I OPTICAL FIBER T E LE C 0 M M U N I CAT I 0 N S COMPONENTS OS OPTICAL FIBER TELECOMMUNICATIONS IVA COMPONENTS OPTICAL FIBER TELECOMMUNICATIONS IV A COMPONENTS Edited by IVAN P. KAMINOW Bell Laboratories (retired) Kaminow Lightwave Technology Holmdel, New Jersey TINGYE LI AT&T Labs (retired) Boulder, Colorado ACADEMIC PRESS An Elsevier Science Imprint San Diego San Francisco New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright @ 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book indicates the Publisher’s consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. 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Academic Press An Elsevier Science Imprint 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press Harcourt Place, 32 Jamestown Road, London NWl 7BY, UK http://www.academicpress.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2001098830 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-395172-0 PRINTED IN CHINA 02 03 04 05 06 07 RDC 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Florence and Edith. with love Contents Contributors xi Chapter 1 Overview Ivan P Kaminow 1 Chapter 2 Design of Optical Fibers for Communications Systems 17 David J. DiGiovanni, Santanu K. Das, Lee L. Blyler, W White, Raymond K. Boncek, and Steven E. Golowich Chapter 3 New Materials for Optical Amplifiers Adam Ellison and John Minelly Chapter 4 Advances in Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers Atul K. Srivastava and Yan Sun Chapter 5 Raman Amplification in Lightwave Communication Systems Karsten Rottwitt and Andrew J. Stentz Chapter 6 Electrooptic Modulators Amaresh Mahapatra and Edmond J. Murphy 80 174 213 258 vii [...]... as fibers, cables, and laser sources, are updated But a much larger list of topics covers fields not previously included In A , for example, transceiver design, EDFAs, laser sources, optical fiber components, planar (silica on silicon) integrated circuits, lithium niobate devices, and photonic switching are reviewed And in B , SONET (synchronous optical network) standards, fiber and cable design, fiber. .. was pursued by established telecommunications company labs (AT&T, NTT, and the British Post Office among them) By 1979, enough progress had been made in lightwave technology to warrant a book, Optical Fiber Telecommunications (OFT) edited by S E Miller and A G Chynoweth, summarizing the state of the art Two sequels have appeared: in 1988, OFTII, edited by S E Miller and I P Kaminow, and in 1997, OFT... and book B the system and system impairment chapters BOOK A: COMPONENTS Design of Optical Fibers for Communications Systems (Chapter 2) Optical fiber has been a key element in each of the previous volumes of OFT The present chapter by DiGiovanni, Boncek, Golowich, Das, Blyler, and White reflects a maturation of the field: fiber performance must now go beyond simple low attenuation and must exhibit critical... new low-cost fiber designs for emerging metropolitan and access markets Further down the network chain, the design of multimode glass and plastic fiber for the highly cost-sensitive local area network market are also explored Finally, current research on hollow core and photonic bandgap fiber structures is summarized New Materials for Optical Amplifiers (Chapter 3) In addition to transport, fiber plays... antimony silicates, and tellurite They also report on extended band erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), thulium-doped fiber amplifiers, and 980 nm ytterbium fiber lasers for pumping EDFAs Advances in Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (Chapter 4) The development of practical EDFAs has ushered in a generation of dense WDM (DWDM) optical networks These systems go beyond single frequency or even multifrequency... single-frequency and WDM systems The applications of main interest, however, are in optical signal processing, where SOAs are used in wavelength conversion, optical time division multiplexing, optical phase 10 Ivan P Kaminow conjugation, and all -optical regeneration The latter topic is covered in detail in the following chapter All -Optical Regeneration: Principles and WDM Implementation (Chapter 15) A basic... than in the previous volume The initial chapters of OFT 11 cover fibers, cables, and connectors, dealing with both single- and multimode fiber Topics include vapor-phase methods for fabricating low-loss fiber operating at 1310 and 1550 nm, understanding chromatic dispersion and nonlinear effects, and designing polarization-maintaining fiber Another large group of chapters deals with 1 Overview 3 a range... laser Finally, he compares various waveguide materials: silica, lithium niobate, semiconductor, and polymer Fiber Grating Devices in High-Performance Optical Communication Systems (Chapter 10) The fiber Bragg grating is ideally suited to lightwave systems because of the ease of integrating it into the fiber structure The technology for economically fabricating gratings has developed over a relatively short... have been published, this series has developed a special character, with a reputation for comprehensiveness and authority, because of its unique history Optical Fiber Telecommunications was published in 1979, at the dawn of the revolution in lightwave telecommunications It was a stand-alone work that aimed to collect all available information on lightwave research Miller was Director of the Lightwave... tutorial review of the Optical Transport Network employed by telephone service providers for intercity applications He discusses the techniques used to satisfy the traditional requirements for reliability, restoration, and interoperability He includes a refresher on SONET (SDH) He discusses architectural changes brought on by optical fiber in the physical layer and the use of optical layer cross connects . I OPTICAL FIBER T E LE C 0 M M U N I CAT I 0 N S COMPONENTS OS OPTICAL FIBER TELECOMMUNICATIONS IVA COMPONENTS OPTICAL FIBER TELECOMMUNICATIONS IV A COMPONENTS. David S. Levy, Timothy 0. Murphy, Sunita H. Patel, Gaylord W Richards, and Eric S. Tentarelli Chapter 8 Applications for Optical Switch Fabrics Martin Zirngibl Chapter 9 Planar Lightwave. Contents ix Chapter 15 All -Optical Regeneration: Principles and WDM Implementation 732 Olivier Leclerc, Bruno Lavigne, Dominique Chiaroni, and Emmanuel Desuwire Chapter 16 High Bit-Rate