t- OPTICAL FIBER' TELECOMMUNICATI EDITED IVAN P. KAMINOW THOMAS L. KOCH I I I OPTICAL FIBER TELECOMMUNICATIONS IIIB OPTICAL FIBER TELECOMMUNICATIONS IIIB Edited by IVAN P. KAMINOW Lucent Technologies, Bell Laboratories Holmdel, New Jersey THOMAS L. KOCH Lucent Technologies, Bell Laboratories Holmdel, New Jersey @ ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 0 1997 by Lucent Technologies All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ACADEMIC PRESS 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 1300 Boylston Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, USA http://www.apnet.com Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX, UK http://www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Optical fiber telecommunications I11 / [edited by] Ivan P. Kaminow, Thomas L. Koch. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Optical communications. 2. Fiber optics. I. Kaminow, Ivan P. 11. Koch, Thomas L. p. cm. ISBN 0-12-395170-4 (v. A) - ISBN 0-12-395171-2 (v. B) TK5103.59.H3516 1997 96-43812 621.382'75-dc20 CIP Printed in the United States of America 00 01 MP 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 For our dear grandchildren: Sarah, Joseph, Rafael, Nicolas, Gabriel, Sophia, and Maura - IPK For Peggy, Brian, and Marianne - TLK Contents Con trib ut0 rs xi Chapter 1 Overview Ivan P. Karninow History The New Volume Survey of Volumes IIIA and IIIB References Chapter 2 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers for Optical Communications John L. Zyskind, Jonathan A. Nagel, and Howard D. Kidorf Introduction Properties of EDFAs Terrestrial Applications for EDFAs Submarine Systems Optical Amplifiers for Analog Video Transmission Optical Amplifiers for Optical Networking Conclusions References Chapter 3 ‘Transmitter and Receiver Design for Amplified Lightwave Systems Daniel A. Fishrnan and B. Scott Jackson Introduction Design Intricacies of Laser Transmitters Receivers for Optically Amplified Systems Systems Performance Metrics Multiple-Wavelength Systems vii 1 1 2 3 12 13 13 14 28 42 57 60 63 63 69 69 74 84 94 99 [...]... Applications References 200 201 219 235 243 251 258 Contents Chapter 7 Optical Fiber Components and Devices ix 267 Alice E White and Stephen G Grubh Fiber Amplifiers and Related Components Applications of Fiber Gratings High-Power Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers Up-Conversion Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers References Chapter 8 Silicon Optical Bench Waveguide Technology 268 276 289 302 310 319 Yuan P Li and... have transformed the optical communications industry Before the advent of optical amplifiers, optical transmission systems typically consisted of a digital transmitter and a receiver separated by spans of transmission optical fiber interspersed with optoelectronic regenerators The optoelectronic regenerators corrected attenuation, dispersion, and other transmission degradations of the optical signal by... but may find a role in telecommunications systems by the time of the next volume of this series Because of their unique structure, VCSELs lend themselves to array and WDM applications Optical Fiber Components and Devices (Chapter 7) Although fiber serves mainly as a transmission line, it is also an extremely convenient form for passive and active components that couple into fiber transmission lines... Fiber Design and Processing (Chapter 4) The design and processing of fibers for special applications are presented in Chapter 4, by David J DiGiovanni, Donald P Jablonowski, and Man F Yan Erbium-doped silica fibers for amplifiers at 1550 nm, which are described in detail in Chapter 2, Volume IIIB, are covered first Rareearth-doped fluoride fibers for 1300-nm amplifiers are described later, as are fibers... attenuated and distorted data pulses, electronically reconstituting them, and then optically transmitting the regenerated data into the next transmission span.-? The EDFA is an optical amplifier that faithfully amplifies lightwave signals purely in the optical domain EDFAs have several potential functions in optical fiber transmission systems They can be used as power amplifiers to boost transmitter... that even for power amplifiers, the erbium-doped fiber is designed with a smaller core and a higher refractive index difference between the core and cladding than for standard transmission fibers E COUPLING LOSS The mismatch between the smaller optical modes of erbium-doped fibers (typically 2-4 p m in diameter) and the larger modes of transmission fibers (typically 8-10 pm) poses the challenge of... system implications of remnant birefringence in fibers Dispersion Compensation for Optical Fiber Systems (Chapter 7) Lightwave systems are not monochromatic: chirp in lasers leads to a finite range of wavelengths for the transmitter in single-wavelength systems whereas WDM systems intrinsically cover a wide spectrum At the same time, the propagation velocity in fiber is a function of wavelength that 6 Ivan... can be controlled to some extent by fiber design, as noted in Chapter 4 To avoid pulse broadening, it is necessary to compensate for this fiber chromatic dispersion Various approaches for dealing with this problem are presented in Chapter 7, by A H Gnauck and R M Jopson Additional system approaches to dispersion management by fiber planning are given in Chapter 8 Fiber Nonlinearities and Their Impact... technology After reviewing optical transparency, it treats WDM rings for local networks, metropolitan distribution, and continental undersea telecommunications (AfricaONE) Then it reviews several multi- 1 Overview 9 access test beds designed by consortia organized with partial support from DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) VOLUME I I B Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers for Optical Communications... there: low-loss vapor-phase silica fiber and double-heterostructure lasers Although a few system trials took place beginning in 1979, it required several years before a commercially attractive lightwave telecommunications system was installed in the United States This was the AT&T Northeast Corridor System operating between New York and Washington, DC 1 OPTICAI FIBER TELECOMMUNICATIONS V O I L'ME IIlB . OPTICAL FIBER& apos; TELECOMMUNICATI EDITED IVAN P. KAMINOW THOMAS L. KOCH I I I OPTICAL FIBER TELECOMMUNICATIONS IIIB OPTICAL FIBER TELECOMMUNICATIONS IIIB Edited by IVAN. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Optical fiber telecommunications I1 1 / [edited by] Ivan P. Kaminow, Thomas L. Koch. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Optical communications. 2. Fiber. Components and Devices Alice E. White and Stephen G. Grubh Fiber Amplifiers and Related Components Applications of Fiber Gratings High-Power Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers Up-Conversion