book also gave developing directions in accordance with the Party and State guideline on the country modernization and industrialization Another book, Vietnamese traditional crafts and their trade ancestors of Dr Do Thi Hao published in 2000 presented the appearance of traditional crafts and their trade ancestors in the mind of the artisan To point out that the culture of trade villages is the integration of all habits and customs, village life, community unity, professional cream, and talented artisans, preserving for future generations, the book Traditional Craft Villages in Vietnam written by MA Bui Van Vuong was published in 2002 The work clearly showed the role of Vietnamese traditional craft villages in the country civilization and culture history, as well as the need to conserve and develop typical traditional crafts with economic values They include Bat Trang ceramic village, Chau Khe gold and silver carving village, Dong Xam silver carving village, Kieu Ky thin gold leaf making village, Quat Dong embroidery village, Van Lam embroidery village, and Dong Ho block print paintings village In 2003, the book The development of traditional trade villages in the industrialization and modernization process of Prof Dr Hoang Ngoc Hoa and Prof Dr Vu Van Phuc focused on clarifying what traditional trade villages are and their role in the economic and social development over times At the same time, basing on the analysis and assessment of potential and real developing situation of traditional trade villages in innovating years, the authors pointed out the direction and proposed solutions to develop traditional craft villages In the book Traditional villages in the process of industrialization and modernization, author Tran Minh Yen (2004) basing on the basic study of some basic theoretical issues of traditional villages, analyze and assess the real situation as well as moving trends of traditional trade villages in rural areas Then, the author brings out his/her oriented views and solutions to develop traditional trade villages in rural areas This aims to accelerate the industrialization and modernization process up to 2010, especially until 2005 However, the limitation of these two books is focusing too widely on theoretical research, not analyzing any particular case to clarify the issue Van Lam embroidery village has been mentioned in the books of traditional crafts such as Traditional handicraft villages in Vietnam (Bui Van Vuong); Countryside inspiration (La Dang Bat), and Ninh Binh monograph (Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences) However, these books have just mentioned an overview of Van Lam embroidery without any systematic study 1.2 Concept and features of traditional trade villages 1.2.1 Concept of traditional trade village The concept of traditional trade villages in our country is still understood that most of the people of those villages involve in traditional jobs or a few lines specialize in some hereditary jobs Nevertheless, the jobs are not transmitted in a copy and imitated way; they are improved with creativity and bear the age echo to make their products have unique features that are different from the products of others, villages, and regions 1.2.2 Classification * Trade villages + By the number of trades: villages of a trade and villages of many trades + By nature of trades: Traditional trade villages and New trade villages * Traditional trade villages Basing on traditional trade groups, it can be divided into four types of traditional trade villages that are corresponding to four traditional trade groups, namely: - Traditional trade villages specializing in producing handmade artistic items Traditional trade villages specializing in producing goods for production and daily life - Traditional trade villages specializing in producing goods for ordinary consumption - Traditional trade villages specializing in processing foods 1.2.3 Features of traditional trade villages Features of techniques, technologies, and products Traditional handicraft technique and family secret Modern sciences and technologies develop and contribute to the technical innovation and products’ quality improvement in some certain production phases, traditional technologies are still at top priorities making the tradition of the products Traditional handicrafts are products of economic activity with high artistry, combining material culture and spiritual culture and often bearing single nature Handicraft products are made by each individual; hence, they cannot be mass-produced This makes the products have their own nuances and attraction; thus, traditional products are often expensive with not many modern models 10 The feudal state also had talent-encouraged policies for skilled workers who created sophisticated products and grandiose art works and architectures such as nominating “Unusual talent marquis”, “Academic Royal proclaimed”, and “Hundred houses of the nine grades of mandarin system” Especially, in the 5th conference of the Party Central Committee in VII session (1993), the resolution of economic, cultural, social, and technological development of the country emphasized on “Developing traditional industries and villages, and new industries including home craft industry; industries of manufacturing consumer goods and exported products; industries of exploiting and processing non-agricultural raw materials, types of production services; and people’s living standards” Once again this policy was emphasized in the orientation and tasks of the 5-year economic developing plan phase 2001-2005: “Expanding trade villages and developing industrial and handicraft units that produce fine art items; bringing preliminary treating and processing industry to rural areas; developing service sector supplying materials and techniques; exchanging agricultural products in rural areas; and rapidly increasing employment in the non-agricultural sector” 1.4 Study viewpoints and methods 1.4.1 Study viewpoints - Viewpoint of village system: Van Lam embroidery village is considered a part of a system of Vietnamese trade villages - Viewpoint of sustainable development: Developing trade villages in a sustainable direction is to protect natural resources and environment, and enhance the conservation and promotion of local cultural value It enriches the national culture, particularly ensuring the sustainable economic and social development with great efficiency Sustainable development is the harmonious combination of current needs and future demands in term of production and consumption fields in order to achieve a balance among economic, social, and environmental factors 1.4.2 Study methods - Method to collect, analyze, and synthesize materials - Sociological survey method - Method of field research and field trip - Interdisciplinary method Chapter 2: REAL SITUATION OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF VAN LAM EMBROIDERY TRADE VILLAGE (NINH HAI – HOA LU – NINH BINH) 2.1 Geographical position and natural condition Ninh Hai commune in Hoa Lu district, Ninh Binh province has a total natural area of 945.56 that are divided into five villages including: Van Lam, Khe Ngoai, Khe Trong, 14 Coi Khe, and Hai Nham The Van Lam village is also known as O Lam (meaning crow forest); it is a small village located close to the endlessly extended limestone mountains with the embroidery industry known throughout the country Van Lam is a village of Ninh Hai commune in Hoa Lu district, Ninh Binh province Natural conditions Ninh Hai commune terrain is divided into two distinct areas: the limestone areas in the west and southwest, and the plains in the west and southwest They are slopes down from the northwest to southeast Soil: Ninh Hai commune has three main groups of soil + Groups of alluvial soil: They are formed by the deposition of Day, Hoang Long, and Vac rivers + Groups of gleysols: The planting soil is thick with low terrain and is always submerged + Groups of gray soil: The thickness of soil is from 50cm to 100cm Hydrology: The network of rivers in Van Lam is dense Two major rivers are Thien Duong in the south and Cai in the west They are perpendicular to each other at the Suoc port that formerly was the main transport clue of the village In addition to these two rivers, there are Cai and Ngo Dong rivers flowing slanted towards the southeast direction Ngo Dong river water flows into the Cai river, then to Thien Duong and Vac rivers, and into the sea Thus, these rivers play an important role in draining water in the flooded season Climate: Van Lam is a village in the Red River Delta; hence, it also bears a general feature of this sub-regional climate area Organism resources: Van Lam is also a gathering place of many species of rich biological resources In the past, there were many wild animals living in Van Lam forests and mountains such as tigers, leopards, monkeys, gibbons, chamois, and valuable birds (peafowl, parrots, hill minas, and cochins), and reptiles (pythons, snakes, varans, and tortoises) Beautiful and famous landscapes: The natural rocky mountain system in Van Lam village is not only a source of precious construction materials but also a range of natural landscapes that cannot compare with any place It has many overlapping mountains In large mountains, there are many famous natural caves attracting thousands of visitors every year such as Cua Quan, Van, and Vo mountains, Tam Coc, Thien, and Mua caves Among them, the most famous is Tam Coc (with three caves: Ca, Hai, and Ba) 2.2 Shaping and developing process of the embroidery trade in Van Lam trade 2.2.1 History of the embroidery in Vietnam 15 In Vietnam, embroidery is long-standing traditional trade The embroidery was born very early in our country in the same time with the silk weaving industry In addition, the fact that Le Cong Hanh was considered as the ancestor embroidery probably because he had introduced some techniques from foreign countries and innovated and developed our traditional embroidery industry 2.2.2 Forming and developing process of Van Lam embroidery village In Van Lam, the embroidery is one of the famous traditional craft of Hoa Lu in particular and of Ninh Binh province in general This job appeared in Van Lam since the Tran Dynasty According to the elderly, when King Tran Thai Tong (Tran Canh) together with his court coming to Phi Tran Van Son to build the army bases struggling against the Mongol for the second time (1285), Mrs.Tran Thi Dung, mother-in-law of King Tran Thai Tong passed on the embroidery trade to Van Lam people in Ninh Hai During the time that the Tran stayed in this land, the embroidery had a significant development Many people and families worked in embroidery industry The lace making industry appeared later about 100 years ago It was imported from France However, at the end of the war against the Nguyen - Mong invasion, the Tran dynasty went back to Thang Long – Hanoi; the embroidery with lace has also gradually declined In the French domination time, Van Lam embroidered products were sold across the country and in France also Many “foreign” hotels in Hanoi used Van Lam embroideredwith-laces products for all of their cloth items 2.3 Real situation of economic development 2.3.1 Situation of development and number of embroidery businesses in Van Lam village According to records of the Van Lam trade village Association (Ninh Hai commune), the most prosperous period of the embroidery in Ninh Hai is the 1970s and 1980s With the old economic model, the scale of embroidery in Van Lam village was only at levels of households, cooperatives or small producers The production and consumption of products was not systematical Even when the first handicraft cooperative was founded to out work for state-run enterprises, embroidery households as members of cooperatives also enjoyed cooperative mark for work and made products with models given by the management board with low-price regulation However, with the orientation of developing an economy with more components under the market mechanism, business policies of the Party and State, the appearance of the enterprise Law, especially with the 04 resolution of the Provincial Standing Committee to strengthen the embroidery phase 2006 – 2010, a clear mechanism has created for the appearance and development of embroidery businesses 16 When the handicraft cooperative was dissolved, Van Lam embroidery began to have a flourishes step 17 Table 2.1: Number of embroidery businesses from 1993 to 2010 (Upto 30 December 2010) Year Businesses 1993 01 2000 03 2001 05 2003 06 2005 08 2007 09 Source: Statistics Department of Ninh Hai commune, 2010 2.3.2 Scale and level of growth of the trade village According to the survey results, there are only small and medium businesses in Van Lam now Namely, four medium-sized enterprises have a number of regular employees working from 20 to 100 with its average annual turnover from over 2.5 billion per year Other five small businesses have less than 20 regular workers with the average revenue below 2.5 billion per year Table 2.2: Quy mô doanh nghiệp thêu ren năm 2009 Norm Number of Number businesses of regular Avarage income/ employees/businesses business/year (person/business) (VND billion/year) 20 - 100 2,5 - 15 Small scale ≤ 20 ≤ 2,5 Total - - Medium scale Source: Synthetized from the survey information, 2010 2.3.3 Economic structure According to the survey results, the economic structure is more diverse with change in increasing the proportion of small-scale industries and reducing agricultural density The average increase of total production value is 9.89% 18 Table 2.3: Economic situation from 2007 to 2009 2007 2008 Norm Unit Quantity Rate Quantity (%) 52052,56 100.00 56200,02 Production VND million value VND 8399,08 16.13 8435,63 Agriculture million Home VND 24584,42 47.23 27043,45 crafts million Commerce VND 19069,06 36.64 20720,94 and services million 2009 Rate (%) 100.00 Quantity 62857,14 Rate (%) 100.00 16.01 8693,14 13.83 48.12 31126,86 49.52 35.87 23037,14 36.65 Source: Statistic Board of Ninh Hai commune, 2010 2.4 Real situation of social development in the trade village 2.4.1 Population and workers The outstanding feature of labor here is that the rate of women working in embroidery enterprises is disproportionately high It is because of the characteristics of the embroidery work that requires the gentleness and meticulosity, which is very suitable with women’s skillful hands and industriousness Table 2.4: Population and labor situation of the commune from 2007 to 2009 2007 2008 2009 I Population Person Structur Structur Structure Quantity Quantity e Quantity e (%) (%) (%) 5896 100,00 5998 100,00 6283 100,00 Women 3079 Norm Unit Person 52,22 3123 52,07 3186 50,71 II Household Household 1751 100,00 1782 100,00 1812 100 Agriculture Household 665 37,98 647 36,30 651 34,49 Home craft Household 770 43,97 765 42,93 752 41,50 Trade - Household 316 Tourism III Worker Worker 3468 18,05 370 20,76 409 24,00 100,00 3528 100,00 3632 100,00 Agriculture Worker 1214 35,00 1172 33,22 1179 31,32 Home craft Worker 1734 50,00 1702 48,24 1737 45,57 Trade Tourism 520 15,00 654 18,54 716 23,11 - Worker Source: Statistics Board of Ninh Hai commune,2010 19 2.4.2 Families and lines Van Lam is the biggest village in Hoa Lu district, Ninh Hai commune, Ninh Binh province with 1,091 households (2010) In the village, there are many lines such as Dinh, Le, Nguyen, Pham, Trinh, Do, Vu, and Chu Vu, Chu, and Dinh lines are considered the biggest ones in the village These lines deserve credit for preserving and developing the embroidery Mr.Chu Van Luong is one of the typical artisans of Van Lam who always concerns about keeping and transmitting traditional embroidery skills for the future generations 2.4.3 Relics and landscapes Thai Vi temple According to a Thai Vi book written the 5th Canh Tri year (1667) in the King Le Huyen Tong reign (1663-1671) that was copied in the 3rd Bao Dai year (1928) in the Tran gem genealogy, after the first resistance against Nguyen - Mongolian (1258), King Tran Thai Tong was 40 years old He abdicated the throne to his son, Hoang crown prince He then came to Vu Lam mountainous area to lead a religious life and built the royal step-over place The ancient Vu Lam mountain area is now Van Lam village in Ninh Hai commune, Hoa Lu district, Ninh Binh province In Van Lam village, King Tran Thai Tong built a small temple at the foot of the eastern mountain near the Ngo Dong River; it was inside Ca cave After seeing that this land was muddy and narrow, the King moved the small temple to Vu Lam cavern He built a new small temple named Thai Vi to worship the Buddha and Tam Thanh God Then, he moved to the place where the Thai Vi temple locates now The stone engraved inscription in the 11th Vinh Thinh year (1715) to praise the beauty of the temple Tam Coc landscape Tam Coc is in Van Lam village, Ninh Hai commune, Hoa Lu district, Ninh Binh province Tam Coc means three caves: Ca, Hai, and Ba In addition, Tam Coc is also known as Xuyen Thuy Dong 2.4.4 Festival Thai Vi Temple Festival is held annually from 14th to 16th of the third lunar month in Van Lam village This is the occasion for Ninh Binh people and people of the entire country to commemorate the credit of three Tran kings: Tran Thai Tong, Tran Thanh Tong, and Tran Nhan Tong Especially, people here profoundly honor King Tran Thai Tong came here to build village and revolutionary base to combat the Nguyen – Mong enemy for the second time in 1285 2.4.5 Infrastructures It can be said that the infrastructures here are rather well invested and focused, partly meeting people’s demand and improving their life quality 20 Chapter 3: ORIENTATION AND SOLUTIONS FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY IN VAN LAM EMBROIDERY VILLAGE 3.1 Assessing the real situation of development of Van Lam trade village from the sustainable viewpoint 3.1.1 Economic effect Exporting value The traditional embroidery focused to develop in Van Lam has contributed to increase the export value and make a local dynamic economy Table 3.1: Exporting value of embroidery businesses in 2007-2009 Unit:VND billion Medium scale Small scale Quantity Rate (%) Quantity Rate (%) 19.07 17.00 89.14 2.07 10.86 2008 14.35 12.60 87.80 1.75 12.20 2009 16.95 14.95 88.20 2.30 11.80 Year Total 2007 Source: Synthetizing from surveyed materials, 2010 Economic structure transfer Especially, since the appearance of embroidery businesses, the economy inclined to agriculture seemed to lose and was replaced by an economy developing at a high scientific level The economic structure gradually shifted towards industrialized and modernized direction; agricultural proportion declined while that of small industries and services increased This was shown clearly in the economic structure of Ninh Hai commune from 2005 to 2010 as following: 50 45 40 35 30 % 25 20 15 10 2005 2007 Năm Nông - lâm- ngư nghiệp 2009 TTCN TM - DV Graph 3.1: Ninh Hai commune’s economic structure in 2005 - 2010 Source: Summarizing report in 2005 – 2010 of Ninh Hai commune, 2010 21 Income of local workers and peoples in neighbouring areas When the embroidery was developed again, especially the appearance of embroidery enterprises in Van Lam attracted Van Lam labor force and they rejoined their ancestor’s traditional trade Working in embroideries businesses or doing embroidery outwork for enterprises was also creating more jobs and incomes for the people here On the other hand, as embroidery businesses located in Van Lam village in Ninh Hai commune area, people worked closely to their home This helped them save money on traveling and meals They even could still their housework, involve in agricultural work, and take care of their children They could earn money even it was rainy or sunny to improve the quality of their family life Table 3.2: Comparing income of embroiders and farmers Unit: VND thousand/person/per month Norm Embroiderers Farmers Comparison (times) Avarage salary 1,200 - Avarage income 1,515 675 2.24 Source: Synthetizing from surveyed materials, 2010 For the social budget Especially, the appearance of embroidery businesses changes the village face, contributing to develop the infrastructure and raise the commune’s budget Annually, on the occasion of the trade forefather’s anniversary, village businesses hold a thurifying ceremoney to inform their achievements in the year; at the same time contributing to the budget of the commune and the executive committe of the village The form is contributing money and objects have been still not contributed Table 3.3: Contributions to the Ninh Hai commune’s budget of embroidery businesses from 2007 to 2009 Unit: VND million Medium scale Small scale Quantity Rate (%) Quantity Rate (%) 26 15 53.57 11 46.43 2008 32.5 20 61.54 12.5 38.46 2009 32.5 20 61.54 12.5 38.46 Year Total 2007 Source: Statistics board of Ninh Hai commune, 2010 3.1.2 Social values Creating employment for workers 22 The development of traditional embroidery in Van Lam attracts not only workers of Van Lam village but also people in surrounding areas This helps to create jobs, inrcrease income, and deal with the employment and earning problems The embroidery work does not require qualified level; people just need to have skill and industriousness Most of workers in Van Lam are descended from traditional embroidery families Hence, this is a great advantage for developing this trade Especiall the apperance of embroidery businesses in the locality contributes much to give employment to the local people Table 3.4: Result of job creation of embroidery businesses in 2009 General Norm Unit Quantity Medium scale Rate Quantity (%) Rate Small scale Quantity (%) Rate (%) 247 100 182 73.68 65 26.32 People 180 72.87 127 70.05 53 29.95 + Female People workers 135 75.00 92 68.15 43 31.85 + Workers benefiting social People 21 11.67 16 76.19 23.81 4.44 75.00 25.00 + Workers with difficult People situation 36 20.00 19 52.78 17 47,22 - Workers of People outside areas 67 37.23 45 67.16 22 32.84 Seasonal People workers 816 100.00 583 71.45 233 28.55 2,505 100 1,780 71.06 725 28.94 1,995 79.64 1,405 78.93 590 81.38 510 20.36 375 21.07 135 18.62 Regular workers - Local workers People policies + Disable and lonesome People workers Households Househol doing outwork d + Other places + Ninh commune Househol d Hai Househol d Source: Synthesizing from surveyed materials, 2010 23 Preserving and developing traditional industry Van Lam Village is one of the cradles of the traditional embroidery that is famous throughout the country Although experiencing historical ups and downs, the embroidery here has never faded Van Lam embroidery workers still preserve and hand down the trade from generation to generation 3.1.3 Environmental meanings First, the sewage disposal in the village has not been paid attention properly Second, the system of dustbins around Van Lam wharf is still not enough; hence, the visitors throw garbage everywhere, making the environment and water supply polluted Third, Van Lam village mobilized people to build a fresh water point to meet the demand on fresh water use of the commune people, and restaurants and hotels locating in the locality However, to better protect the village environment, the government at various levels should enhance the educational propaganda work and build a structure to manage and protect the village environment 3.1.4 Difficulties and challenges in the development of the trade village First, it is the question of product design and quality Second, it is the capital problem to produce and consume products Another difficulty in Van Lam embroidery village is training the workers To expand the production, in addition to capital, the production premises is also a factor impulse the prosperity of the trade village 3.2 Orientation of sustainable development of Van Lam embroidery village (Ninh Hai commune, Hoa Lu district, Ninh Binh province) To develop Van Lam embroidery village in a sustainable way, first it is necessary to mobilize the local community to participate in building action plan and combine to implement that plan; supervising the implementation of standards to assess the sustainable development; combining sustainably developing goals with goals to develop the local economy and society; and considering the sustainable development a life-work of all people with the motto “People know, discuss, work, and check” Second, there should be care and creating good conditions from the local authority and government of various levels Third, setting up convention for the trade village, connecting tourism activities with the development process of Van Lam embroidery; actively to improve the environment to make it green, clean, and beautiful Fourth, closely combining between developing economy, society and protecting environment with ensuring national defense and social order and security to make the 24 developing process fairly meet the current generation’s need without creating barrier to the future generation’s life 3.3 Some solutions contributing to sustainably develop Van Lam embroidery 3.3.1 Production materials and renovating product designs Van Lam artisans should take the initiative in looking for new designs and cooperate with some painters to design the models In addition to innovate product designs to meet the consumers’ taste, the product quality is also one of factors enhancing the product value and competition To have products with good quality, the embroiderers and business owners often create new designs and organize competitions to enhance the professional skills of good embroiderers and artistic embroidery products 3.3.2 Consuming markets First, organizing showrooms and places to exhibit, introduce, and sell products at the production area to form a specific commodity area of the village Second, searching for markets suitable with the capacity to export products; bravely investing and looking for foreign markets; finding partners and orders to directly export products; and taking initiative in business plans Third, expanding the product consuming market by focusing on the product quality and quality management system Fourth, participating more actively in propagandizing and popularizing products at home and abroad; setting website with rich contents and images to introduce the trade village, embroidery businesses, as well as specific and new products to help the customers better catch the information Through website, the commercial transactions can be implemented quickly and exactly Fifth, re-building temple to worship the industry ancestor, building the tradition room of the village, village gate and market to popularize the trade village brand 3.3.3 Investment The shortage of capital for production as well as better machines and equipments, improving productivity and product quality, improving techniques, and increasing the competition capacity in the market has become leading difficulties for trade villages in general and Van Lam embroidery village in particular Hence, if well dealing with capital, it will create a driving force for the village’s strong development To this, the Party and state along with local governments should have clear policies to better the structure to fund prefential credit, simplify procedures to mortgage and borrow money to help embroidery businesses keeping their production and expanding consuming markets On the other hand, embroidery businesses need take the initiative to mobilize money by contributing unused money from families, effectively using capital, as well as borrowing 25 and connecting with each other to create capital, speed up the accumulating process, and reinvesting to expand business work to gain better results 3.3.4 Land and production premises In Van Lam village, there are nine businesses trading in embroidery, not including households doing outwork and working as “satellite” for other businesses Hence, to deal with these difficulties, the local government need to create good conditions for embroidery businesses such as spending land for businesses, reducing fees of using and changing land use purposes, and reducing inconveniences in renting land In addition, the local government needs to instruct procedures to hand over and rent land with a simpler way and shorten time to deal with these formalities Ineffectively used land should be taken back to give to embroidery businesses that need land for their production expansion 3.3.5 Developing human resources The state and governments of various levels should to enforce official rewarding regulations and having proper treatment policies for artisans A good policy for the artisans is not only a gift in term of both material and spirit for them, but also encourages the young generation to follow their example to preserve and promote the trade village traditions At the same time, it helps the artisans have good conditions to promote their talent and preserve the traditional trade for their children 3.3.6 Protecting trade village environment First, attaching special importance to the policy of sustainably developing trade villages Production and trading should pay attention to protecting the environment Second, programming the trade village space connecting with protecting the environment; limiting the extension and expansion of roads and constructing high-rise buildings in order to keep a production context and the tradition of the trade village Third, the trade village development should ensure the sustainability and harmony among aspects of economy, society, and environmental protection Fourth, improving the quality of human resources in trade villages by opening professional training courses; attaching special importance to the model of professional teaching together with consuming products; and increasing people’s awareness in protecting the environment while doing business CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Basing on the study goals and contents, the thesis “Economic and social development towards a sustainable direction in Van Lam embroidery village (Ninh Hai, Hoa Lu, Ninh Binh)” focused on dealing with the following basic questions: 26 First, from the concept of traditional trade village, we analyze the features of trade villages from two aspects: features of technique, technology, and products; and features of economy and society Second, it makes clear the role of traditional trade villages in economic and social development, especially contributing to impulse the transfer of rural economic structure to the industrialization and modernization direction Third, there are many factors influencing the formation and development of trade villages Fourth, it analyzes the factuality of economic and social development of Van Lam embroidery village to make clear positive changes in the village in term of economic growing scale, economic structure, and labor structure Fifth, basing on the analysis of economic and social development factuality, the thesis brings out orientations and solutions to develop in a sustainable way in Van Lam embroidery village Through the studying process, we propose some following recommendations: For the government of various levels, it is necessary to aware of the importance of developing the traditional embroidery in Van Lam village in the economic and social development; dealing with employment question to contribute to transfer the local economic structure The traditional embroidery should be considered a long-term strategy that helps the people “not involved in agriculture but still staying in their homeland” Actively combining with embroidery businesses in developing the local economy and society such as increasing the contribution level in the local renovation work, and innovating product designs and quality to make the customers trust in them, serving tourism activities Building concrete plans in combination with developing traditional trade village and trade village tourism In the short term, a market of the trade village should be built near the Van Lam wharf to introduce to the visitors embroidery products Improving some historical relics to create a beautiful landscape for the trade village environment such as mending Cac communal house, house of embroidery ancestor worship, and Thai Vi temple It is necessary to combine and cooperate with the Department of Culture, Sports, and Tourism of Ninh Binh province in order to propagandize and popularize the knowledge of protecting environment and building trade village convention For embroidery businesses, it is necessary to take full advantage of helps of all industries and levels However, they should take initiative to promote their own internal strength to be able stand firmly in the market 27 28 ... popularize its trade name and preserve a traditional village Hence, I chose the topic ? ?Economic and social development towards a sustainable direction in Van Lam embroidery village (Ninh Hai, Hoa. .. trade village 3.2 Orientation of sustainable development of Van Lam embroidery village (Ninh Hai commune, Hoa Lu district, Ninh Binh province) To develop Van Lam embroidery village in a sustainable. .. life and built the royal step-over place The ancient Vu Lam mountain area is now Van Lam village in Ninh Hai commune, Hoa Lu district, Ninh Binh province In Van Lam village, King Tran Thai Tong